BG Concentrations Research Articles

PO-204 Effects of hypoxia and/or endurance exercise on autophagy of skeletal muscle in rats with nutritional obesity


 Objective The globalization of obesity has become an important factor threatening human health, and the rational health of the solution has driven the exploration of experts and scholars. For this reason, this experiment uses hypoxia and exercise as interventions for 8 weeks. Changes of autophagy-related factors LC3 mRNA, p62 mRNA and energy regulation factor AMPKα2 mRNA, and cell stress-inducing factor Sestrin2 mRNA after hypoxia and/or combined endurance exercise, and explored the effect of hypoxia endurance exercise on autophagy of skeletal muscle cells To provide a reasonable experimental basis for exploring hypoxic exercise to lose weight and to prevent or reduce autophagy-related diseases.
 Methods First, a nutritional obese rat model fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks was constructed and randomly divided into 8 groups: the normoxia group (A), the normoxic group (AE), and 16.3%. Oxygen quiet group (B) and 16.3% hypoxic exercise group (BE), 13.3% hypoxic quiet group (C), 13.3% hypoxic exercise group (CE), 11.3% hypoxic quiet group (D), 11.3% low Oxygen exercise group (DE), 10 in each group, and continued to feed with high fat diet. Secondly, establish a hypoxic and/or endurance exercise model, and the experimental experiment is expected. The rat training program is as follows: the normoxia quiet group does not perform any endurance exercise and other interventions under normoxia; the normoxic exercise group is large. The rats underwent a medium-intensity endurance exercise with a running speed of 20 m/min in a normal oxygen environment for 40 min. Similarly, rats in the hypoxic quiet group underwent continuous hypoxia intervention for 12h in the corresponding hypoxic environment; the hypoxic-binding endurance exercise group was based on the intervention of the hypoxic-quiet group, with a time of 40 min and a running speed of 20 m/ Min's medium-intensity endurance exercise. The frequency of exercise is 5 times a week (every Monday to Friday) for 8 weeks. After the last training, fasting for 24 hours, the rats were sacrificed and sampled. Biochemical indicators were used to measure blood lipids and blood glucose concentration; real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of autophagy regulators Sestrin2, AMPKɑ2 and autophagy Beclin1 and LC3II mRNA.
 Results 
 1.Nutritional obesity rat model: After 8 weeks of high-fat feeding, the body weight, Lee's index, BG, TC, TG and LDL-c concentrations in the high-fat group were significantly increased (P<0.05)
 2.Changes in morphology and blood lipids of rats: Compared with group A, the body weight, BG, TC, TG, LDL-c concentrations in the AE group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the HDL-c concentration was significantly increased (P<0.05). LDL-c in group D, TG and BD concentrations in group B, group C and group D were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and HDL-c concentrations in groups C and D were significantly increased (P<0.05); Compared with the group, the LDL-c and TG concentrations in the DE group were significantly lower (P<0.05), the BG concentrations in the CE group and the DE group were significantly lower (P<0.05), and the HDL-c concentration in the DE group was significantly increased (P<0.05). ).
 3.Real-time quantitative PCR showed that compared with group A, the expression of Sestrin2, Beclin1 and LC3II mRNA in skeletal muscle cells of AE group, C group and D group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the expression of AMPKɑ2 mRNA in group D was significantly increased. Compared with AE group, the expressions of Beclin1, LC3II and AMPKɑ2 mRNA in CE group and DE group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the expression of Sestrin2 mRNA in DE group was significantly increased (P<0.05).
 Conclusions 
 1.Three different concentrations of hypoxia and / or combined endurance exercise can reduce the body weight of obese rats, improve the blood sugar, blood lipids, hypoxia and exercise in obese rats, the effect of weight loss, blood sugar and blood lipids is more obvious.
 2.Endurance exercise, hypoxic exposure, hypoxia combined with endurance exercise can induce autophagy in skeletal muscle cells; and the cumulative stimulation effect of exercise and hypoxia is more prominent than simple endurance exercise and hypoxia exposure.
 3.Three different concentrations of hypoxia and/or combined endurance exercise can up-regulate the expression of Sestrin2, AMPKɑ2, Beclin1, and LC3II mRNA, thereby effectively activating and enhancing the autophagy level of skeletal muscle cells in obese rats, especially 11.3% hypoxia. The endurance exercise group has a more pronounced effect.

