Chitosan Concentration Research Articles

Interfacial multilayer self-assembly of protein and polysaccharides: Ultrasonic regulation, stability and application in delivery lutein

In this study, the layer-by-layer adsorption behavior of sodium caseinate, pectin, and chitosan on the oil-water interface was illustrated using multi-frequency ultrasound. We investigated the impact of ultrasound on various factors, such as particle size, zeta potential, and interfacial protein/polysaccharide concentration. It was observed that ultrasound has significantly decreased droplet size and increased the surface area at the interface, hence promoting the adsorption of protein/polysaccharide. In the sonicated multilayer emulsion, the concentrations of interface proteins, pectin, and chitosan increased to 84.82 %, 90.49 %, and 83.31 %, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that the application of ultrasonic treatment had a significant impact on the emulsion's surface charge and the prevention of droplet aggregation. As a result, the stability of the emulsion system, including its resistance to salt, temperature, and storage conditions, has been significantly improved. Moreover, the emulsion showed an increase in the retention rate of lutein by 21.88 % after a high-temperature water bath and by 19.35 % after UV irradiation. Certainly, the multilayer emulsion treated with ultrasound demonstrated a superior and prolonged releasing behavior. These findings demonstrated the suitability of the ultrasound treatment for the preparation of emulsions to deliver bioactive compounds.

Tuning the rheological properties of chitosan/alginate hydrogels for tissue engineering application

Biomaterials that mimic biological tissues are in great demand in tissue engineering. Hydrogels are rising as a conducive candidate in tissue engineering on account of their water-holding capacity, mechanical strength, and elasticity. Nevertheless, the development of hydrogels that mimic biological tissues with the desired stability and mechanical strength, remains a notable barrier. In this investigation, chitosan/alginate hydrogels were prepared by tuning the chitosan concentration from 0.5 % to 2.5 %w/v with a fixed 1 %w/v alginate concentration using 0.1 % glutaraldehyde as a gelling agent. The hydrogel system forms through covalent bonding between chitosan and alginate, mediated by aldehyde groups of the glutaraldehyde. The mechanical strength of the hydrogel was elucidated by probing its viscoelastic behavior through rheological analysis. The rheological investigations revealed that the prepared chitosan/alginate hydrogels are profoundly stable with shear-thinning characteristics. The increase in chitosan concentration enhanced the stability and viscoelastic attributes of the hydrogels. The yield stress values ranging from 0.93 kPa to 14.24 kPa indicate the possibility of using these hydrogels in bioadhesives and soft and bone tissue engineering. The complex modulus of the prepared chitosan/alginate hydrogels resembles the shear modulus of liver tissues, osteogenic cells, and articular cartilage, and hence, these hydrogels pose as suitable candidates in liver, bone, and cartilage tissue engineering. The chitosan/alginate hydrogels possess outstanding self-healing ability, along with biocompatibility, stability, and mechanical strength, rendering them highly advantageous for applications in biomedical tissue engineering and bioadhesives.

Feasibility Test of Osteichthyes Wet Preparations through the Utilization of Chitosan on Storage Quality as Practical Media for Vertebrate Zoology

This study aims to evaluate the use of chitosan as a substitute for formalin in making wet preparations of true bony fish (Osteichthyes) and to assess the feasibility of storing them as practicum media in the Vertebrate Zoology course. Osteichthyes body size varies from 1 cm to 6 meters. The main characteristic of Osteichthyes is the presence of a skeleton consisting of native bone and a hard calcium phosphate matrix. The skin is protected by various types of scales, including ganoid, cycloid, or stenoid scales. The research method used is Experimental Research Method with descriptive approach, which includes hedonic test and shelf life test (organoleptic) through panelist participation. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was used as the specimen in this experiment with variations in chitosan concentration of 0.50, 1.50, 2.50, and 3.50%. The study included evaluation of Osteichthyes wet preparations by considering aroma and odor, texture, color, as well as monitoring storage stability for one week. The results showed that the wet preparation using chitosan concentration of 3.5% gave satisfactory results for the observation of Osteichthyes structure. In addition, the storage evaluation showed that the quality of the preparations could be well maintained over a certain period. This indicates that chitosan can be an effective alternative in making Osteichthyes wet preparations for Zoology practicum

