Ca Concentration Research Articles

Mitigating salinity stress and improving cotton productivity through integrative use of gypsum and compost amendments with exogenous proline

Abiotic constraints, such as salinity, significantly damage crop yields worldwide. Cotton, though moderately salt-tolerant, suffers from reduced growth and yield under saline-sodic soil conditions. Effective integrated mitigation strategies are crucial to address this challenge. Our study, conducted in Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan, investigated six treatments using an integrated strategy such as gypsum, compost and exogenous proline combining effect in improving cotton productivity under salinity stress. We assessed plant growth, agronomic traits, physio-chemical parameters, cotton yield, and soil characteristics. Our experimental results showed that the combined application of amendments such as T5: gypsum + proline and T6: compost + proline gave better results as compared to individual treatments (T2, T3 & T4) over the control (T1). A significant improvement was observed in plant length and dry weights of shoot and root by 64 %, 81 % and 47 %, respectively under the effect of T5, also increased cotton yield up to 2 folds (888 kg) over control (324 kg ha−1). Likewise, significant improvement in the plant physio-chemical parameters was recorded such as high activities of antioxidant enzymes and the maximum accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 60–71 %, as well as reduction in the oxidative burst by 55–65 % after the integrated treatments (T5 & T6) as compared to salt-stressed plants (control). Likewise, contents of nutrients are improved in plants viz., N: 70; P: 61 %; K: 33 % and Mg: 86 % under the positive effect of gypsum + proline over control. Results of soil analysis showed that the soil was moderately saline-sodic. Furthermore, soil analysis revealed that there was a significant improvement in NPK, S and Mg content in the soil after treated salt-stressed soil with gypsum and compost (T2, T3, T5 and T6) while a significant reduction was observed in Ca (17 %) and Na content (28 %), as well as EC (dSm−1) was decreased by 38 % and SAR (mmol/L)1/2 by 27 % under the effect of gypsum + proline over the control treatment. The outcomes of the current study reveal that the reclamation potential of gypsum and compost applied individually or together with exogenous proline improved plant growth, yield and plant defense system under salinity stress.

Evaluating Ecological Nano-Calcium from Eggshells: Effects on Calcium Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Lettuce Under Saline and Boron Toxicity

AbstractNano-fertilizers with higher efficacy compared to conventional fertilizers can provide advantage for plant cultivation in both productive and problematic soils. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of nano-calcium (nano-Ca) on lettuce plants grown in saline-boron toxic soil. Nano-calcium fertilizer was prepared from eggshells. Functional and structural properties of nano-Ca was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) before plant experiment. The treatments was; control, 40 mM NaCl and 20 mg kg−1 B (NaCl + B), and 40 mM NaCl and 20 mg kg−1 B with 4 mM Nano-Ca (NaCl + B + nano-Ca). The nano-Ca significantly increased the dry weight and calcium (Ca) concentration of lettuce plants under saline-B toxic conditions. Although there was a decrease in the concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), and boron (B) with nano-Ca treatment, it was not statistically significant. Salinity and boron toxicity lead to increased lipid peroxidation. In the present study, the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker for lipid peroxidation, along with a significant decrease in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, was observed with the application of nano-Ca. There was no significant alteration in superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) observed in lettuce grown under saline and boron toxic conditions. However, catalase activity (CAT) increased with nano-Ca application, while the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased. The study results suggest that nano-Ca serves a protective function for lettuce plants cultivated under saline and boron toxic conditions.

