Concentrations Of Compounds Research Articles

Antimicrobial and therapeutic potentials of the blackberry extracts against Escherichia coli infection in male albino rats.

Blackberries have garnered attention recently due to their high concentration of bioactive components like anthocyanin and their health advantages. Therefore, this study aims to determine the bioactive profile, antioxidant and antibacterial effects of blackberry extracts (BBEs). Then, evaluate the protective effect of BBEs (20%, 30% and 40%) in a rat model of 2 mL of 4-8 × 106 Escherichia coli ATTC 25922 strain colony-forming unit mL-1 oral infection on the seventh day of the experiment. Rats were divided into six groups: G1: control (C-: normal or negative group), G2: (C+: infected or positive group), G3: infected-treated group by 20% BBE, G4: infected-treated group by 30% BBE, G5: infected-treated group by 40% of BBE and G6: infected-treated group by Gentamicin. The results showed that BBE had a high content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoid, anthocyanin contents, and different vitamins (vitamins A, E and C), reaching 450, 186, 58.83 mg 100 g-1, 2.68, 2.14 and 107.46 mg 100g-1 fresh weight, respectively, which showed great antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Therefore, liver enzymes, kidney function and lipid profiles were significantly higher in the infected group than in the control or infected-treated groups. Furthermore, BBE ameliorated inflammation of the intestine and hepatocyte damage compared to the infected control group. These results suggest that consistent intake of BBE might alleviate hepatic inflammation and the gut microbiota in ways that could significantly impact human health. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Short-term temporal variability of volatile contaminant concentrations in soil gas related to soil-atmosphere interface dynamics: Two case studies in the Veneto region (Italy).

The study of the variability of soil gas concentrations is crucial for defining effective monitoring and remediation strategies and for the risk assessment related to the emission of vapors from the subsurface. The traditional soil gas monitoring strategy consists of seasonal surveys based on short-time-averaged sampling. Soil gas monitoring results are often used to assess the risk associated with the emission of volatile contaminants from the subsurface, using models mainly based on molecular diffusion and therefore assuming continuous emission from the soil. At two contaminated sites located in the Veneto region (Italy), continuous monitoring using a photoionization detector, pressure gauges, and an ultrasonic anemometer was used to relate soil gas variability to surface and subsurface physical parameters. At both sites a cyclic diurnal variation of volatile organic compounds concentration in soil gas was observed, correlated with the variation of several meteorological parameters and in particular with the variation of the differential pressure between soil and atmosphere and the buoyancy vertical flux. These findings question the reliability of the conventional methodology employed in the collection and assessment of soil gas data. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-10. © 2024 SETAC.

Proximate Composition, Health Benefits, and Food Applications in Bakery Products of Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) and Its By-Products: A Comprehensive Review

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam is a dicotyledonous plant originally from tropical regions, with China and Spain acting as the main producers from outside and within the EU, respectively. The root, including only flesh, is the edible part, and the peel, leaves, stems, or shoots are considered by-products, which are generated due to being discarded in the field and during processing. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a comprehensive review of the nutritional value, phytochemical composition, and health-promoting activities of purple-fleshed sweet potato and its by-products, which lead to its potential applications in bakery products for the development of functional foods. The methodology is applied to the selected topic and is used to conduct the search, review abstracts and full texts, and discuss the results using different general databases. The studies suggested that purple-fleshed sweet potato parts are characterized by a high content of essential minerals and bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins belonging to the cyanidin or the peonidin type. The flesh and leaves are also high in phenolic compounds and carotenoids such as lutein and β-carotene. The high content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins provides the purple-fleshed sweet potato with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory power due to the modulation effect of the transcription factor Nrf2 and NF-kB translocation, which may lead to protection against hepatic and neurological disorders, among others. Furthermore, purple-fleshed sweet potato and its by-products can play a dual role in food applications due to its attractive color and wide range of biological activities which enhance its nutritional profile. As a result, it is essential to harness the potential of the purple-fleshed sweet potato and its by-products that are generated during its processing through an appropriate agro-industrial valorization system.