Multi-scenario application of chitosan emulsions as fat replacers: Based on the regulation of chitosan hydrophobicity and emulsion rheological properties

Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids poses a serious health risk, necessitating the urgent development of healthier plant-based fat replacers. Despite the emulsifying properties of chitosan (CS), it remains a significant challenge to create CS emulsions with minimal CS content and superior rheological properties as fat replacers. In this study, a supramolecular interaction system was constructed with inner hydrophilicity and outer hydrophobicity, enabling tunable rheological properties. This system was utilized to assemble hydrophobically modified CS with sodium alginate through appropriate treatment. As the oil phase fraction in the emulsion of stabilized flaxseed oil in the supramolecular system increases, the viscosity, storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G″) of the emulsion also increase. The emulsion transitions to a semi-solid state when the oil phase fraction ≥60 wt%. The supramolecular system (1 mg/g) can stabilize flaxseed oil emulsion with 80 wt% oil phase fraction. There were no significant changes in the morphology and rheological properties of the emulsions following a 60-day storage period at room temperature. In addition, emulsions can be used in several scenarios as fat replacers in food processing due to their tunable rheological properties.

Optimizing antidiabetic properties of Galega officinalis extract: Investigating the effects of foliar application of chitosan and salicylic acid.

Diabetes poses a significant global health burden, demanding safe and effective therapeutic interventions. Medicinal plants offer promising avenues for natural diabetic management. Galega officinalis (goat's rue) has long been recognized for its hypoglycemic potential, but optimizing its phytochemical content and antidiabetic activity remains a key challenge. This study aimed to address this aspect by investigating the impact of foliar application of chitosan and salicylic acid on the physiological and phytochemical properties of G. officinalis, and subsequently evaluating its antidiabetic efficacy compared to that of the established drug metformin. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed. Laboratory mice were divided into treatment groups receiving G. officinalis extract from plants sprayed with four salicylic acid concentrations (0.5-3 mM/L) and four chitosan concentrations (0-0.8 g/L). Blood glucose levels and various physiological parameters were assessed. Chitosan at 0.4 g/L and salicylic acid at 2 mM significantly enhanced the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant activity of G. officinalis. Notably, the extract from plants treated with 3 mM salicylic acid exhibited the highest total alkaloid content, a potential contributor to antidiabetic activity. In a separate study, diabetic mice treated with this optimized G. officinalis extract (50 mg/kg) exhibited significantly greater blood glucose reductions compared to those treated with metformin (500 mg). This study demonstrates the potential of chitosan and salicylic acid in optimizing the beneficial properties of G. officinalis. The extract derived from plants treated with 3 mM salicylic acid displayed superior blood glucose-lowering efficacy compared to metformin, suggesting its promising role as a potential natural antidiabetic therapy. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific bioactive compounds responsible for this enhanced activity and translate these findings into clinical applications.

Preparation and sustained-release of chitosan-alginate bilayer microcapsules containing aromatic compounds with different functional groups

This study investigated the release of aromatic compounds with distinct functional groups within bilayer microcapsules. Bilayer microcapsules of four distinctive core materials (benzyl alcohol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and benzoic acid) were synthesized via freeze-drying. Chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (ALG) were used as wall materials. CS concentration, using orthogonal experiments with the loading ratio as a metric. Under optimal conditions, three other types of microcapsules (cinnamic aldehyde, benzoic acid, and benzyl alcohol) were obtained. The four types of microcapsules were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and their sustained release characteristics were evaluated. The optimal conditions were: CS dosage, 1.2 %; CS-to-eugenol mass ratio, 1:2; and CS-to-ALG mass ratio, 1:1. By comparing the IR spectra of the four types of microcapsules, wall material, and core material, the core materials were revealed to be encapsulated within the wall material. SEM results revealed that the granular protuberances on the surface of the microcapsules were closely aligned and persistent when magnified 2000×. The TEM results indicated that all four microcapsules had a spherical and bilayer structure. The thermal stability and sustained release results showed that the four microcapsules were more resilient and less volatile than the four core materials. The release conformed to first-order kinetics, and the release ratios of the four microcapsules were as follows: benzyl alcohol microcapsules ˃ eugenol microcapsules ˃ cinnamaldehyde microcapsules ˃ benzoic acid microcapsules. The prepared bilayer microcapsules encapsulated four different core materials with good sustained release properties.