Extraction of soluble β-glucan from oat and barley fractions: Process efficiency and dispersion stability

This study comprises laboratory-scale extraction of soluble β-glucan (BG) from oat (16 and 32% BG) and barley (12 and 32% BG) fractions, investigation of chemical composition and stability of dispersions prepared from water extracts and techno-economic evaluation for small industrial scale production. Oat and barley fractions were hydrolysed with an enzyme preparation and BG was extracted from hydrolysed samples by boiling water. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in medium molecular weight (MW = 38,500–69,400 g/mol) after 2 h incubation with 10 nkat β-glucanase activity/g bran and low MW (11,800–22,600 g/mol) after 4 h incubation with 50 nkat/g bran. MW and concentration of BG affected the stability of dispersions during storage. Barley fractions, after both 2 and 4 h hydrolysis, resulted in higher viscosities than oat fractions. MW of BG in soluble barley fractions was only slightly higher, but the difference in MW does not seem to be adequate to justify the observed viscosity differences. Barley extracts contained higher amounts of starch, however, starch did not have a distinct effect on viscosity. Techno-economic analysis for production process with feedstock design capacity of 100 kg/h showed that production costs varied from 0.06 to 0.11€/g soluble BG. Raw material and capital charge were key cost factors.

Randomized Study Comparing Pre-Operative Glycemic Profile in Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients Administered Oral Carbohydrate Solution Preoperatively versus Those Kept Fasting

Objectives: Hypoglycemia is a recognized danger in pediatric patients. Extended period of preoperative fasting in this subset of patients is not well tolerated with metabolic derangements. The oral carbohydrate loading preoperatively can ameliorate many adverse effects. The aim of this study was to compare the glycemic profile in pediatric cardiac surgical patients kept fasting preoperatively with those fed oral clear solutions of carbohydrate half hour prior to induction of anaesthesia. Also we tried to establish a correlation with other factors contributing to preoperative hypoglycemia. Methodology: We planned a randomized controlled study. Group A included patients who were kept fasting according to the ASA guidelines preoperatively and Group B included patients who received 2 ml per kg of body weight of 10% Dextrose water as oral feeds half hour before the expected time of start of anaesthesia. Results: The mean (SD) preoperative BG concentrations were higher in group B (102.5 ±16.97) as compared to group A (64.08 ± 25.37) (p value -0.86 and -0.67) (pvalue Conclusion: Preoperative oral carbohydrate preloading can develop as the easiest and cheapest path to better perioperative blood glucose concentration management in congenital cardiac disease children.

Sol–gel derived biologically relevant ions substituted bioglass coating on 316L stainless steel substrate for its anti-bacterial and corrosion resistance behavior

The prime objective of the work is to develop bioactive glass ceramic coating on 316L stainless steel through Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) technique for orthopedic applications. The influence of BG concentration, voltage consumption, and deposition time of EPD technique has been investigated. Characterizations of the coating were studied using various techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)/EDS. The electro chemical corrosion behavior in SBF and in vitro biocompatibility analysis in simulated body fluid and antibacterial activity of the material were evaluated. The results from the investigation revels better bioactive behavior on stainless steel substrates which suits well for dental and orthopedic application.

Hypoglycemic effects of tramadol analgesia in hospitalized patients: a case-control study

BackgroundIn outpatient populations, hypoglycemia has been associated with tramadol. We sought to determine the magnitude of risk for hypoglycemia associated with tramadol use in hospitalized patients.MethodsDuring a 2-year period of observation, adult inpatients who received ≥1 dose of tramadol were identified and their medical records were reviewed. Patients were included if they had blood or plasma glucose (BG) concentrations measured on at least two occasions within five days after the initial administration of tramadol. A contemporary comparator group of hospitalized oxycodone recipients was similarly reviewed.ResultsTramadol was administered to 2927 patients who met inclusion criteria. Among these, hypoglycemia (BG ≤70 mg/dL) was documented in 22 (46.8%) of 47 patients with type 1 diabetes, 113 (16.8%) of 673 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 103 (4.7%) of 2207 patients who did not have a diabetes mellitus diagnosis. In those without a diabetes diagnosis, the causality association between hypoglycemia and tramadol use was probable in 77 patients (3.5%). By comparison, hypoglycemia was documented in 8 (1.1%) of 716 matched oxycodone recipients without diabetes (p = 0.002). As compared with tramadol recipients who did not develop low BG concentrations, those who experienced tramadol-related hypoglycemia were relatively young (mean age 52.0 versus 59.8 years; p = 0.027) and predominantly female (74.0% versus 59.8%; p = 0.012).ConclusionsTramadol use was causally associated with hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. The proportion of patients without diabetes who developed hypoglycemia was higher among those who received tramadol than among those who received oxycodone.Trial registrationColorado Multiple Institutional Review Board Protocol № 15–2215. Registered/approved 8 December 2015.

