Concentration Of Carbopol Research Articles

Formulation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Spray Gel Containing Cordyline fruticosa L. Leaf Extract for Topical Delivery

Spray gel is a gel system applied through a spray pump, producing small or large liquid droplets. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Cheval, commonly known as Andong Merah, is a plant with various medicinal properties, including wound healing activity attributed to its flavonoid content. This research aimed to formulate and evaluate the physicochemical properties of a spray gel containing Cordyline fruticosa leaf extract for topical delivery, focusing on the effects of different concentrations of Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent and sorbitol as a humectant. Cordyline fruticosa leaf extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol. Three spray gel formulations were prepared, varying the concentrations of Carbopol 940 (0.4 g, 0.6 g, and 0.8 g) and sorbitol (5 ml, 7.5 ml, and 10 ml). The prepared spray gels were then subjected to physicochemical evaluation, including organoleptic tests (color, odor, and consistency), homogeneity tests, pH measurements, viscosity measurements, spray pattern analysis, and adhesion tests. All spray gel formulations exhibited acceptable physicochemical properties. The formulations were homogeneous, with a pH within the acceptable range for topical applications. The viscosity and adhesion properties varied with the concentrations of Carbopol 940 and sorbitol. The spray pattern analysis revealed a circular spread pattern, with the pressure required for spraying influenced by the viscosity of the formulation. The spray gel formulations containing Cordyline fruticosa leaf extract demonstrated good physicochemical qualities, indicating their potential suitability for topical delivery. Further studies are recommended to optimize the formulation for enhanced stability and therapeutic efficacy.

Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Gel Formulations with Cyclodextrin Complexes and Volatile Oils with Antimicrobial Activity.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate hydrogels containing a cyclodextrin complex with clove essential oil and other free volatile oils with antimicrobial properties (tea tree and rosemary essential oils), focusing on their pharmaco-technical and rheological characteristics. The formulations varied in the Carbopol 940 (a hydrophilic polymer) and volatile oils' concentrations. Rheological analysis indicated that the gels displayed pseudoplastic behavior, with the flow index (n) values below 1, ensuring appropriate consistency and handling. The results showed that increasing the Carbopol concentration significantly enhanced the yield stress, consistency index, and viscosity, with gel B, containing 1% Carbopol, 1.5% tea tree essential oil, and 1.5% rosemary essential oil, demonstrating optimal stability and rheological properties. At the same time, the concentration of volatile oils was found to modulate the gels' flow parameters, but their effect was less pronounced than that of the gel-forming polymer. Antimicrobial testing revealed that both gel B and gel E (containing 1% Carbopol, 2% tea tree essential oil, and 2% rosemary essential oil) exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida spp., with gel E showing superior efficacy against Candida tropicalis. The antimicrobial effects were likely influenced by the higher concentrations of tea tree and rosemary essential oils in gel E. Overall, the study demonstrates that the concentration of Carbopol 940 primarily determines the gel's rheological behavior, while volatile oil concentration modulates antimicrobial effectiveness.

FORMULATION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY EMULGEL SENGGANI LEAF (Melastoma malabathricum L.) WATER FRACTIONS WITH VARIATIONS OF GELLING AGENT USING DPPH METHOD

The senggani plant is reported to have antioxidant activity owing to its flavonoid content, which is a free radical scavenger. The water fraction of senggani leaves needs to be prepared for use, one of which is the emulgel. An important additional ingredient in emulgels is the gelling agent, and the most commonly used is carbopol 940. This study aimed to determine the formulation of emulgel preparations with the most stable variation in carbopol 940 and to test the antioxidant activity of water fraction emulgel preparations from senggani leaves (Melastoma malabatricum L.). The preparations were made by varying the concentrations of Carbopol 940 to 0.5% (F1), 1.25% (F2), and 2% (F3). Physical stability evaluations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesive power, viscosity, and antioxidant tests for 28 days. The results of the research showed that the emulgel that tested the physical stability of emulgel preparations with each concentration produced the best emulgel, F3 with an emulgel concentration of 2%, with a pH of 5.32-5.19, spreadability of 4.47-5.53 cm, adhesive power of 31. 21 -25.64 seconds, and viscosity of 47520-34853 cP. The IC50 value of the emulgel preparation is 17870.83-14851.28 ppm, with statistical test results of sig. (p-value) > 0.05, which means that storage has no effect on the emulgel preparation. The conclusion of this research is the best concentration of Carbopol as gelling agent of emulgel is 2% with the antioxidant activity is very weak Keywords: emulgel; senggani leaf water fraction; carbopol 940; IC­50