Effects of different concentrations of Chitosan and application methods on growth and yield characteristics of chilli pepper (<i>Capsicum annum</i>)

Effects of different concentrations of Chitosan and application methods on growth and yield characteristics of chilli pepper (<i>Capsicum annum</i>)

A molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor MIP/Cu-MOF/rGO/AuNPs/GCE for highly sensitive detection of electroneutral organophosphorus pesticide residues.

A novel electrochemical sensor, MIP/Cu-MOF/rGO/AuNPs/GCE, was developed by depositing gold nanoparticles, coating Cu-MOF/GO on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) before electroreducing graphene oxide (GO) to rGO and covering molecularly imprinted membrane by electropolymerization for highly sensitive detection of electroneutral organophosphorus pesticide residues in agricultural product. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltametry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the imprinted sensor. Several key factors such as chitosan concentration, suspension volume, pH of polymerization solution, and polymerization scanning rate during preparation of the imprinted sensor were optimized in detail. When electroneutral phosmet was used as a template, the linear range of MIP/Cu-MOF/rGO/AuNPs/GCE for detecting phosmet was 1.00 × 10-14-5.00 × 10-7 mol/L with the limit of detection of 7.20 × 10-15 mol/L at working potentials of - 0.2 to 0.6 V. The selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability of MIP/Cu-MOF/rGO/AuNPs/GCE were all acceptable. The recoveries of this method for determining phosmet in real samples ranged from 94.2 to 106.5%. The MIP/Cu-MOF/rGO/AuNPs/GCE sensor could be applied to detect electroneutral pesticide residues in organisms and agricultural products.

Effect of chitosan concentration on hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite synthesis using the in-situ method as a dye adsorbent

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a versatile material with wide-ranging applications, including its utility as an adsorbent. However, its brittleness and limited adsorption capacity pose challenges, prompting the incorporation of chitosan (CTS) fillers to enhance mechanical strength and adsorption properties. The hydroxyapatite/chitosan (HAp/CTS) composite was synthesized via the in-situ method, utilizing natural sources such as calcium ions from cuttlefish bones and chitosan extracted from shrimp shells. Various chitosan concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) were explored in the synthesis process, with the optimal adsorption of Rhodamine B dye observed at a 30% concentration, yielding 0.1832 mg/g. Validation of the HAp/CTS composite synthesis was achieved through X-ray diffraction, revealing the presence of CTS at a new peak at 2θ of 19.23°, while infrared spectroscopy confirmed absorption bands for both HAp and CTS. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy-energy dipersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) investigations revealed irregular shapes with agglomeration, resulting in a Ca/P ratio of 1.80 for the HAp/CTS composite. The HAp/CTS-30% composite demonstrated efficient Rhodamine B dye adsorption following the Freundlich isotherm equation, pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics, and exhibited good reusability. These findings suggest that the HAp/CTS composite could serve as a promising, cost-effective solution for treating industrial wastewater.

Morphological 3D Analysis of PLGA/Chitosan Blend Polymer Scaffolds and Their Impregnation with Olive Pruning Residues via Supercritical CO2.

Natural extracts, such as those from the residues of the Olea europaea industry, offer an opportunity for use due to their richness in antioxidant compounds. These compounds can be incorporated into porous polymeric devices with huge potential for tissue engineering such as bone, cardiovascular, osteogenesis, or neural applications using supercritical CO2. For this purpose, polymeric scaffolds of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan, generated in situ by foaming, were employed for the supercritical impregnation of ethanolic olive leaf extract (OLE). The influence of the presence of chitosan on porosity and interconnectivity in the scaffolds, both with and without impregnated extract, was studied. The scaffolds have been characterized by X-ray computed microtomography, scanning electron microscope, measurements of impregnated load, and antioxidant capacity. The expansion factor decreased as the chitosan content rose, which also occurred when OLE was used. Pore diameters varied, reducing from 0.19 mm in pure PLGA to 0.11 mm in the two experiments with the highest chitosan levels. The connectivity was analyzed, showing that in most instances, adding chitosan doubled the average number of connections, increasing it by a factor of 2.5. An experiment was also conducted to investigate the influence of key factors in the impregnation of the extract, such as pressure (10-30 MPa), temperature (308-328 K), and polymer ratio (1:1-9:1 PLGA/chitosan). Increased pressure facilitated increased OLE loading. The scaffolds were evaluated for antioxidant activity and demonstrated substantial oxidation inhibition (up to 82.5% under optimal conditions) and remarkable potential to combat oxidative stress-induced pathologies.