Effect of Calcium Addition on Oxide and Sulfide Inclusions in Heavy Steel Ingot Simulated by Lab Experiments

The effect of calcium addition on inclusions (oxides and sulfides) in heavy steel ingot is investigated via lab experiments and thermodynamic calculation. The characteristics (chemistry, size, morphology, and number) of inclusions in the steel samples are investigated by scanning electron microscope with an energy‐dispersive spectrometer. The three‐dimensional morphology of inclusions is investigated by the nonaqueous solution electrolysis method. Inclusions in the fast‐quenched steel are changed from Al2O3 to Al2O3–CaO, Al2O3–CaO–CaS, and CaS after Ca addition. After slow cooling, inclusions in the solid steels are changed from Al2O3, single MnS, and Al2O3–MnS complex inclusions to Al2O3–CaO–CaS–MnS and CaS–MnS. The evolution trajectory of inclusions is Al2O3→Al2O3–CaO→Al2O3–CaO–CaS→Al2O3–CaO–CaS–MnS. With increasing Ca content in the steel, the number density and proportion of single MnS inclusions decrease. The formation mechanism of inclusions after Ca addition is explained by thermodynamic calculation.

Effect of extraction method on the calcium binding capacity of faba bean globulin fractions at various pH

Faba bean ingredients are rich in proteins and good sources of calcium (Ca), although containing phytic acid (PA) molecules. PA, a polyphosphate compound, can affect the bioavailability of minerals/proteins through complex formation. This study evaluates the impact of two extraction processes, Alkaline Extraction-IsoElectric Precipitation (AE-IEP) and Sequential Extraction (SE), on the ability of faba bean globulin systems to bind added calcium ions. Increasing concentrations of CaCl2 were introduced into 2.5% (w/v) protein dispersions at pHs 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5, and free Ca monitored. Near the isoelectric point of globulin (pH ∼ 4–5), Ca binding capacity was found to be low. At higher pHs, significant Ca chelation occurred, initially attributed to free PA binding sites, resulting in the formation of insoluble complexes and subsequent protein precipitation. The AE-IEP globulin fraction exhibited a higher Ca binding capacity than the SE globulin, attributed to its higher PA and lower initial Ca concentrations.

Differentiating Jurassic Cu-, W-, and Sn (—W)-bearing plutons in the Nanling Range (South China): An integrated apatite study

The Nanling mineralization belt, South China, is well-known for widespread W-, Sn (—W), and Cu-polymetallic ore deposits. At present, how to better trace their magma sources and constrain their magmatic processes is currently a conundrum. As a resistant mineral, apatite has shown great potential in metallogenic studies. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of apatite from the Baoshan (BS) and Tongshanling (TSL) Cu-bearing granites, the Wangxianling (WXL) W-bearing granite, and the Qitianling (QTL) Sn-bearing granite in South Hunan, to trace the nature of parental magma and to establish apatite discrimination criteria to be used in regional prospecting. The U-Pb age dating of apatite indicates that these different types of ore-bearing granites were all formed in the Middle-Late Jurassic. The εNd(t) values results suggest that (1) Cu-bearing granites in the Nanling Range were formed by melting of meta-igneous rocks in the deep crust, (2) W-bearing granitic magmas were generated by melting of old continental crust, while (3) Sn-bearing granitic magmas were produced by melting of crust material with various input of mantle-derived components. Apatite from the BS and TSL plutons exhibits lower F/Cl ratios compared to those from WXL, and QTL plutons, with higher Cl contents in the BS and TSL plutons, implying that the crustal basement of the suture zone was metasomatized by a Cl-enriched fluid. We used a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of trace element data in apatite to differentiate Cu-, W-, and Sn (—W)-bearing plutons. We find that the most influential elements for classification are Sr, Eu, Ga, Nd, and Li. Trace elements differences reveal distinguished degrees of fractionation, and redox conditions for different types of ore-bearing granites. A comparative study of apatite from different ore-bearing granites indicates that, apatite can be a useful mineral exploration tool to differentiate Cu-, W-, and Sn (—W)-bearing plutons in the Nanling Range and South China.

Serum magnesium and calcium were inversely associated with hemoglobin glycation index and triglyceride-glucose index in adults with coronary artery disease.