Formulation and Evaluation of a Polyherbal Gel for Skin Disorders

The aim of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate the herbal gel containing Marigold, Garlic, Honey, Cocoa Powder Aloe Vera for wound healing and antimicrobial potential. Marigold, Garlic, Honey, Cocoa Powder Aloe Vera used in the preparation possess an excellent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and healing potential. Gelling agent used in this study was Carbopol 934P. In the present study five formulations containing different concentration of carbopol and honey were formulated and optimized. The optimized formulations were selected for further studies. Optimized gel was then loaded with active drug. The formulations were characterized for initial physicochemical parameters i.e. surface pH, spreadability, viscosity and antimicrobial susceptibility test to observe toxicity or side effects. The result revealed that the surface pH was within the range of skin pH. The viscosity and spreadability of the gel was appropriate and zone of inhibition was also satisfactory for optimized formulations G4 and G5. The preparations were stable under normal storage conditions and did not produce any skin irritation, i.e., erythema and oedema for about a month, when applied over the skin.

Optimization and comparison of unidirectional lidocaine-loaded buccal patch with the articaine-loaded buccal patch to reduce injection pain and increment of patients' compliance in dental procedures: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial

IntroductionNervous patients often postpone dental visits until they are in severe pain, exacerbating anxiety. Buccal patches provide a noninvasive method of delivering drugs between the upper gum and cheek, offering local and systemic effects. Prior research has demonstrated the effectiveness, safety, and reliability of topical lidocaine or articaine patches for oral anesthesia. Consequently, this study aimed to develop a three-layered buccal drug delivery system for topical anesthetics. MethodsThe first step was preparing and optimizing lidocaine-loaded three-layer patches using Design-expert software. The effects of ethylcellulose, Eudragit, and carbopol concentrations were investigated on patch characteristics, including mucoadhesion, Young's modulus, and Elongation-at-break. Subsequently, patches were fabricated according to the optimized formulation determined by the software, and their efficacy was studied in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Participants received either lidocaine or articaine-loaded compared with placebo in a split-mouth study. They evaluated their pain levels using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the onset and duration of action were recorded for each treatment. ResultsAccording to the results, increasing ethyl cellulose and Eudragit concentrations improved mucoadhesion force (p < 0.05) while increasing ethyl cellulose and reducing Eudragit concentrations increased Young's modulus (p < 0.05). Increasing Carbopol and decreasing Eudragit concentrations also raised elongation at break significantly in the patch (p < 0.05). Treatment with lidocaine-loaded patches resulted in lower VAS scores and faster onset of action in patients than articaine-loaded patches. However, the duration of the effect was longer in the former(p < 0.001). ConclusionBased on the responses' analysis, the formulation of the 3-layered buccal patch was optimized. This formulation comprised 4.72 % ethyl cellulose, 2 % Carbopol, and 5 % eudragit. Clinical evaluation results showed that loading the optimized formulation with lidocaine was more efficient in controlling the injection pain than articaine. Trial registrationThis trial was prospectively registered with irct.behdasht.gov.ir (registration number: IRCT20210118050067N2) on Aug 19, 2022.

Formation of Self-Healing Granular Eutectogels through Jammed Carbopol Microgels in Supercooled Deep Eutectic Solvent.