Cadmium removal by bioclastic granules (Lithothamnium calcareum): batch and fixed-bed column systems sorption studies

ABSTRACTThe potential of Bioclastic Granules – BG (calcium-carbonate-based material) using the algae Lithothamnium calcareum as sorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions by sorption was evaluated through batch and continuous systems tests using a fixed-bed column. Sorption process variables, in particular pH (2–7), particle size (<38–300 μm), initial BG concentration (0.1–1.0 g L−1), initial Cd(II) concentrations (5–400 mg L−1) and contact time (5–240 min), were evaluated. Adsorption isotherm profiles of Cd(II) per BG were similar to an L-type, or Langmuir type, with the adsorption forming a monolayer of approximately 0.61 μm, with a qmax of 188.74 mg g−1 and kL of 0.710 L mg−1. Thomas’s model considers that sorption is not limited to a chemical reaction but is controlled by mass transfer at the interface. In the present study, the obtained value of kTh was 0.895 mL h−1 mg−1, reaching a sorption capacity qo of 124.4 mg g−1. For the Yoon–Nelson model, it was possible to obtain two important parameters to describe the behavior of the column, the rate constant (kYN), obtaining a value of 0.09 h−1 and an τ of 82.12 h corresponding to the time required for sorption to occur of 50% of the solute in the rupture curve. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses coupled to the X-ray dispersive energy system (SEM/EDS) of the BG after the Cd(II) ion sorption tests evidenced the formation of crystals with the prevalence of a new mineral phase (otavite).

Effect of β-glucan molecular weight on rice flour dough rheology, quality parameters of breads and in vitro starch digestibility

The study aimed at investigating the effects of molecular weight (peak molecular weight, Mp, 83, 192 and 650 kDa) and level (1.3, 2.6 and 3.9 g/100 g flour basis) of enriched in β-glucan (BG) concentrates (from oat and barley) added into rice flour gluten-free (GF) doughs on their viscoelastic and pasting properties, as well as the quality parameters of bread and the in vitro starch digestibility. A purification process of a commercial BG concentrate, followed by an acid hydrolysis step were employed to reduce the content of interfering excipients (e.g. maltodextrins) and obtain preparations with a range of molecular weights. BG-enriched GF breads of improved quality, that can fulfil the EFSA claims (ingest of 3 g of BG per day with a daily bread intake of ∼200 g), were obtained, exhibiting slower starch digestibility (in vitro assay) dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of BG. With the higher Mp BG used, showing the largest impact on dough rheology characteristics and having a greater potential for health benefits, higher specific volume and lower bread crumb hardness were noted among the GF breads. The medium and lowest Mp BG also had an influence on dough rheological behavior and bread quality attributes. The rapidly available glucose of the bread decreased from 81 g/100 g to 72 g/100 g as result of the 3.9 g/100 g addition of the highest Mp BG in the GF formulations.

Association of the OAS3 rs1859330 G/A genetic polymorphism with severity of enterovirus-71 infection in Chinese Han children.