Little is known about the associations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) with hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in adults. In this study, we examined the associations of serum Mg and Ca with HGI and TyG in adults with coronary artery disease (CAD). This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 10757 CAD patients with a mean age of 61.6 years. Serum concentrations of Mg and Ca were measured in clinical laboratory. Overall, serum Mg and Ca were inversely associated with HGI and TyG. In multivariable analyses, Mg and Ca were inversely associated with HGI (MgQ4 vs. Q3: -0.601 vs. -0.528; CaQ4 vs. Q1: -0.769 vs. -0.645). In terms of TyG, inverse associations of serum Mg and Ca with TyG were observed. The corresponding TyG values were 9.054 (vs. 9.099) for Mg and 9.068 (vs. 9.171) for Ca in the fourth quartile compared with the first quartile. Moreover, Mg, Ca or Mg/Ca ratio were also inversely associated with HbA1c and FBG. In path analysis, no mediating effects of obesity on "serum Mg (or Ca)- HGI (or TyG)" associations were observed. Generally, our study identified the inverse associations of the serum Mg and Ca levels with HGI and TyG in adults with CAD. Large sample longitudinal study, and particularly randomized controlled trials, are warranted to validate our findings and overcome the limitations of cross-sectional studies.

Albitization related U and Th mobilization under reducing conditions

Hydrothermally altered quartzofeldspathic gneisses, granites and pegmatites of the West Garo Hills, Shillong Plateau (eastern India) preserve alteration assemblages of monazite, xenotime and zircon comprising thorite and coffinite in the altered domains. Albitization of muscovite and K-feldspars, sericitization of K-feldspar and albite, alteration of biotite to hydrobiotite, and crystallization of tourmaline is suggestive of the involvement of acidic fluids. The microtextural relations and the mineral assemblages indicate prevalence of low-temperature (T < 300 °C) conditions during hydrothermal alteration. The light δ11B values of tourmaline (–15.1 to –13.5 ‰) suggests derivation/interaction of the fluids from/with metapelitic rock and/or S-type granite. Low ‘inferred’ Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio in tourmaline (based on high Al content in Y-site, 0.16–0.56 apfu, avg. 0.36 apfu), estimated excess charge (0.22–0.47, avg. 0.35 apfu) and lack of any Fe–Al relation support a reduced nature of the hydrothermal fluid. Mass balance calculations reveal that Th and U required for the formation of thorite and coffinite, respectively were likely derived from monazite and xenotime, and zircon. Significantly lower Cl─ contents in hydrobiotite (avg. 0.03 wt%) compared to the unaltered biotite (avg. 0.13 wt%) suggests release of Cl─ to the hydrothermal fluid during alteration. Textural evidences of albitization together with Cl─ release from biotite suggest increased Cl─ concentrations in the fluid during hydrothermal alteration. Based on solubility calculations for various U and Th species, we propose that high Cl─ content in the fluid aided mobilization of Th and U as ThCl40 and UCl40/UO2Cl20 complexes from accessory radioactive phases under reducing conditions. These results suggest that significant mobility of U and Th can be achieved in acidic high salinity fluid even under reducing conditions. Thermodynamic calculations for the solubility of Th- and U-chloride complexes and stability of monazite/xenotime in a range of pH and temperature suggest that thorite and coffinite precipitation was the result of an increase in pH.

Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber Processing: Influence of Pre-Treatment Methods, Lactic Acid, and Propionic Acid Bacteria Strains on Functional Fermented Beverage Production.