Evaluating the impact of ecological factors on the quality and habitat distribution of Lonicera japonica Flos using HPLC and the MaxEnt model

IntroductionThe quality of traditional Chinese medicine is based on the content of their secondary metabolites, which vary with habitat adaptation and ecological factors. This study focuses on Lonicera japonica Flos (LJF), a key traditional herbal medicine, and aims to evaluate how ecological factors impact its quality.MethodsWe developed a new evaluation method combining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting technology and MaxEnt models to assess the effects of ecological factors on LJF quality. The MaxEnt model was used to predict suitable habitats for current and future scenarios, while HPLC was employed to analyze the contents of key compounds. We also used ArcGIS for spatial analysis to create a quality zoning map.ResultsThe analysis identified 21 common chromatographic peaks, with significant variations in the contents of Hyperoside, Rutin, Chlorogenic acid, Cynaroside, and Isochlorogenic acid A across different habitats. Key environmental variables influencing LJF distribution were identified, including temperature, precipitation, and elevation. The current suitable habitats primarily include regions south of the Yangtze River. Under future climate scenarios, suitable areas are expected to shift, with notable expansions in southern Gansu, southeastern Tibet, and southern Liaoning. The spatial distribution maps revealed that high-quality LJF is predominantly found in central and southern Hebei, northern Henan, central Shandong, central Sichuan, southern Guangdong, and Taiwan.DiscussionThe study indicates that suitable growth areas can promote the accumulation of certain secondary metabolites in plants, as the accumulation of these metabolites varies. The results underscore the necessity of optimizing quality based on cultivation practices. The integration of HPLC fingerprinting technology and the MaxEnt model provides valuable insights for the conservation and cultivation of herbal resources, offering a new perspective on evaluating the impact of ecological factors on the quality of traditional Chinese medicines.

New Sweet-Tasting Gypenosides from "Jiaogulan" (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) and Their Interactions with the Homology Model of Sweet Taste Receptors.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum has been used as an herbal tea, vegetable, and dietary supplement for hundreds of years in East Asia. The sweet variety, grown in large areas in Fujian Province, China, is an essential source of "Jiaogulan" herbal tea. However, its sweet components are unknown. To investigate the sweet constituents of Fujian "Jiaogulan" and discover new natural high-potency sweeteners, phytochemical and sensory evaluations were combined to obtain 15 saponins, of which 11 (1-11) were sweet-tasting, including 2 new ones with sweetness intensities 20-200 times higher than that of sucrose, and four (12-15) were bitter-tasting. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS, IR, UV), hydrolysis, and comparison with literature data. The contents of the 15 saponins were quantitatively analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The contents of 1 and 2 sweet-tasting gypenosides were 9.913 ± 1.735 and 35.852 ± 1.739 mg/kg, respectively. The content of the sweetest compound (6) was 124.969 ± 0.961 mg/kg. Additionally, compound 4 was the most abundant sweet component (422.530 ± 3.702 mg/kg). Furthermore, molecular docking results suggested interactions of sweet saponins with sweet taste receptors. In general, this study revealed the material basis of the Fujian "Jiaogulan" taste.

Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Jara Honey Produced in Western Georgia

The purpose of this research article was to study the physicochemical characteristics of semi-wild Jara honey grown in Western Georgia. Jara honey is produced in the alpine and sub-alpine forest zone of high mountain Adjara, which is distinguished by its variety of honey plants. The physicochemical characteristics were examined concerning the Alimemtarius Code and EU regulations: moisture content, total carbohydrates, free acidity, pH, electrical conductivity, microelements (Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca), color, total phenols, total phenolic acids, total flavonoids, proline, diastase activity, proteins, and microscopic study of pollens. Using the UPLC-MSB method, grayanotoxin-III was identified in the semi-wild Jara honey samples. The findings demonstrated that the honey has significant concentrations of phenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. A directly proportional relationship was established between the quantitative content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of honey. This article is the first study of the characteristics of Jara honey produced in Western Georgia.