The 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) is an interferon (IFN)-induced protein that plays an important role in the antiviral action of IFN, with OAS3 being one of the four OAS classes (OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, OASL). The effect of OAS on several infectious viral diseases has been reported; however, a study of the effect of OAS3 on enterovirus 71 (EV71) is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of the OAS3 rs1859330 G/A genetic polymorphism with susceptibility and severity of EV71 infection. We investigated 370 Chinese Han children with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) (214 of which were mild cases while 156 were severe). An improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique was carried out to examine the genotype. The AA genotype distribution (p = 0.002) and A allele frequency (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.32-2.52, p < 0.001) of OAS3 rs1859330 in severe cases were significantly higher than in mild cases. When comparing the different genotypes in EV71-infected patients, there were statistical differences in relation to rash (p = 0.03), oral ulcers (p = 0.005), pathologic reflex (p = 0.003), WBC counts (p = 0.032), CRP (p = 0.024), BG concentrations (p = 0.029), ALT (p = 0.02), and EEG (p = 0.019). However, there were no differences in relation to age, gender, AST, CK-MB, CT/ MRI, as well as some symptoms and signs (e.g. duration of fever (days), headache, convulsions, consciousness disturbance, paralysis, sign of meningeal irritation). In the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of severe cases, there were no differences in the levels of white cells, protein, glucose, chloride, lymphocytes and monocytes between the different genotypes. The plasma levels of IFN-γ in EV71-infected patients were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.01). IFN-γ concentrations in severe cases were lower in A allele carriers (AA+GA) (118.5 ± 12.6pg/mL) than in GG homozygotes (152.6 ± 56.3pg/mL p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the OAS3 rs1859330 G/A genetic polymorphism is associated with the severity of EV-71 infection, and that the A allele is a risk factor for the development of severe EV71 infection.

Wet Processing of Barley Grains into Concentrates of Proteins, β‐Glucan, and Starch

An improved wet method was developed to process barley into fractions concentrated in protein, (1‐3)(1‐4)‐β‐d‐glucan (BG), starch, or other carbohydrates (CHO). Alkaline concentration, solvent to barley flour ratio (SFR), and extraction temperature were evaluated for their effects on concentration and recovery of protein, BG, starch, oil, ash, and other CHO in each fraction type. Results show that the three parameters and their interactions all had significant effects, resulting in varying nutrient concentrations and recovery rates in each type of fractions. For protein fractions, protein content varied from 37.7 to 75.2%, protein recovery from 8.5 to 75.7%, and increasing alkaline concentration and SFR improved nutrient recovery. For BG fractions, BG content ranged from 21.5 to 87.0%, BG recovery from 28.6 to 78.0%, and increasing alkaline concentration decreased BG content but increased its recovery significantly. For starch fractions, starch content varied from 76.9 to 93.9%, starch recovery from 33.6 to 63.9%, and all parameters had little effect on the nutrient concentrations, but alkaline concentration and SFR improved recovery of starch, other CHO, and mass. Overall, the improved wet method was effective in concentrating the major nutrients from barley into their respective fractions, but process optimization through manipulating the three parameters is necessary to achieve a maximum concentration or recovery rate of a nutrient of interest in a specific fraction.

Green, Selective, Seedless and One-Pot Synthesis of Triangular Au Nanoplates of Controlled Size Using Bael Gum and Mechanistic Study

A seedless, one pot, green and selective synthesis of triangular gold nanoplates (NPs) by the reduction of chloroauric acid using Aegle marmelos gum (bael fruit derived gum; BG), with control over size is reported. The size of the NPs is found to be dependent critically on the concentration of the BG with triangular, triangular with truncation at the apex and hexagonal plates being the predominant shapes over a wide concentration range, at room temperature. At very high concentration of BG and at room temperature, the shape of the particles is spherical. A fine-tuning of the temperature, at a particular concentration of BG, results in the formation of perfect triangular NPs. Increasing the temperature of reduction to 90 °C and especially above a particular BG concentration, Au nanoparticles that are elongated spheres are obtained as the major product. The possible mechanism for the Au NPs formation is investigated using techniques such as HR-TEM, SEM, XRD and UV–visible spectroscopy. The formation of sing...