Typically, gel-like materials consist of a polymer network structure in a solvent. In this work, a gel-like material is developed in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) without the presence of a polymer network, achieved simply by adding microgels. The DES is composed of choline chloride and citric acid and remains stably in a supercooled state at room temperature, exhibiting Newtonian fluid behavior with high viscosity. When the microgel (Carbopol) concentration exceeds 2 wt %, the DES undergoes a transition from a liquid to a soft gel state, characterized as a granular eutectogel. The soft gel characteristics of eutectogels exhibit a yield stress, and their storage moduli exceed the loss moduli. The yield stress and storage moduli are observed to increase with increasing microgel concentration. In contrast, the ion conductivity decreases with increasing microgel concentration but eventually levels off. Because the eutectogel can dissolve completely in excess water, it is a physical gel-like material, attributed to the densely packed structure of microgels in the supercooled DES. Due to the absence of networks, the granular eutectogel has the capability to self-heal simply by being pushed together after being cut into two pieces.

Utilization of Emulgel Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Flesh Extract as a Topical Antioxidant

The flesh of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) contains carotenoid compounds that act as antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the variation in the concentration of carbopol 940 on physical properties, irritation tests, and the stability of emulgel antioxidants against temperature and storage time. Evaluation of the physical properties of C. lanatus pulp extract emulgel includes organoleptic, homogeneity, dosage pH, dispersion, adhesion, emulsion type, viscosity as well as hedonic test and irritation test. Antioxidant stability testing of emulgel was carried out for 28 days at three temperature conditions: 4, 25, and 40°C and tested on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 with the DPPH method. The results of the physical properties evaluation meet the requirements with pH values of 5.50–5.57, dispersion 5–6 cm, adhesion &lt;4 seconds, viscosity 5624–15443 cPs, F2 and F3 hedonic tests are preferred by researchers, and irritation tests of all formulas show no irritation symptoms to all refiners. The results of antioxidant stability of emulgel after storage on the 28th day showed an average result of IC50 temperature of 4°C (112.4547 ± 0.1432 mg/L), 25°C (119.3170 ± 0.1966 mg/L), and 40°C (124.1554 ± 0.1317 mg/L). The results of stability analysis show that temperature and storage duration affect antioxidant stability. The higher the temperature and duration of storage, the antioxidant stability of emulgel decreases. Storage of C. lanatus flesh extract emulgel at 4°C was able to maintain antioxidant activity for 28 days of storage.

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF AN EMULGEL CONTAINING SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND VITAMIN D-3 FOR ITS POTENTIAL TO ACCELERATE THE HEALING OF WOUND

Objective: The aim of this research work was to prepare a topical emulgel based dosage form incorporated with vitamin D-3 and silver nanoparticles to reduce the wound healing time in any kind of wound. Methods: Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied for the optimization of emulgel by using Design expert software. Three responses (pH, viscosity, and in vitro drug release) and two factors (Carbopol concentration and stirring duration) were chosen, and Statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that all the factors were significantly affecting the responses. Silver Nanoparticles (SNPs) was prepared with Green Tea Extract (GTE) and evaluated for particle size, Poly Dispersity Index (PDI), zeta potential and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and revealed that SNPs of desired range and stability have been synthesized. Here excision wound model was used to evaluate the wound healing activity of formulation in vivo. Results: Maximum in vitro release 88.2±2.1 has shown by the optimized formulation F13, pH and viscosity were also found in optimum range i.e., 6.2±0.4 and 1672±33 respectively, followed by Korsmeyer and Peppas model. Total eight groups were designed for animal study and silver sulphadiazine was used as marketed formulation. F13 formulation was further evaluated for in vivo data, it was revealed that emulgel loaded with high dose of vitamin D-3 along with silver nanoparticles has shown 100.5±1.7% wound contraction, while marketed formulation has shown 103.7±1.1% wound contraction, which was much similar with test formulation. Cytotoxic cell study was done using assay on chicken egg, formulation has not shown any cytotoxic behaviour like haemolysis and cell damage on chick embryo’s blood vessels. Accelerated stability study of the optimized formulation was also performed to check whether the formulation was stable or not and it was revealed that optimized formulation was found stable for the period of six months. Conclusion: It was revealed that emulgel loaded with high dose of vitamin D-3 and SNPs found suitable to accelerate wound healing and showed almost similar response in wound contraction on comparison with marketed formulation. This emulgel promised to controlled the delivery of the drug for the longer duration.