A sustainable green-approach for biofabrication of chitosan nanoparticles, optimization, characterization, its antifungal activity against phytopathogenic Fusarium culmorum and antitumor activity.

Chitosan is a natural non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and mucoadhesive polymer. It also has a broad spectrum of applications such as agriculture, medical fields, cosmetics and food industries. In this investigation, chitosan nanoparticles were produced by an aqueous extract of Cympopogon citratus leaves as a reducing agent. According to the SEM and TEM micrographs, CNPs had a spherical shape, and size ranging from 8.08 to 12.01 nm. CNPs have a positively charged surface with a Zeta potential of + 26mV. The crystalline feature of CNPs is determined by X-ray diffraction. There are many functional groups, including C꞊C, CH2-OH, C-O, C-S, N-H, CN, CH and OH were detected by FTIR analysis. As shown by the thermogravimetric study, CNPs have a high thermal stability. For the optimization of the green synthesis of CNPs, a Face centered central composite design (FCCCD) with 30 trials was used. The maximum yield of CNPs (13.99 mg CNPs/mL) was produced with chitosan concentration 1.5%, pH 4.5 at 40°C, and incubation period of 30 min. The antifungal activity of CNPs was evaluated against phytopathogenic fungus; Fusarium culmorum. A 100% rate of mycelial growth inhibition was gained by the application of 20mg CNPs/mL. The antitumor activity of the green synthesized CNPs was examined using 6 different cell lines, the viability of the cells reduced when the concentration of green synthesized CNPs increased, the IC50 dose of the green synthesized CNPs on the examined cell lines HePG-2, MCF-7, HCT-116, PC-3, Hela and WI-38 was 36.25 ± 2.3, 31.21 ± 2.2, 67.45 ± 3.5, 56.30 ± 3.3, 44.62 ± 2.6 and 74.90 ± 3.8; respectively.

Bio-friendly oleic acid-based ufasomal topical gel of rosuvastatin for diabetic wound healing: In-vitro, ex-Vivo, and in-Vivo evaluation

This study aimed to develop bio-friendly and biodegradable oleic acid-based ufasomes coated with chitosan for topical delivery of rosuvastatin for diabetic wound healing. Rosuvastatin was chosen as a suitable candidate due to its wound healing properties. Thin film hydration technique was implemented for the preparation of ufasomes at various concentrations of oleic acid. The most promising formulation (UF 5) was coated with chitosan. The effect of oleic acid and chitosan concentrations on vesicle Size, zeta-potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and in-vitro drug release study was assessed. Optimum chitosan-coated ufasomal dispersion (CUF 3) was subjected to further characterizations, such as FT-IR, TEM, in-vitro release, broth microdilution susceptibility test, the effect of storage, ex-vivo skin permeability study, and wound healing efficiency in rats. Finally, CUF 3 was incorporated into chitosan gel base and examined for wound healing efficiency in rats. Uncoated ufasomal dispersion (UF 5) possessed the smallest vesicle Size (149.6 nm), the highest entrapment efficiency (79.48 %), an optimum zeta-potential (−35.78 mv), with polydispersity index of 0.18. FT-IR of coated ufasomes (CUF 3) reflected the effective coating of chitosan on the surface of ufasomes which coincided with the TEM image. Similar release profiles of UF 5 and CUF 3 were observed after 4 h of dissolution due to chitosan coating surrounding ufasomes. The cumulative percent of drug permeated across rat skin after 24 h for CUF 3 dispersion, and CUF 3 in chitosan gel were 11.21 % and 10.48 %, respectively, in comparison to 2.97 % in case of control gel. This was confirmed from the results of flux and permeability coefficient. A maximum skin retention and a controlled release effect with a reduced risk of systemic absorption of rosuvastatin were attained by CUF 3 in chitosan gel. Rosuvastatin encapsulated in ufasomal vesicles augmented the antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. A remarkable wound healing of CUF 3 in chitosan gel was confirmed by morphological and histopathological studies. Oleic acid-based ufasomes coated with chitosan could be a promising bio-friendly carrier for rosuvastatin to obtain a triple effect formulation for diabetic wound healing.