Miscibility of dl-α-tocopherol β-glucoside in DPPC monolayer at air/water and air/solid interfaces

The role of newly synthesized tocopherol glycosidic derivative in modifying molecular organization and phase transitions of phospholipid monolayer at the air/water interface has been investigated. Two-component Langmuir films of dl-α-tocopheryl β-D-glucopyranoside (BG) mixed with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in the whole range of mole fractions were formed at the water surface. An analysis of surface pressure versus mean molecular area (π-A) isotherms and Brewster angle microscope images showed that the presence of BG molecules changes the structure and packing of the DPPC monolayer in a BG concentration dependent manner. BG molecules incorporated into DPPC monolayer inhibit its liquid expanded to liquid condensed phase transition proportionally to the BG concentration. The monolayers were also transferred onto solid substrates and visualized using an atomic force microscope. The results obtained indicate almost complete miscibility of BG and DPPC in the monolayers at surface pressures present in the biological cell membrane (30-35·10-3 N·m-1) for a BG mole fraction as high as 0.3. This makes the monolayer less packed and more disordered, leading to an increased permeability. The results support our previous molecular dynamics simulation data.

(1, 3)-β-D-glucan assay for diagnosing invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients with hematological malignancies.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are life-threatening complications of hematological malignancies that must be diagnosed early to allow effective treatment. Few data are available on the performance of serum (1–3)-β-D-glucan (BG) assays for diagnosing IFI in patients with hematological malignancies admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). In this study, 737 consecutive patients with hematological malignancies admitted to 17 ICUs routinely underwent a BG assay at ICU admission. IFIs were diagnosed using standard criteria applied by three independent specialists. Among the 737 patients, 439 (60%) required mechanical ventilation and 273 (37%) died before hospital discharge. Factors known to alter BG concentrations were identified in most patients. IFIs were documented in 78 (10.6%) patients (invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, n = 54; Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, n = 13; candidemia, n = 13; and fusarium infections, n = 3). BG concentrations (pg/mL) were higher in patients with than without IFI (144 (77–510) vs. 50 (30–125), < 0.0001). With 80 pg/mL as the cutoff, sensitivity was 72%, specificity 65%, and area-under-the-curve 0.74 (0.68–0.79). Assuming a prevalence of 10%, the negative and positive predictive values were 94% and 21%. By multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with BG > 80 pg/mL were IFI, admission SOFA score, autologous bone-marrow or hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, and microbiologically documented bacterial infection. In conclusion, in unselected critically ill hematology patients with factors known to affect serum BG, this biomarker showed only moderate diagnostic performance and rarely detected IFI. However, the negative predictive value was high. Studies are needed to assess whether a negative BG test indicates that antifungal de-escalation is safe.

Food Offer, Chronic Diarrhea and Preparedness to Alimentary Diabetes from the Second Year of Life Onwards

&lt;p class="Standard"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;We have worked out an alimentary behaviour based on a meal- after -meal individual limit of energy intake (IHMP). We have then studied the energy intake, the pre-prandial blood glucose concentration (blood glucose, BG) and the body weight of a group of children with chronic not specific diarrhea. Finally we have added BG tolerance tests to clinically healthy adults in order to ascertain a possible association between IHMP and insulin sensitivity, should functional disorders or overweight problems arise.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Standard"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; With the present study we want to verify if mothers are capable of maintaining the IHMP and low pre-prandial BG levels in the eight years following the initial training, also in absence of diarrhea relapses. In adults the IHMP is associated to a good insulin sensitivity and this fact should be taken into consideration in order to reduce the increase of non - trasmissible deseases in the Western World.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Standard"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; We recruited children with not specific chronic diarrhea (bowel functional disorders) and selected randomly 53 mother-child pairs as the control group and 100 to be trained. Mothers were taught both how to recognise the correspondence between the individual manifestations of hunger and the BG concentration (Initial Hunger Meal Pattern, IHMP). The aim was to get low BG levels before each meal, and, thanks to the skill acquired, to stop the insulin resistance. The energy intake and the pre-prandial BG levels were reported in weekly diaries while the symptoms were recorded through structured interviews after 3 and 6 months and after 2,4,6,8 years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Standard"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Energy intake reductions were significantly larger in trained than in control subjects at all 6 surveys after recruitment (P &amp;lt; 0.04 to &amp;lt; 0.0001) although growth was similar, Diarrhea and vomiting significantly dropped both in the trained group and in the control one compared to the beginning of the research. Larger reductions from base values in days with diarrhea in trained children (compared with controls) were found for the three initial months and in drug administration at the surveys after 2 years and after 8 years&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Chronic non-specific diarrhea of the second year of life is associated&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;with high energy intake&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;and high pre-prandial BG for incomplete exhaustion of previous energy intake. In adults, this habit is associated with fattening/insulin resistance.