Fermented plant-based products are rapidly gaining popularity. Jerusalem artichoke is a medicinal plant that can be used to make fermented beverages. Samples were subjected to pretreatment (ultrasound at 35kHz for 2, 4, and 6min, freezing at -80°C and -17°C) while an untreated sample was used as control. It was shown that all types of pretreatments did not lead to an increase in protein, solids, polyphenols, and carbohydrates compared to the control sample. The greatest decrease in the values of these indicators occurs when pre-freezing tubers are used for Jerusalem artichoke dispersion production. It was also found that samples frozen at -80°C had a significantly higher concentration of Ca, Si, Mg, and P whereas untreated samples frozen at -17°C had more Al, K, Cu, Sr, and Cr. The processing method can affect the sensory descriptors of Jerusalem artichoke tuber dispersions to different extents, but the preference was for the control sample without pre-treatment. The fermentation of Jerusalem artichoke tuber dispersions demonstrated that S. thermophilus induced the most rapid fermentation (pH 4.75 in 5h). The highest antioxidant activity after fermentation (55.39% FRSA) was shown for L. acidophilus H9, while the highest % FRSA value during the storage period was for L. bulgaricus (67.5%) on day 5 after fermentation. The highest viability among all selected microorganisms was detected for L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus AT-41, and B. coagulans MTCC 5856 with the increase in biomass content by 2.3, 2.27, and 2.12 log10CFU/ml after fermentation. According to the results of sensory evaluation using hybrid hedonic scale the best results were shown for samples fermented with L. bulgaricus.

The Alps as the main source of sand for the Late Miocene Lake Pannon (Pannonian Basin, Croatia)

The provenance of the Upper Miocene sandstones from the Sava and Drava depressions of the North Croatian Basin was investigated using petrographic, geochemical, and heavy mineral analyses, including Raman spectroscopy. The study of these sandstones, which represent important oil and gas reservoirs in Croatia, allowed reconstruction of the Late Miocene source-to-sink model of the Lake Pannon drainage system and the evolution of the southwestern Pannonian Basin. The studied feldspatho-litho-quartzose sandstones consist of a mixture of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous detritus. Heavy-mineral assemblages are dominated by almandine-rich garnet with apatite, epidote, tourmaline, rutile, zircon, staurolite, and zoisite, indicative of low to medium-grade metamorphic source rocks. Higher concentrations of Ca and Mg than in the Upper Continental Crust standard (UCC) additionally reflect the abundance of limestone and dolostone rock fragments as well as carbonate cement. Geochemical compositional variations between sandstone samples from the Sava and Drava depressions primarily stem from diagenetic processes. CIX and alpha values indicate only minor weathering. Compositional features indicate an orogenic source located in the Eastern Alps and primarily represented by Austroalpine and Penninic nappes. This research offers a novel perspective to distinguish the Upper Miocene reservoirs from other sedimentary units within the basin, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the regional geological dynamics and supporting future exploration projects also related to energy transition.

Pengaruh Lama Waktu Biofermentasi Chromolaena Odorata dengan Sumber Karbon Gula Lontar Cair terhadap Kandungan NDF, ADF Serta Mineral Ca dan P

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the length of biofermentation time of Chromolaena odorata with the best source of liquid palm sugar carbon to obtain the content of NDF, ADF, and Minerals Ca and P. The method used in this study was an experimental method with Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with 4 treatments and 4 repeats so that there were 16 experimental units. The treatment levels are as follows: LB21 = Biofermentation duration for 21 days (as control), LB14 = Biofermentation duration for 14 days, LB7 = Biofermentation duration for 7 days, LB0 = Biofermentation duration for 0 days. The variables studied were NDF, ADF, and Ca and Phosphorus Minerals. The results of the study are as follows: LB21: NDF of 40.286%, ADF of 29.2775%, Calcium of 0.9105%, Phosphorus of 0.53652%; LB14: NDF of 57.382%, ADF of 36.1975%, Calcium of 0.90725%, Phosphorus of 0.53775%; LB7: NDF of 47.02%, ADF of 30.1275%, Calcium of 0.86925%, Phosphorus of 0.51225%; LB0: NDF of 2.478%, ADF of 40.7375%, Calcium of 0.8045%, Phosphorus of 0.48375%. The results of statistical analysis showed that the long treatment of biofermentation time with a source of liquid palm sugar carbon had a significant effect (P&lt;0,05) to contet ndf dan adf chromolaena odorata, whereas parameter calcium and phosphorus no real effect (P&gt;0.05). It was concluded that the length of biofermentation time of Chromolaena odorata with a source of liquid palm sugar carbon affected the levels of Neutral Detergent Fiber and Acid Detergent Fiber but did not affect the content of Calcium and Phosphorus Minerals.