Formulasi gel ekstrak daun sirih cina (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) variasi carbopol 940 serta uji fisik dan stabilitasnya

Chinese betel leaf (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) contains tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids which can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Gel preparations are suitable for topical therapy of acne. The gelling agent used was carbopol 940. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and concentration of carbopol 940 which produced the best physical properties of Chinese betel leaf extract gel preparations. This research is an experimental research. Gel preparations were made with various concentrations of carbopol 940 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% then organoleptic examination, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, viscosity, skin irritation, physical stability , and hedonic. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS (trial) using the One Way ANOVA method. The results showed that variations in carbopol 940 concentrations had an effect on organoleptic, adhesiveness, pH, spreadability, viscosity, and hedonics but had no effect on homogeneity, physical stability, and skin irritation. Carbopol 940 concentration of 1.0% produced the best preparation compared to concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.0% in terms of physical properties and statistical analysis.

Design of floating formulations and antiulcer activity of Desmostachya bipinnata

The study aims to design and optimize the floating formulations of the aqueous extract of Desmostachya bipinnata (ADB) to treat peptic ulcers. The trial concentrations of HPMC E50, HPMC K4M, and Carbopol 940 were used as factors, and floating lag time, total floating time, and % drug release at 12 h were used as responses. The formulation underwent evaluation for different parameters: aspirin-induced ulcers in rats assessed the antiulcer activity, and X-ray studies in rabbits evaluated the gastroretentive nature. The optimized formulation has shown a floating lag time of 32 s and floated in the gastric medium for more than 9 h with a maximum drug release of 93% at the end of 12 h by following the Korsmeyer-Peppas drug release mechanism. The optimized formulation has good flow properties. The FT-IR, DSC, and XRD studies show ADB and excipients didn't show any incompatibility. The formulation has shown significant antiulcer activity against aspirin-induced ulcers in rats, with an ulcer index of 3.38 ± 0.24 and inhibition of 76.67 ± 0.56%. The in vivo X-ray imaging proved the gastric retention of the formulations for more than 8 h. The results of the formulations demonstrate the floating ability and sustained drug release of the tablet responsible for treating peptic ulcers to show a localized effect in the gastric region and to maintain the ROS levels.Graphical

Optimization of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) and Carbopol 940 in Clindamycin HCl Ethosomal Gel as Anti-acne

Clindamycin HCl has anti-acne properties because it can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) bacteria. However, the bioavailability of clindamycin HCl is less than 13% of the given dose, so it needs to be developed in the form of ethosomes to increase its bioavailability. This study aimed to create a clindamycin HCl ethosomal gel preparation with varying hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carbopol-940 as a gelling agent using a factorial design to obtain 4 formulas. The concentrations of HPMC and carbopol 940 used were 0.5% and 1%. The optimum formula was determined based on the pH response, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion of the clindamycin HCl ethosomal gel preparation. Based on the factorial design analysis, HPMC and Carbopol-940 have an influence on the pH response and adhesion, while the interaction between HPMC and Carbopol-940 influences the spreadability and viscosity responses. The optimum formula was obtained with a desirability value of 0.994 at a concentration of HPMC was 1%, and Carbopol 940 was 0.5%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the optimum clindamycin HCl ethosomal gel was 60 µg/mL. So, the clindamycin HCl ethosomal gel had a strong antibacterial activity.

Scaling laws for near-wall flows of thixo-elasto-viscoplastic fluids in a millifluidic channel

Thixo-elasto-viscoplastic (TEVP) fluids are very complex fluids. In addition to elasticity and viscoplasticity, they exhibit thixotropy, i.e., time-dependent rheology due to breakdown and recovery of internal structures at different length- and timescales. General and consistent methods for a priori flow prediction of TEVP fluids based on rheological characteristics are yet to be developed. We report a combined study of the rheology and flow of 18 samples of different TEVP fluids (three yogurts and three concentrations of Laponite and Carbopol, respectively, in water in both the unstirred and a stirred state). The rheology is determined both with standard protocols and with an ex situ protocol aiming at reproducing the shear history of the fluid in the flow. Micrometer resolution flow measurements in a millimeter scale rectangular duct are performed with Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography (D-OCT). As expected, the results show the existence of a plug flow region for samples with sufficiently high yield stress. At low flow rates, the plug extends almost all the way to the wall and the extent of the plug decreases not only with increased flow rate but also with increased thixotropy. The ex situ rheology protocol enables estimation of the shear rate and shear stress close to the wall, making it possible to identify two scaling laws that relates four different non-dimensional groups quantifying the key properties wall-shear stress and slip velocity. The scaling laws are suggested as an ansatz for a priori prediction of the near-wall flow of TEVP fluids based on shear flow-curves obtained with a rheometer.