Impact of IL-8-251A/T gene polymorphism on severity of disease caused by enterovirus 71 infection.

The study was performed in EV71-infected patients, with 97 mild cases and 80 severe cases. IL-8251A/T genotypes were determined by the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Severe cases had a significantly higher frequency of the IL8-251 AT and TT genotypes than mild cases (52.5% vs. 49.5% and 42.5% vs. 30.9%, respectively; p=0.024). The frequency of IL-8-251T alleles among the severe cases was also significantly higher than that of mild cases (68.7% vs. 55.7%, OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1-2.7, p=0.012). There were significant differences in gender, age, fever days, WBC, CRP and BG concentration, and IL-8 levels among genotypes of IL-8251A/T in EV71-infected patients, but there were no significant differences in ALT, AST, CK-MB and EV71 loads. These findings suggested that the IL-8-251T allele is associated with susceptibility to severe disease in Chinese patients infected with EV71.

Aerobic Exercise Training Ameliorate High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance with Down-regulation of Cardiac C/EBPβ

High fat diet usually induce insulin resistance (IR) associating with mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway. Numerous studies support that aerobic exercise could ameliorate IR. The reduction in cardiac C/EBPβ is a central signal in physiologic hypertrophy and proliferation. The association of cardiac C/EBPβ with IR during exercise training is unclear. PURPOSE: To observe the effects of aerobic exercise on serum metabolic substrates and cardiac C/EBPβ in IR rats. METHODS: 8 week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal diet group (N) and high fat diet group( H). The N diet (14.5 kJ/g) is composed of 66% energy from carbohydrate,13% from fat, 21% from protein, while the H diet (21 kJ/g) is compose of 20%, 59% and 21%. The rats with obesity resistance were eliminated. After 6 wk (week), H rats were randomly divided into (15 each group) H+Sedentary(H), H+Exercise(HE), H+Rapamycin(HR)and H+Rapamycin+ Exercise(HRE). Exercise applied treadmill running at 28m/min for 40min, 6 times/wk for 4 wk. Before each exercise, Rapamycin in saline was i.p 1mg/kg.b.w/time/day, 6 times /wk for 4 wk, while equal volume saline i.p in other rats. Every 3 wk, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were evaluated by the tail venous blood. At 24 h post last exercise, fasting blood were collected from the abdominal aortas in anesthetized rats for measuring the concentration of glucose (BG), plasma triglyceride (TG), plasma free fatty acid (FA), and the left ventricular for HE-staining and detecting the mRNA and protein expression of C/EBP and GAPDH (qPCR and WB). RESULTS: H rats appeared IR. BG concentration in H group is higher than that of HE (P>0.05). TG concentration in HE is higher than that of N (1.6 fold). FA concentration in H is higher than that of N (P<0.05) and lower than that of HR (P<0.05). Heart weight in H was more than that of N and HE (P<0.05).Cardiac C/EBPβ protein showed that HR>HER> H> HE>N (2.68±0.42, 2.19±0.25, 1.75±0.15, 0.86±0.09, 0.64±0.01 ), with p<0.05 or 0.01 between HR v H, HER v HE, H v HE, HE v N, while mRNA expression tend is that HR>H >HER> HE>N(4.95±0.99, 3.68±0.55, 3.05±0.81, 2.43±0.18, 1.27±0.09) . CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise ameliorate IR and myocardial injury, and down-regulate myocardial C/EBPβ expression in IR rats. C/EBPβ coordinates with mTOR to affect the cardiac metabolism in IR rats. Supported by Guangdong Natural Science Fundation NO S2012040006742 and Guangdong Science and Technology Project NO 2013B031600004.

Serum Levels of Lipopolysaccharide and 1,3-β-D-Glucan Refer to the Severity in Patients with Crohn's Disease.