The contribution of Ca and Mg to the accumulation of amino acids in maize: from the response of physiological and biochemical processes

BackgroundThe quality of maize kernels is significantly enhanced by amino acids, which are the fundamental building blocks of proteins. Meanwhile, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), as important nutrients for maize growth, are vital in regulating the metabolic pathways and enzyme activities of amino acid synthesis. Therefore, our study analyzed the response process and changes of amino acid content, endogenous hormone content, and antioxidant enzyme activity in kernels to the coupling addition of sugar alcohol-chelated Ca and Mg fertilizers with spraying on maize.Result(1) The coupled addition of Ca and Mg fertilizers increased the Ca and Mg content, endogenous hormone components (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA; gibberellin, GA; zeatin riboside, ZR) content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and amino acid content of maize kernels. The content of Ca and Mg in kernels increased with the increasing levels of Ca and Mg fertilizers within a certain range from the filling to the wax ripening stage, and significantly positively correlated with antioxidant enzyme activities. (2) The contents of IAA, GA, and ZR continued to rise, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were elevated, which effectively enhanced the ability of cells to resist oxidative damage, promoted cell elongation and division, and facilitated the growth and development of maize. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased consistently, which would attack the defense system of the cell membrane plasma to some extent. (3) Leucine (LEU) exhibited the highest percentage of essential amino acid components and a gradual decline from the filling to the wax ripening stage, with the most substantial beneficial effect on essential amino acids. (4) CAT and SOD favorably governed essential amino acids, while IAA and MDA negatively regulated them. The dominant physiological driving pathway for the synthesis of essential amino acids was “IAA-CAT-LEU”, in which IAA first negatively drove CAT activity, and CAT then advantageously controlled LEU synthesis.ConclusionThese findings provide a potential approach to the physiological and biochemical metabolism of amino acid synthesis, and the nutritional quality enhancement of maize kernel.

Mechanical properties, micro-mechanisms, and constitutive models of seawater sea-sand engineered cementitious composites

Three mixing proportions of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) were prepared using seawater, sea-sand, and PVA fibers, corresponding to three strength grades of C30, C40, and C50, respectively. The mechanical properties of these three kinds of seawater sea-sand engineered cementitious composites (SS-ECCs), including compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, ultimate elongation, uniaxial compressive and tensile stress-strain relationship, and so on, were analyzed by compressive, tensile, and flexural tests. The tensile and flexural strength of SS-ECCs are influenced by their ductility. The SS-ECC with C40 strength grade exhibited the best ductility, with an average ultimate tensile strain reaching 3.42 %, and possessed the highest tensile and flexural strength. The C50 specimen had the worst ductility, but its tensile strength and flexural strength came in second place. As the strength grade increased, the elastic modulus gradually increased, while the Poisson's ratio decreased. Uniaxial compressive and tensile constitutive models for SS-ECCs were established. The uniaxial compressive constitutive model was divided into a nonlinear ascending stage and a bilinear descending stage. XRD and TGA results revealed that the improvement in the strength of SS-ECCs was mainly attributed to the increased content of Ca(OH)2 in the reaction products. Additionally, the gypsum content in the raw materials decreased with the increasing strength grade, resulting in a reduction in the generation of ettringite (AFt).