Dual-responsive in situ gelling polymer matrix for tunable ketamine general anesthesia in experimental animals

Animal experimentation is a critical part of the drug development process and pharmaceutical research. General anesthesia is one of the most common procedures. Careful administration and dosing of anesthetics ensure animal safety and study success. However, repeated injections are needed to maintain anesthesia, leading to adverse effects. Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is commonly used for inducing anesthesia in animals and suffers from a short half-life requiring repeated dosing. Herein, we report a novel system for controlled anesthesia post-intraperitoneal administration. A polymer solution called “premix” was developed using two stimuli-responsive polymers, Pluronic (PF) and Carbopol (CP). As the premix was mixed with ketamine solution and injected, it underwent in situ gelation, hence controlling ketamine release and anesthesia. The PF and CP concentrations were optimized for the gelation temperature and viscosity upon mixing with the ketamine solution. The optimal premix/ketamine formulation (1.5:1) was liquid at room temperature and gel at physiological conditions with favorable mucoadhesion and rheology. Premix retarded the release of ketamine, translating to tunable anesthesia in vivo. Anesthesia duration and recovery were tunable per ketamine dose with minimal side effects. Therefore, we propose the implementation of PF/CP premix as a vehicle for general anesthesia in animals for optimal duration and effect.

Formulation and Effectiveness Test of 96% Ethanol Extract Anti-Acne Serum Cashew Leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Introduction: Recently, the use of cosmetics to cure acne made from natural ingredients can have a good effect. Cosmetic preparations that are currently developing rapidly are serum preparations because they have better effects, and the moisturizing technology used is based on skin physiology. The natural ingredient in question is cashew leaves, which treat acne caused by Propionibacterium acnes. This research aims to obtain a serum preparation of cashew leaf extract to determine its effectiveness against P. acne and optimize the two ingredients, namely carbopol and triethanolamine (TEA) so that the serum preparation has physical stability that meets predetermined standards.&#x0D; Methods: This research is pure experimental research of a qualitative nature to obtain a serum preparation of cashew leaf extract with effectiveness as an anti-acne and using the factorial design method with the optimization factor for carbopol concentration comparison as a gelling agent and TEA as an alkalizing agent. The physical property parameters observed as a response to the equation are spreadability and viscosity using two-way statistical tests, ANOVA, with IBM SPSS statistics 29.0.1.0 software.&#x0D; Results: The research results obtained indicate the effectiveness of cashew leaf extract serum preparations against bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes. Apart from that, there is no significant difference between the formulas in the spreadability parameters, which means there is no influence from variations in carbopol and TEA concentrations on the physical evaluation of spreadability. Meanwhile, there are significant differences between the formulas in the viscosity parameters, there is an influence of variations in the concentration of carbopol and TEA on the physical evaluation of viscosity.&#x0D; Conclusion: Cashew leaf extract serum preparations are effective in treating bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, the cause of acne.