Interference Effect of Tree Spacing on Natural Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations Measured Using Passive Samplers

Research highlights: The increasing rates of mental health disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic have popularized the notion of access to natural environments as a solution, leading to a surge in demand for urban green spaces. The concentration of natural volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) in forests, resulting from plant metabolism, plays a crucial role in forest-based healing and ecosystem health. Background and objectives: This study aimed to investigate how tree spacing influences NVOC concentrations within forest ecosystems using passive samplers, thereby enhancing the understanding of optimal forest management practices to promote human health benefits. Methods: We employed passive samplers to investigate tree spacing effects on NVOC concentrations. We placed passive samplers among trees in the study area to measure NVOC concentrations in individual trees and analyzed the relationship between NVOC concentration and tree spacing and structure. Results: A multiple regression analysis using distance decay models showed that a tree spacing of 2.7–3 m had a significant impact on NVOC concentrations. These findings provide a better understanding of how tree structure, tree spacing, and microclimate within the forest influence NVOC concentration. Conclusion: These findings have important implications for forest management and the design of forest landscapes to promote human health and well-being by considering the spatial distribution of NVOC concentrations.

Selected Mesoamerican Crops - Anti-Obesity Potential and Health Promotion. A Review.

Mesoamerica is the center of origin of a great number of food crops that nowadays are part of a healthy diet. Pre-Columbian civilizations utilized more than 90% of these foods as ingredient or in main dishes, as well as for remedies and religious ceremonies. Since several years ago, Mesoamerican foods have been recognized by their outstanding concentration of bioactive compounds, including, phenolic compounds, pigments, essential fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates and vitamins, which provide a great number of health benefits. As a result of their unique composition, these ancient crops have several positive effects, such as hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing, neuroprotective, anti-diarrheal, and anti-hypercholesterolemic capacity. Hence, this review is focused mainly in the anti-obesity and antioxidant potential of some of the most cultivated, harvested, as well as commercialized and consumed, food crops native of Mesoamerica, like, nopal and its fruit (Opuntia ficus indica spp.), chia (Salvia hispanica L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) and cacao (Theobroma cacao).

Research progress on the effects of postharvest storage methods on melon quality

Background As an important global agricultural cash crop, melon has a long history of cultivation and a wide planting area. The physiological metabolism of melon after harvest is relatively strong; if not properly stored, melon is easily invaded by external pathogens during transportation, resulting in economic losses and greatly limiting its production, development and market supply. Therefore, the storage and freshness of melon are the main challenges in realizing the annual supply of melon, so postharvest storage has received increasing amounts of attention from researchers. Methods This study used academic, PubMed, and Web of Science resources to retrieve keywords related to postharvest storage and melon quality; read, refined, classified, and sorted the retrieved literature; sorted and summarized the relevant research results; and finally completed this article. Results This article reviews the mechanism and effects of physical, chemical and biological preservation techniques on the sensory quality, compound contents and respiratory physiological activities of different varieties of melon fruits. When maintaining normal metabolism and not producing physiological disorders, melon inhibits cell wall metabolism, reactive oxygen species metabolism and the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, etc., to the greatest extent during postharvest storage, thereby reducing the material consumption of fruits, delaying the ripening and senescence process, and prolonging the postharvest life and shelf life. Conclusion The literature provides a theoretical basis for postharvest preservation technology in the melon industry in the future and provides corresponding guidance for the development of the melon industry.

Phenolic Compounds Synthesized by Trichoderma longibrachiatum Native to Semi-Arid Areas Show Antifungal Activity against Phytopathogenic Fungi of Horticultural Interest