Effect of Ca co-doping on gamma-stimulated luminescence of Lu2SiO5:Ce

In order to estimate the stability of the light output of the scintillation detector, the Lu2SiO5:Ce scintillation crystals, additionally doped with Ca2+ ions at concentrations of 0 ÷ 0.4 at%, were studied. The spectra of optical absorption, gamma-luminescence, thermal luminescence, dose and temperature dependences of luminescence were measured. Gamma-luminescence in the dose range 10 - 5·107 Gy was recorded using 60Co gamma-source at the temperature range of 310–460 K. In contrast to the initial sample (non-doped with Ca), in the sample doped with 0.1 at% of Ca, an increase in the luminescence intensity was observed in the range of 390–425 nm, but further with an increase in the concentration of Ca (0.3–0.4 at%), the intensity of this band decreased to the initial level (undoped). At Ca concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 at%, the intensity of the Ce1 center band remains practically unchanged up to a dose of 5·107 Gy. LSO crystals doped with Ce 0.1 at% and co-doped with Ca 0.1 at% can be recommended as a scintillation detector up to a gamma-dose of 105 Gy at room temperature.

Soil contamination caused by fly ash from coal-fired thermal power plants in India: Spatiotemporal distribution and elemental leaching potential

On combustion, coal produces fly ash (FA) and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) at high temperatures. Airborne particles like FA and SCP can be transported over long distances by wind, leading to the pollution of air and water resources. Concern mainly arises from various toxic metals loosely bound to the surface of FA and SCP. Here, we trace the provenance of SCP in soil samples collected upwind and downwind from two coal-fired thermal power plants (TPP) in central Nagpur (Khaperkheda and Koradi) that have been operational for over four decades. The samples showed morphological similarities between SCPs from soil samples and FA collected from the Khaperkheda power plant. The SCP distribution shows a sharp increase in the soil profiles coinciding with the expansion of the power plants between 2010 and 2015. Backward trajectories of winds were calculated to ascertain whether the sampling locations downwind of the TPPs were potentially affected by FA emissions. The results from the back trajectories indicate that emissions from the TPP are directed toward the sampling sites. Finally, leaching experiments were conducted in FA to assess the release of elements. Leaching experiments at 30, 40, and 50 °C and at a given pH or extraction time did not show any notable differences in elemental concentrations of Al, As, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Ni, Ti, V, and Zn. The concentration of different elements mobilized from FA was high at pH 3, with rapid leaching occurring within the first 30 min of the experiment. Hence, disposal, reclamation, and management of FA need to be regulated and monitored correctly to ensure the safety of its use.

Release of elements and phenolic and flavonoid compounds from herbs and spices into acacia honey during infusion

AbstractAcacia honey was infused with basil, oregano, marjoram, dill, garlic or cinnamon at infusion rates of 0–5% by mass for a 6 months period. After removal of the infusates, macro and micro element concentrations were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectroscopically. The greatest release of elements, phenols and flavonoids, (% release/1% infusion rate) were for phenols (1.22–3.74, respectively), flavonoids (0.12–2.18), K (0.39–0.78), P (0.14–0.87), and S (0.07–0.85). The least release was for Ba (0.04–0.17), Fe (0.03–0.41) and B (− 0.006 to 2.33). Dill showed the most important effect on the Na concentration of honey enriched (at 5.00%) with &gt; 90 times higher content (328 ± 4 mg/kg) compared to control honey (3.46 ± 0.07 mg/kg). Sr content was more than 50 times higher in honey enriched with marjoram (1383 ± 10 µg/kg), and honey enriched with dill showed more than 30 times higher Fe content (4112 ± 14 µg/kg). Enrichment with dill had the greatest effect on Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Na and Fe content of control honey, and garlic had the most important effect on the B, P, S, Zn, TP and TF content. Enrichment with these herbs and spices resulted in increases in element, total phenolic and flavonoid content of acacia honey.

Degradation of organic pollutants by the Cl-/PMS process.