OPTIMASI GEL EKSTRAK DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

Belimbing wuluh leaves (DBW) are a plant that has antibacterial properties with active flavonoid compounds. The leaf extract with a concentration of 10% has a strong inhibitory ability against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteria. Gel preparations have several advantages, including having water content with cooling, soothing, moisturizing properties, easy to use, easy to penetrate the skin, and provide a healing effect. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal comparison of CMC-Na and Carbopol 940 bases in starfruit leaf extract gel preparations using the Simplex lattice design (SLD) method and to evaluate the antibacterial activity on SA bacteria. DBW extraction uses a maceration extraction method using 96% ethanol. The optimal DBW extract gel formula was determined using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method using Design Expert 11. Verification of the optimal DBW extract gel formula using one sample T-test. The antibacterial test on SA used the well method and the results were analyzed using One Way Anova. The optimal formula obtained was tested for stability using freeze thaw cycling and acceptability tested. The optimal concentration of CMC-Na and Carbopol 940 produced by the SLD method is CMC-Na of 35% (0.7 g) and Carbopol 940 of 65% (1.3 g) with a total base weight of 2g. The results of the antibacterial test showed that the gel preparation could inhibit SA bacteria with an inhibition zone of 14.43 ± 0.707 mm. The results of the optimal formula verification test obtained a p value of &gt;0.05, so the data obtained was not significantly different and it can be said that the formula for the SLD method results was valid including pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion power. The optimal gel formula obtained shows that the preparation is stable in storage and can be accepted by respondents.

Microemulgel Delivery of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride

Background: Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride is broad spectrum carboxyfluoroquinolone antibiotic from biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV. The oral dosage form exhibits gastric irritation whereas the topical cream has demonstrated poor penetration and low bioavailability. Objective: To optimize microemulsion-based gel of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride to increase its solubility and permeability through the cutaneous layer for targeting bacterial skin infections. Methods: To develop microemulsion, oil (soya oil, castor oil, oleic acid, isopropyl myristate and vegetable oil), surfactant (cremophore, span 80, tween 80) and cosurfactant (PEG 600 and PEG 400, propylene glycol) were evaluated. To depict the microemulsion formulation pseudo ternary phase diagram was employed. %Transmittance, zeta potential, dissolution study and size analysis were carried out for evaluation of microemulsion. 32 factorial design was used. Two variables i.e concentration of Sepineo P600 and Carbopol 934 effect on microemulgel was evaluated. Evaluation of gel was carried for physical parameters, antimicrobial, in-vitro and ex-vivo release study. Results: Solubility analysis suggested tween 80, oleic acid and propylene glycol for the formulation of microemulsion. Zeta potential for microemulsion batch F1 was -11.3 mV. This indicated good stability. In-vitro release study showed 91.98% percentage cumulative drug release for batch F1 at 8 hours. Microemulsion-based gel (F1) showed 22.96% inhibition against bacteria which proved its antibacterial activity. Conclusion: The obtained results exhibited that the permeability and bioavailability of the drug was increased when given through a topical route.

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI KARBOPOL 940 TERHADAP MUTU FISIK SEDIAAN EMULGEL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia calabura L.) SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA SECARA In Vitro

Secondary metabolite like phenolic compounds found in kersen leaves have function to bind free radical. Emulgel is a preparation that is not greasy, spreads evenly, soft, and long lasting on storage. The objective of this study was to determine the physical quality of emulgel of kersen leave ethanol extract with various concentrations of carbopol 940, to determine the potential and effective concentration of carbopol 940 in emulgel of kersen leave ethanol extract as a sunscreen. This study used several formula with various concentration of carbopol 940 which is 1, 1.5, and 2%. Physical quality testing include organoleptic, homogeneity, spreading power test, adhesion test, pH test, and viscosity test. Determination of Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) value was carried out in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Mansyur Calculation. The results obtained showed that emulgel of kersen leave ethanol extract with variations of the gelling agent carbopol 940 was stable for 21 days on storage and have activity as a sunscreen. Emulgel of kersen leave ethanol extract (Muntingia calabura L.) 1% concentration of carbopol 940 is the most effective as a sunscreen preparation with 25,42 SPF value which categories ultra protection.Keywords: kersen leave ethanol estrak, emulgel, sunscreen, SPF.

Development and Characterization of Econazole Topical Gel.