Chitosan-mediated tailoring of cadmium sulphide nanoparticle: Synthesis, properties, and interactive mechanisms

This study explores the synergistic effects of chitosan-coated cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) at varying concentrations on their structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties. CdS NPs are known for their promising photocatalytic potential, but their practical application often requires stability enhancement and reduced toxicity. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, offers unique advantages such as biocompatibility and heavy metal adsorption capabilities, making it an attractive candidate for surface modification of CdS NPs. Our investigation reveals that chitosan-coated CdS NPs exhibit concentration-dependent changes in their crystalline structure, bandgap energy, particle size, and vibrational characteristics. Notably, CdS NPs synthesized with 1.5 g chitosan concentration display the smallest bandgap and particle size, suggesting optimal photocatalytic activity. This research provides valuable insights into tailoring CdS NPs for efficient visible light photocatalysis, with implications in environmental remediation and energy conversion.

The combined effect of chitosan and High Hydrostatic Pressure on Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli

This study explores the combined effect of different High Hydrostatic Pressures (HHP; 200–300 MPa) with various chitosan concentrations (up to 0.2%) on five Listeria monocytogenes strains and one of Escherichia coli, at temperatures 20 & 35 °C. Cells were resuspended in ACES buffer 1 h prior to HHP. A synergistic effect of chitosan and HHP was reported for first time in the above bacterial species tested. Synergistic effect up to 1 log reduction was observed at 300 MPa and chitosan at 20 °C against L.monocytogenes LO28 with FBR13 being the most sensitive strain at 250 MPa and 0.1% chitosan. Higher combined effect was found at 35 °C compared to 20 °C at 200 MPa highlighting for first time the significant role of temperature in the above synergistic action. Pressure and temperature had a greater impact on inactivation and synergism than chitosan concentrations. Synergistic effect (1 log reduction) was also observed in E. coli K12 at 0.1% chitosan and 200 MPa. Industrial relevanceThis study presents the significance of combining HHP with natural antimicrobials to control L. monocytogenes and E. coli. Even though the technology is used for 3 decades in the food industry, its cost is still relatively high. Therefore, it is important to investigate novel ways to reduce the pressure intensity resulting in reduced costs, lower energy consumption and a broader product portfolio. This research demonstrates for first time the synergistic action of chitosan and HHP on L. monocytogenes and E. coli and the significant role of temperature that could contribute in the enhancement of the antimicrobial effect and optimization of the processing conditions. This aligns also with the growing demand for more sustainable and natural systems regarding the food production.

Miracle drink supplemented with Lactobacillus bulgaricus loaded-chitosan/alginate nanoparticles as a medicinal food for control of MCF7 cancer cells

BackgroundCancer continues to be one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine and is second only to cardiovascular disease as the main cause of death. Breast cancer in particular is responsible for 15% of deaths in women. In this study, Lactobacillus bulgaricus was microencapsulated using a chitosan/alginate mixture. Parameters such as chitosan, alginate, and L. bulgaricus populations were optimized using Design Expert software. The responses were loading efficiency, particle size, release, and ζ-potential. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of the optimized ratio of chitosan/alginate nanoparticles was investigated on MCF-7 cancer cells. ResultsThe research revealed that optimal conditions for the mentioned variables were a chitosan concentration of 1% w/w, an alginate concentration of 1% w/w, and a L. bulgaricus count of 8.15 CFU/ml. Following numerical optimization, the loading efficacy = 91.15%, the release = 71.55%, the polydispersity index = 0.11, and the ζ-potential = 61.94 based on numerical optimization. Findings revealed that miracle drinks with L. bulgaricus-loaded chitosan/alginate microcapsule ratios exhibited toxic and potential apoptotic effects on MCF-7 cancer cells. This study showed that a miracle drink prepared with the optimal ratio of probiotic nanoparticles stops cells in the S and G2/M phases. ConclusionsThe results show that Miracle drink supplemented with L. bulgaricus loaded-chitosan/alginate nanoparticles has a toxic and lethal effect on MCF-7 cancer cells. This compound can be suggested and used as an alternative candidate or complementary cancer therapy.How to cite: Jovaini K, Mortazavian Farsani SAM, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, et al. Miracle drink supplemented with L.bulgaricus loaded-chitosan/alginate nanoparticles as a medicinal food for control of MCF7 cancer cells. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.04.002.