The viewpoints on whether high concentrations of chloride ion (Cl-) promote or inhibit the oxidation activity of activated persulfates are still inconclusive. Furthermore, the degradation of organic pollutants by the persulfates in the presence of high Cl- concentrations without any activation medium has not yet been studied. In this work, the efficiency and mechanism of degradation of organic pollutants such as carbamazepine (CBZ), sulfadiazine (SDZ), and phenol (PN) by Cl--activated PMS (denoted as Cl-/PMS) were investigated. Results showed that Cl- could effectively activate PMS for the complete removal of CBZ, SDZ, and PN with reaction kinetic constants of 0.4516min-1, 0.01753min-1, and 0.06805min-1, respectively. Parameters such as PMS dose, Cl- concentration, solution pH, and initial concentrations of organic pollutants that affect the degradation efficiencies of the Cl-/PMS process were optimized. Unlike conventional activated persulfates, it was confirmed that the free chlorine was the main active species in the Cl-/PMS process. Finally, the degradation by-products of CBZ and SDZ as well as their toxicity were detected, and a possible degradation pathway for CBZ and SDZ was proposed. Though higher toxic chlorinated by-products were generated, the Cl-/PMS process was still an efficient oxidation method for the removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions which contain high concentrations of Cl-.

Impact of high fat and low lean mass phenotype on bone mineral content: A cross-sectional study of Chinese adolescent population

Background and ObjectiveResearch on body composition phenotypes and bone health in adolescents is limited. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between different body composition phenotypes, bone mineral content, and bone metabolism markers in Chinese adolescents. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 1852 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were selected from six schools in Yinchuan City between 2017 and 2020 using stratified cluster random sampling. The participant's body composition and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Serum bone metabolic markers (OC, CTX, and Ca) were measured. Based on their FMI and LMI, individuals were categorized into four body composition phenotypes: low fat mass-low lean mass (LFMI-LLMI), low fat mass-high lean mass (LFMI-HLMI), high fat mass-high lean mass (HFMI-HLMI), high fat mass-low lean mass (HFMI-LLMI). ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference between the four different body composition phenotypes with BMC, CTX and Ca in boys (all P < 0.05), similar conclusions were found in girls, except the OC and CTX. After adjusting for age, gender, smoking, drinking, and others, compared with the LFMI-HLMI reference group, the two high FMI groups (HFMI-LLMI and HFMI-HLMI) had a greater negative correlation with BMC, while the low BMC risk of the HFMI-LLMI group was the highest (OR = 33.28; 95%CI: 11.12–99.63; P < 0.001). The correlation between BMC of different body composition phenotypes in boys was greater than that in girls. HFMI-HLMI is a risk phenotype negatively associated with Ca content (β = −0.12; 95%CI: −0.19 to −0.04; P < 0.05). Regardless of body composition level, BMC was always negatively correlated with fat mass (LLMI: β = −0.27; 95%CI: −0.32–0.21; HLMI: β = −0.52, 95%CI: −0.65–0.40) and positively correlated with lean mass (LFMI: β =0.24; 95%CI: 0.20–0.28; HFMI: β =0.23, 95%CI:0.13–0.33) (all P < 0.001). The fat mass showed different correlations with OC and CTX in girls and boys based on LLMI or HLMI (all P < 0.05). ConclusionHFMI-LLMI is a risk phenotype of low BMC in Chinese adolescents, and the relationship between fat mass and bone metabolism markers is affected by lean body mass and gender.

Possible enrichment process of Cd in the Se-rich soil area of Lanshan District, Shandong Province, China.

High cadmium (Cd) concentrations widely occured in selenium (Se)-rich soils, which has been an important obstacle in the usage of Se-rich soils. There is still no special information detailing the enrichment process and mechanism of Cd in Se-rich soils. 4474 soils and 21 rocks in Lanshan District were sampled to detect its enrichment process. The surface soils have Cd concentrations of 0.01-9.41mg·kg-1 (an average of 0.16mg·kg-1). The soil Cd concentrations were significantly correlated with soil Se concentrations. The relatively higher-Cd surface soils are distributed in Lower-middle Ordovician carbonate areas with Se-rich soils and Quaternary areas with typical anthropic activities. Surface soils in Ordovician carbonate area have the highest Cd concentrations. Soil Cd concentrations are significantly correlated with sulfophil elements (Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo), Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As) etc.), Ca (Calcium) concentrations and soil organic carbon (SOC). The soil and rock samples from different geological units also confirmed soil Cd concentrations developing from Ordovician carbonates were higher than those from other rocks. The results indicate the soil Cd concentrations were the complex consequences of bedrock, soil-forming processes and anthropogenic activities. Higher Ca concentrations and more reduction environments result in high-Cd bedrock. CaCO3 leaching and alkaline pH, which are the special soil-forming process of carbonates, enrich Cd in soils. Agricultural and industrial activities also affect soil Cd concentrations. An enrichment model of Cd in Se-rich soils is forwarded.