Fungal diseases are a major threat to the horticultural industry and cause substantial postharvest losses. While secondary metabolites from Trichoderma sp. have been explored for their antifungal properties, limited information exists on the phenolic compounds produced by less studied species like Trichoderma longibrachiatum. In this study, phenolic compounds were extracted from a liquid culture of T. longibrachiatum using various solvents and methods (conventional and ultrasonic-assisted). Phenolic compounds were quantified by spectrophotometry and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum was determined by mycelial growth inhibition assays, maximum growth rate (µmax) by the Gompertz equation, and spore germination tests. Although no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) were found between the extraction methods, the type of solvent significantly influenced the phenolic content (p ≤ 0.05). Extraction with 70% ethanol showed the highest content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. More than eight phenolic compounds were detected. Further, this is the first report of the phenolics ferulic, chlorogenic and p-coumaric acids identification in T. longibrachiatum, along with flavonoids such as epicatechin and quercetin, among others. The 70% ethanolic extracts notably inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata and F. oxysporum, reducing their maximum growth rate by 1.5 and 1.4 mm/h, respectively. Furthermore, p-coumaric and ferulic acids significantly inhibited spore germination of both pathogens, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.5 mg/mL and a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 2 mg/mL. These findings demonstrate the potential of T. longibrachiatum and its phenolic compounds as viable alternatives for biological control in horticulture and postharvest disease management.

Effects of High-Hydrostatic-Pressure Treatment on Polyphenols and Volatile Aromatic Compounds in Marselan Wine

This study investigated the effects of high-hydrostatic-pressure (HHP) treatment of varying intensity (100–600 MPa) and duration (10–30 min) on polyphenols and volatile aromatic compounds in Marselan red wine. The types and concentrations of polyphenols and volatile aromatic compounds were compared before and after HHP treatment; the results indicated that HHP treatment at 300 MPa for 20 min significantly increased the total polyphenol content to 369.70 mg/L, a rise of 35.82%. The contents of key polyphenols, such as resveratrol and protocatechuic acid, were significantly enhanced. Furthermore, while the total content of volatile aromatic compounds did not change significantly under this condition compared to the untreated samples, the concentration of ester compounds significantly increased to 1.81 times that of the untreated group, thereby enriching the floral and fruity aromas of the wine and effectively improving its aromatic profile and sensory quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) further validated the positive impact of HHP treatment on the flavor characteristics of Marselan red wine. These findings provide technical support for the use of HHP in improving wine quality.

Hallazgos histopatológicos en nematodos Anisakidae, expuestos a extractos acuosos vegetales con capacidad nematicida <i>in vitro</i>

Objetive. Expose nematodes of the Anisakidae family to different aqueous extracts and identify the aqueous extracts with nematicidal capacity. Material and methods. The concentrations of the bioactive compounds of the aqueous extracts of epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides), onion (Allium cepa), siempre viva (Kalanchoe pinnata) and xoconostle (Opuntia oligacantha) were identified. Live parasites of the Anisakidae family were obtained from Lisa fish (Mugilidae), to be exposed to different concentrations of aqueous extracts. Results. K. pinnata and O. oligocantha presented a higher concentration of bioactive components of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins; as well as in the antioxidant activity of DPPH and ABTS. Parasite mortality occurred at a concentration of 855 mg/mL for K. pinnata of 100% at 48 hours, and in pulp and whole fruit of O. oligacantha, with mortality of 66% at 72 hours. The main histopathological changes caused by K. pinnata were muscle vacuoles; the whole fruit of O. oligocantha degeneration of the intestinal epithelium and vacuolization; the seed caused edema, intestinal degeneration, and vacuolization. Conclusions. The results indicate that the use of aqueous extracts of K. pinnata and O. oligacantha on nematodes of the Anisakidae family are an option for their use as nematicidal agents.

Activating Fenton-like reaction by hydrochars containing persistent free radicals derived from various pomelo peel components