Thixotropic chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications: Unravelling the effect of chitosan concentration on the mechanical behaviour

Chitosan hydrogels are highly sought after in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and tunable mechanical properties. Nevertheless, achieving stable hydrogels with the required mechanical strength remains a notable obstacle. In this study, we prepared chitosan hydrogels with enhanced stability using minimal concentrations of glutaraldehyde to mitigate toxicity risks. The resulting hydrogel system is characterized by strong covalent bonds formed through imine and hydrogen bonding, facilitated by the aldehyde groups of glutaraldehyde. Rheological analyses reveal the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels, showcasing stable gel-like structures with shear-thinning behavior, which are further enhanced with increasing chitosan concentration. Our observation demonstrates that the complex shear moduli of 0.5 - 1.5 w/v% chitosan hydrogel ranged between 3.08 kPa and 8.5 kPa, closely matching the shear moduli of the brain and connective tissues. The shear moduli obtained for the 2 w/v% (10.2 kPa) and 2.5 w/v% hydrogels (11.34 kPa) conform to the shear moduli of liver, fat, relaxed muscle, and breast gland tissue. Thixotropic studies reveal good structural recovery behaviour in the hydrogels. The swellability of 2 w/v% and 2.5 w/v% hydrogels (50–70 %) suggests their suitability for bone tissue engineering, with moderate porosity required for bone growth (60–75 %). Moreover, the yield stress values of 0.5 - 1.5 w/v% hydrogels satisfy the requirements for soft tissue engineering, while those of 2 and 2.5 w/v% match the requirements for bone tissue engineering. Our findings suggest that chitosan hydrogels of varying concentrations (0.5–2.5 % w/v) hold promise for a range of biomedical applications, including tissue engineering for brain, nerve, soft, and bone tissues, and wound dressing. This research addresses the pressing need for stable chitosan hydrogels with tailored mechanical properties, potentially offering solutions to challenges in biomedical materials design.

Impact of Molar Composition on the Functional Properties of Glutinous Rice Starch-Chitosan Blend: Natural-Based Active Coating for Extending Mango Shelf Life.

This study investigates natural-based blends of glutinous rice starch (GRS) and chitosan (CS), varying their molar composition (0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 100:0) to explore their interaction dynamics. Our findings illustrate the versatility of these blends in solution and film forms, offering applications across diverse fields. Our objective is to understand their impact on coatings designed to extend the post-harvest shelf life of mangoes. Results reveal that increasing chitosan content in GRS/CS blends enhances mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, and resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection, a common cause of mango anthracnose. These properties overcome limitations of GRS films. Advanced techniques, including FTIR analysis and stereo imaging, confirmed robust interaction between GRS/CS blend films and mango cuticles, improving coverage with higher chitosan content. This comprehensive coverage reduces mango dehydration and respiration, thereby preserving quality and extending shelf life. Coating with a GRS/CS blend containing at least 50% chitosan effectively prevents disease progression and maintains quality over a 10-day storage period, while uncoated mangoes fail to meet quality standards within 2 days. Moreover, increasing the starch proportion in GRS/CS blends enhances film density, optical properties, and reduces reliance on acidic solvents, thereby minimizing undesirable changes in product aroma and taste.