Estimación de analitos del suelo en la altillanura, con teledetección sentinel-2 y modelos de regresión

Contextualization: Incorporation of new techniques and technologies to know the characteristics and composition of soils used in agricultural production is booming. The free license products such as Sentinel-2 satellite images, allow correlating the edaphic properties with spectral indices. Knowledge gap: In the agricultural sector, the indices calculated from satellite images have been centered on characterization of vegetation. To a lesser proportion, studies have been carried out with indexes used in mineral prospecting to correlate with the chemical characteristics of the soil. Purpose: This study was developed to evaluate the correlation of ferric oxide, ferrous silicate, ferrous iron, and alteration indices with the content of chemical elements of importance in crop production. Methodology: A crop field of 282 hectares in the municipality of Puerto López in the department of Meta was selected. The evaluated indices from a set of Sentinel-2 imagery were calculated. After indices obtention, 40 sites were selected to do a soil composite sampling and determine the following characteristics: pH in water (1:1 potentiometric), Organic Matter (Walkey and Black), P (Bray II), Al (KCl 1N), Ca, Mg, K y Na (Ammonium acetate), Fe (DTPA). With the obtained information, a multiple regression analysis using the stepwise method was performed; as independent variables, the raster layers of the indexes calculated were used, and the variable to predict were the properties determined in the laboratory. Results and conclusions: The evaluated indices showed a higher correlation to 0.60 with Ca and Mg content. A correlation between 0.40 and 0.60 was found between the indices and organic carbon y Fe. The regression models calculated give adjustments of 0.54, 0.47, and 0.33 for Mg, Ca, and Fe, respectively. The findings of this research allow us to understand from Sentinel-2 images that it is possible to obtain relevant indexes for agricultural production in conditions of the Colombian Plateau.

Enhanced degradation of emerging contaminants by Far-UVC photolysis of peracetic acid: Synergistic effect and mechanisms

Krypton chloride (KrCl*) excimer lamps (222 nm) are used as a promising irradiation source to drive ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) in water treatment. In this study, the UV222/peracetic acid (PAA) process is implemented as a novel UV-AOPs for the degradation of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water. The results demonstrate that UV222/PAA process exhibits excellent degradation performance for carbamazepine (CBZ), with a removal rate of 90.8 % within 45 min. Notably, the degradation of CBZ in the UV222/PAA process (90.8 %) was significantly higher than that in the UV254/PAA process (15.1 %) at the same UV dose. The UV222/PAA process exhibits superior electrical energy per order (EE/O) performance while reducing resource consumption associated with the high-energy UV254/PAA process. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection confirm that HO• play a dominant role in the reaction. The contributions of direct photolysis, HO•, and other active species (RO• and 1O2) are estimated to be 5 %, 88 %, and 7 %, respectively. In addition, the effects of Cl−, HCO3−, and humic acid (HA) on the degradation of CBZ are evaluated. The presence of relatively low concentrations of Cl−, HCO3−, and HA can inhibit CBZ degradation. The UV222/PAA oxidation process could also effectively degrade several other ECs (i.e., iohexol, sulfamethoxazole, acetochlor, ibuprofen), indicating the potential application of this process in pollutant removal. These findings will propel the development of the UV222/PAA process and provide valuable insights for its application in water treatment.