To reveal the influence of the diversity of precursors on the formation of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs), pomelo peel (PP) and its physically divided portion, pomelo cuticle (PC), and white fiber (WF) were used as precursors to prepare six hydrochars: PPH-Fe, PCH-Fe, WFH-Fe, PPH, PCH, and WFH with and without Fe(III) addition during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). PPH-Fe and WFH-Fe had higher EPFRs content (9.11 × 1018 and 8.25 × 1018 spins·g−1) compared to PPH and WFH (3.33 × 1018 and 2.96 × 1018 spins·g−1), indicating that iron-doping favored EPFRs formation. However, PCH-Fe had lower EPFRs content (2.78 × 1018 spins·g−1) than PCH (7.95 × 1018 spins·g−1), possibly due to excessive iron leading to the consumption of the generated EPFRs. For another reason, the required Fe(III) amount for EPFRs formation might vary among different precursors. PC has a lower concentration of phenolic compounds but 68–97% fatty acids, while WF and PP are rich in cellulose and lignin. In the Fenton-like reaction, oxygen-centered radicals of hydrochar played a significant role in activating H2O2 and efficiently degrading bisphenol A (BPA). Mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in hydrochar/H2O2 system were proposed. EPFRs on hydrochar activate H2O2 via electron transfer, creating ·OH and 1O2, leading to BPA degradation. More importantly, the embedded EPFRs on the hydrochar's inner surface contributed to the prolonged Fenton-like reactivity of PPH-Fe stored for 45 days. This study demonstrates that by optimizing precursor selection and iron doping, hydrochars can be engineered to maximize their EPFRs content and reactivity, providing a cost-effective solution for the degradation of hazardous pollutants.Graphical abstract

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and labile organic compounds' spatial and temporal variations in coastal Indian groundwater: their bioavailability and transfer to neighboring coastal waters of India.

Submarine groundwater drainage (SGD) changes the elemental composition of the neighboring coastal ocean and impacts the biogeochemical cycles. To examine the seasonal and spatial variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and labile organic compound biochemical compounds like dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHO), dissolved proteins (TDPRO), and dissolved free amino acid (TDFAA) concentrations during the dry and wet periods, groundwater samples were taken at 90 locations (180 samples) along the Indian coast. The mean DOC contents in Indian coastal groundwaters were more significant than the global mean values. DOC, TDCHO, TDPRO, and TDFAA concentrations are higher during wet than dry periods. The DOC and labile organic compound showed a substantial positive association with soil organic carbon, and respective labile compounds in soil, population, and land usage and poor relation with woodland territories, implying that soil organic compounds leaching is a source of DOC and other labile organic compounds into the groundwater. DOC and other labile compounds concentrations were linearly associated with population density, land usage, and sewage production, demonstrating that anthropogenic activities tightly regulate the formation of DOC in groundwater. During the wet and dry periods, total labile organic compounds (TDCHO, TDFAA, and TDPRO) constituted 21% and 10.5% of DOC, respectively. Compared to the wet time, more aromatic compounds accumulated during the dry season but were less bioavailable. SGD DOC flux contributed 2-7% of riverine DOC flux to the coastal ocean. The SGD flux from the Indian subcontinent to the nearby northern Indian Ocean accounts for approximately 2% of the worldwide SGD flux. The effect of DOC flux via SGD on coastal bacterial activity, the plankton food web, and the oxygen minimum zone must be studied.

The influence of high oleic oils during intermittent frying on the formation of acrylamide in french fries

High oleic oils are often used for industrial frying considering a better nutritional value and stability to thermal oxidation than high polyunsaturated fatty acid oils. This research aimed to investigate the correlation between total polar compound (TPC) and acrylamide content during intermittent frying using high oleic oils such as super palm olein (SPO), high-oleic canola oil (HOCO) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO). All oils were accessed in terms of fatty acid composition and tocopherol quantity prior to intermittent frying. The TPC of frying oil was recorded at every 8th interval of the frying cycle and french fries fried with respective oils were collected, and oil was extracted for acrylamide quantification using HPLC-MS. Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation between the total polar compound of frying oil and the acrylamide content of french fries (p<0.01). SPO contained the highest total tocopherol content, followed by HOCO and HOSO, accordingly. French fries fried with SPO had the lowest acrylamide content, followed by HOCO and HOSO, respectively. By contrast, SPO had the highest TPC content throughout the frying cycles, followed by HOCO and HOSO. The presence of oleic acids might not produce higher TPC, however, it produced higher acrylamide formation in the french fries. Overall, SPO is suitable for intermittent frying uses as it yielded the lowest concentration of acrylamide in french fries.