Ozone-activated lignocellulose films blended with chitosan for edible film production

This work focuses on the influence of ozone pretreatment on the fractionation and solubilization of sugarcane bagasse and soda bagasse pulp fibers in sodium hydroxide/urea solution, as well as the application of regenerated cellulose for producing edible films. The methodology involved pretreating lignocelluloses with ozone for 20 to 120 min before dissolving in sodium hydroxide/urea solution. The influence of the pretreatment conditions on cellulose dissolution yield was investigated. Regenerated cellulose films were then formed, with and without the addition of 2 % chitosan. Mechanical, physical, structural, thermal, and antimicrobial attributes were determined as a function of ozonation conditions of raw materials and chitosan content. The findings exhibited positive effects of short ozonation on enhancing mechanical strength, cohesion, and hydrophobicity. The prolonged ozonation of 120 min demonstrated optimal improvements in continuity, swelling, and antibacterial resistance of obtained films. Incorporating chitosan enhanced tensile performance, stiffness, and vapor barriers but increased moisture absorption. Tailoring the activation of biomass through ozone pretreatment and chitosan addition resulted in renewable films with adjustable properties to meet diverse packaging requirements, particularly for fruit protective coatings, ensuring the preservation of post-harvest quality.

Design of Highly Porous Materials Based on Chitosan/Pectin Interpolyelectrolyte Complex for Wound Healing Application

Interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) of polysaccharides are multifunctional polymer materials that improve the mechanical and physicochemical properties of individual polysaccharides. In this study, highly porous (>90%) materials based on IPECs of versatile natural polysaccharides, chitosan (30 and 1,200 kDa) and pectin, are obtained by freeze-drying technique. To enhance the interaction between chitosan and pectin macromolecules, the latter are chemically functionalized with dialdehyde groups. The chitosan-/aldehyde-functionalized pectin (Chit/AF-Pect) polyelectrolyte complex sponges obtained are characterized using SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and TGA. The swelling capacity study reveals a higher swelling ratio of IPEC sponges with an increase in both the molecular weight and content of chitosan: for Chit30/AF-Pect, the swelling ratio rises from 327% to 480%, while for Chit1200/AF-Pect, from 681% to 1,066%. Additionally, the in vitro degradation test demonstrates higher stability of Chit1200/AF-Pect sponges in comparison with those of Chit30/AF-Pect: after 4 days of incubation, the weight losses are found to be 9%–16% and 18%–41%, respectively. The cytotoxicity study shows that Chit30/AF-Pect sponges are noncytotoxic, with cell viability values >70%. Furthermore, the Chit30/AF-Pect sponges, obtained at chitosan:pectin weight ratio of 5:1, exhibit bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli BIM B-984 G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa BIM B-807 G, Staphylococcus aureus BIM B-1841, and slightly inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis BIM B-1530 G. These findings indicate that the obtained Chit30/AF-Pect sponges can be used to create wound dressings for wound healing applications.

IBUPROFEN INJECTABLE MICROEMULSION PREPARATION COATED BY CHITOSAN: FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION, IN VITRO PERFORMANCE, ANTI-INFLAMMATION ACTIVITY, AND HEMATOLOGY ASSESSMENT

Objective: This study aimed to develop, characterize, and conduct stability evaluations to ensure compliance with intravenous administration for microemulsion ibuprofen injection. In addition, hematology assessment and profile of drug release kinetics were analyzed. Methods: The formulation process commenced by introducing various chitosan concentrations into microemulsion ibuprofen injection, following a method established in a previous study. Formulation parameters studied include particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, kinetic of drug release, anti-inflammation activity using the 1% carrageenin induction method, and hematology assessment. Results: The results showed that the addition of 1% chitosan solution allowed for the development of the ideal microemulsion formula, with droplet size, zeta potential, and PDI of 19.37±0.32 nm,-1.53±0.12 mV, and 0.38±0.02, respectively. Kinetics of chitosan-coated ibuprofen microemulsion (MK) were governed by the squared root of time paradigm, suggesting that drug release proceeded by diffusion and was influenced by the carrier. Compared to the other groups, the paw injected with MK indicated a strong anti-inflammatory effect and did not differ significantly from the control group (p>0.05). However, Hematology analysis showed no statistically significant variations in leukocyte and erythrocyte profiles between the treatment and control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: MK met the criteria as an intravenous preparation based on the characteristics and safety.