The purpose of this work was to develop a novel topical formulation of econazole nitrate based on gel that can be easily scaled up in one pot for the potential treatment of fungal and yeast infections. Econazole nitrate, a topical antifungal, is used to treat tinea versicolor, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Compared to applying cream or ointment, topical gels offer numerous advantages, one of which is that the drug is released more quickly to the intended site of action. A viscous mixture of propylene glycol, Capmul® MCM C8, methyl and propyl paraben, and econazole nitrate were mixed together before being formulated into the optimized Carbopol® gel bases. The gel's color, appearance, and homogeneity were assessed visually. For every formulation, the drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and gel strength were characterized. The cup plate diffusion method was used to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of the prepared formulations. To assess the behavior of the developed system, studies on in vitro release and mechanism were conducted. The manufactured formulations were transparent, pale yellow, and exhibited excellent homogeneity. The pH of each formulation was roughly 6.0, making them suitable for topical use. The concentration of Carbopol® 940 resulted in a significant increase in viscosity and gel strength but a significant decrease in spreadability. It was demonstrated that the prepared formulations inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. In contrast, the standard blank gel showed no signs of antifungal action. By increasing the concentration of Carbopol® 940, the in vitro release profile of econazole nitrate significantly decreased. Following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model fitting, all formulations exhibited n values greater than 0.5 and less than 1, indicating that diffusion and gel swelling control econazole nitrate release.

KARAKTERISASI DAN OPTIMASI EMULGEL NA DIKLOFENAK DENGAN METODE SIMPLEX LATTICE DESIGN

Diclofenac Na is an NSAID class of drugs that functions to treat pain and inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis or joint disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of carbopol 940, HPMC K15M and propyleneglycol variations on the emulgel physical properties, carbopol concentration, HPMC, propyleneglycol to produce an optimum formula.The method used in this optimization is Simplex Lattice Design. The independent variables which include carbopol 490 , HPMC K15M , propylene glycol were then included in the expert design to obtain 16 runs. Each formula was tested for viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, diffusivity and physical stability. Each parameter has a contour plot and by superimposing it can be determined the shaded area which is the area of ​​the optimum formula. The optimum formula was carried out using a one sample t-test with a 95% confidence level. Based on the results of superimposed superimposed graphic observations for the manufacture of diclofenac narium emulgel with test parameters including spreadability, viscosity, adhesion, PH, diffusion ability and stability test, the composition of Carbobol 940 0.5 - 1.22%, HPMC K-15M 3.24 - 3.77 Propylene glycol 5 - 6.26%. The results of the t-test showed that the Simplex Lattice Design equation in the formula showed results that were not significantly different, this shows the significance value of the results before treatment with treatment results &gt; 0.05. This shows that the equation is valid and the stability test is stable.

Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.)

The ethanol extract of rambutan leaves has anti-Staphylococcus aureus properties. The purpose of this investigation is to formulate the ethanol extract of rambutan leaves (Nephelium lappaceum L.) in order to determine the stable concentration of carbopol 940 for gel preparations. The extraction technique utilised was maceration with 96% ethanol. Formula 1 (0.7% carbopol 940), Formula 2 (0.9% carbopol 940), and Formula 3 (1.1% carbopol 940) were developed for the gel preparation formulation. Organoleptic assays, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, and adhesion were conducted before and after accelerated storage at 400°C and 75% relative humidity. The results of the organoleptic test revealed that preparations F1, F2, and F3 had a semi-solid consistency, a dark brown hue, and a distinct extract odour, and that they were homogeneous. Before accelerated conditions, the spreadability test yielded Farmula 1 (6,3 cm), Farmula 2 (5,96 cm), and Farmula 3 (5.3 cm). After accelerated conditions, the results were F1 (5.86cm), F2 (5.43cm), and F3 (5.16cm). Before the accelerated condition, the pH test results were F1 (5.54), F2 (5.91), and F3 (6.00). After the accelerated condition, the results were F1 (6.43), F2 (6.08), and F3 (5.76). The adhesion test before the accelerated condition yielded F1 (4.37 seconds), F2 (4.28 seconds), and F3 (4.45 seconds), and after the accelerated condition yielded F1 (4.57 seconds), F2 (4.38 seconds), and F3 (4.66 seconds of data, it can be concluded that the gel formulation of rambutan leaf extract from various concentrations of 0.7%, 0.9%, and 1.1% carbopol 940 is physically stable.