Optimal brassicacea family microgreens from a phytochemical and sensory perspective

Microgreens, also called superfoods, emerge because of their high levels of nutrients, diverse flavour profiles, and sustainable cultivation methods, which make them culinary delights and valuable to a healthy and flavorful diet. The present study investigated Brassicaceae family microgreens, proposing a novel system (quality indices) that allows scoring among them. Fourteen Brassica microgreen species were morphological, phytochemical, and sensorial investigated. The morphological assessment revealed that radish microgreens exhibited the highest leaf area (p < 0.05), while red mizuna demonstrated superior yield. Cauliflower microgreens contained the highest concentrations of ascorbic acid (HPLC-DAD) and total phenolic content (p < 0.05). Phytochemical analysis using HPLC-MS/MS identified over 18 glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. Red mustard and red cabbage showed the highest glucosinolate content (p < 0.05). Watercress exhibited the highest phenolic compound content (p < 0.05), primarily flavonoids, while broccoli and radish contained the highest isothiocyanate levels. Cauliflower microgreens resulted in the most consumer-accepted variety. Appling quality indices scoring system identified radish, cauliflower, and broccoli microgreens as the most promising species. This study underscores the potential of Brassica microgreens as an excellent source of health-promoting phytochemicals with favorable market acceptance, providing valuable insights for both nutritional research and commercial applications.

The dynamic changes of flavor characteristics of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) during puffing revealed by GC–MS combined with HS-GC-IMS

To improve the ease of eating sea cucumbers, we investigated the impact of puffing temperature (190 °C - 250 °C) and time (1–5 min) on their quality and flavor. As temperature and time increased, sea cucumber puffing significantly enhanced. The microstructure of the puffed sea cucumber exhibited a uniform porous structure at 230 °C for 4 min. However, further puffing treatment caused the void to collapse. A total of 81 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified using HS-GC-IMS, and 18 VOCs with Relative odor activity value (ROAV) ≥1 were identified. The content of fishy compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide, 1-octanal, and 1-nonanal in sea cucumbers gradually decreased with increasing temperature and time. Combined with GC–MS analysis indicating that the flavor of sea cucumbers puffed at 250 °C for 5 min was superior. Our findings suggest new avenues for sea cucumber processing and address the limited research on puffing techniques for protein-based raw materials.

Kosakonia oryziphila NP19 bacterium acts as a plant growth promoter and biopesticide to suppress blast disease in KDML105 rice

This study demonstrates that root-associated Kosakonia oryziphila NP19, isolated from rice roots, is a promising plant growth-promoting bioagent and biopesticide for combating rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae. In vitro experiments were conducted on fresh leaves of Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) jasmine rice seedlings. The results showed that NP19 effectively inhibited the germination of P. oryzae fungal conidia. Fungal infection was suppressed across three different treatment conditions: rice colonized with NP19 and inoculated by fungal conidia, a mix of NP19 and fungal conidia concurrently inoculated on the leaves, and fungal conidia inoculation first followed by NP19 inoculation after 30 h. Additionally, NP19 reduced fungal mycelial growth by 9.9–53.4%. In pot experiments, NP19 enhanced the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 6.1–63.0% and 3.0–67.7%, respectively, indicating a boost in the plant’s defense mechanisms. Compared to the uncolonized control, the NP19-colonized rice had 0.3–24.7% more pigment contents, 4.1% more filled grains per panicle, 26.3% greater filled grain yield, 34.4% higher harvest index, and 10.1% more content of the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP); for rice colonized with NP19 and infected with P. oryzae, these increases were 0.2–49.2%, 4.6%, 9.1%, 54.4%, and 7.5%, respectively. In field experiments, blast-infected rice that was colonized and/or inoculated with NP19 treatments had 15.1–27.2% more filled grains per panicle, 103.6–119.8% greater filled grain yield, and 18.0–35.8% higher 2AP content. A higher SOD activity (6.9–29.5%) was also observed in the above-mentioned rice than in the blast-infected rice that was not colonized and inoculated with NP19. Following blast infection, NP19 applied to leaves decreased blast lesion progression. Therefore, K. oryziphila NP19 was demonstrated to be a potential candidate for use as a plant growth-promoting bioagent and biopesticide for suppressing rice blast.

Valorization of faba bean peels for fungal tannase production and its application in coffee tannin removal

This study describes the optimization of the production conditions of Penicillium commune tannase on unutilized food waste, green bean peels, using the central composite of the response surface methodology. It also focuses on applying purified tannase to reduce tannins in coffee. The proposed design recommended a temperature of 29.07 °C, pH of 6.74, a tannin level of 6.76%, and 3.31% bean peels for maximum tannase production (313.40 U/g/min) by solid-state fermentation. This waste can be used as a sustainable and low-cost substrate for tannase enhancement by ≈5 folds. Applying purified tannase in instant coffee beverage resulted in a ≈ 23% reduction in tannins and a ≈ 16% increase in reducing sugars, with no significant changes in caffeine and phenolic compound contents. Tannase had a detrimental effect on the volume and stability of the coffee foam. This study will pave the way for tannase industrial production and its promising use in low-bitter coffee production.

Implications of Ultrasonication-assisted Extraction with Response Surface Methodology on Phytochemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharide Extract from Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilát Cultivated Mycelia in Northeastern Thailand

Background: Polysaccharides from the medicinal mushroom Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilát (PR) are the major functional bioactive ingredients. However, there has been a marked natural decrease in the number of PR fruit bodies, leading to their increased cost. Moreover, the natural growth and development of mature PR fruit bodies takes several decades. Objective: The objective of this study was to produce a polysaccharide extract from cultured PR mycelia (PEPRM) by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction with response surface methodology (RSM), and determine its physicochemical composition and antioxidant potential. Methods: Polysaccharide and monosaccharide composition analyses were carried out by Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total contents of polysaccharides, beta-glucans, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids were investigated utilizing the phenol-sulfuric acid method, enzymatic-based commercial test kit, Folin-Ciocalteu method, and aluminium chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and 2,2- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazol-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay. Results: Optimal conditions for the production of PEPRM included a ratio of 51.29 mL water to 1 g PR mycelia and an extraction time of 46.23 minutes, resulting in a total polysaccharide content of 577.5 mg/g of PEPRM. FT-IR spectra of PEPRM showed two broad bands at 3272.08 cm-1 and 2924.8 cm-1 in the carbohydrate region and the peaks at 1078.44, 1019.05, and 853.0 cm-1 indicated the presence of the pyranose ring skeleton, glycosidic linkage, and glucans. PEPRM had molar ratios of glucose: mannose: rhamnose: fucose, i.e., 21.86: 1.00: 2.08: 3.40, respectively. PEPRM had total contents of beta-glucans, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids as percentages of dry weight, i.e., 21.22, 2.51, and 5.71, respectively. PEPRM showed better inhibitory activity against ABTS radicals than DPPH radicals. result: Optimal conditions for the production of PEPRM were a ratio of 51.29 ml water to 1 g PR mycelia and extraction time of 46.23 min, yielding a total polysaccharide content of 577.5 mg/g of PEPRM. FT-IR spectra of PEPRM showed two broad bands at 3272.08 cm-1 and 2924.8 cm-1 in the carbohydrate region and the peaks at 1078.44, 1019.05, and 853.0 cm-1 indicated the presence of the pyranose ring skeleton, glycosidic linkage, and glucans. PEPRM had molar ratios of glucose: mannose: rhamnose: fucose, i.e., 21.86: 1.00: 2.08: 3.40, respectively. PEPRM had total contents of beta-glucan, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids as percentages of dry weight, i.e., 21.22, 2.51, and 5.71, respectively. PEPRM showed better inhibitory activity against ABTS radicals than DPPH radicals. Conclusion: This is the first finding to reveal that ultrasonic-assisted extraction with RSM was an environmentally friendly alternative to produce antioxidant polysaccharides from cultured PR mycelia. conclusion: This is the first finding to reveal that ultrasonic-assisted extraction with RSM was an environmentally friendly alternative to produce antioxidant polysaccharides from cultured PR mycelia.