Objectives. Interactions between the host and gut microbial community contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). In this study, we aimed to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 1,3-β-D-glucan (BG) in the sera of CD patients and clarify the potential role in the diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. Materials and Methods. Serum samples were collected from 46 patients with active CD (A-CD), 22 CD patients at remission stage (R-CD), and 20 healthy controls, and the levels of LPS, BG, and TNF in sera were determined by ELISA. Moreover, sixteen patients with A-CD received anti-TNF monoclonal antibody therapy (infliximab, IFX) at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight at weeks 0, 2, and 6, and the levels of LPS and BG were also tested at week 12 after the first intravenous infusion. Results. Serum levels of LPS and BG were found to be markedly increased in A-CD patients compared with R-CD patients and healthy controls (P < 0.05). They were also observed to be positively correlated with CDAI, ESR, and SES-CD, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of TNF in sera had a significant correlation with LPS and BG, respectively. The concentrations of LPS and BG were demonstrated to be significantly downregulated in the sera of A-CD patients 12 weeks after IFX treatment (P < 0.05), suggesting that blockade of TNF could inhibit bacterial endotoxin absorption, partially through improving intestinal mucosal barrier. Conclusions. Serum levels of LPS and BG are significantly increased in A-CD patients and positively correlated with the severity of the disease. Blockade of intestinal mucosal inflammation with IFX could reduce the levels of LPS and BG in sera. Therefore, this study has shed some light on measurement of serum LPS and BG in the diagnosis and treatment of CD patients.

Genetic polymorphism of CCL2−2518, CXCL10−201, IL8+781 and susceptibility to severity of Enterovirus-71 infection in a Chinese population

The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between CCL2-2518A/G, CXCL10-201A/G, and IL8+781C/T gene polymorphism and severity of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in a Chinese population. A case-control study was conducted to compare the distribution of genotype and genetic frequency of the CCL2-2518A/G, CXCL10-201A/G, and IL8+781C/T gene polymorphisms among EV71-infected patients (n = 186), including mild cases (n = 103), severe cases (n = 83) and healthy control subjects (n = 233) with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and analyzed the relationship between the CCL2-2518A/G, CXCL10-201A/G, and IL8+781C/T gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to EV71 infection. No significant differences were found in the distribution of genotype CCL2-2518A/G, CXCL10-201A/G, and IL8+781C/T between the healthy control group and EV71-infected patients. However, three SNPs were associated with severity of EV71 infection: the G allele (genotypes AG or GG) in the CCL2-2518A/G (OR 2.34, 95 % CI 1.50-3.65, P < 0.001), the A allele (genotypes AA or AG) in the CXCL10-201A/G (OR 3.60, 95 % CI 1.73-7.47, P < 0.001), and the C allele (genotypes CC or CT) in the IL8+781C/T (OR 2.63, 95 % CI 1.67-4.13, P < 0.001) were more frequent in patients with severe EV71 infection. No significant difference was observed between EV71 encephalitis and severe cases. At the same time, there were significant differences in fever days, WBC, CRP and BG concentration, and CCL2, CXCL10 and IL-8 levels according to the three SNPs among 186 EV71-infected patients, but no significant differences were observed in gender, age, ALT, AST, CK-MB, and CSF evaluations. The G carrier of the CCL2-2518A/G, the A carrier of the CXCL10-201A/G, and the C carrier of the IL8+781C/T were found to be associated with severity of EV71 infection, and could be susceptibility factors in the development of EV71 infection in the Chinese population.

Gender and glycaemia: Insulin sensitivity and secretion in premature neonates

The inability to regulate blood glucose concentration (BG) is a common complication of prematurity and stress in neonatal intensive care, particularly in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Model-based glycaemic control requires quantification of glucose and insulin appearance, clearance, and action. In the VLBW neonates plasma insulin concentration is often used to reflect insulin secretion due to sampling limitations. In this study, C-peptide concentrations are used to more accurately analyse insulin secretion in a VLBW neonatal cohort, and a comparison of insulin secretion and sensitivity is made between male and female sub cohorts. The retrospective analysis is made of a cohort comprises 88 extremely pre-term (median age 26 [25–27] weeks) and very low birth-weight infants (median birth weight 793 [691-901 g]). In 41 of the infants, C-Peptide plasma concentrations were used in conjunction with C-peptide models to estimate insulin secretion. Time varying model-based insulin sensitivity values are also fit across dense clinical data from the entire 88 patients. Female infants had higher insulin secretion than males (P<0.005) for comparable BG and plasma insulin concentrations. Females also had a higher correlation of increasing insulin secretion with increasing BG (R2=0.51) than males (R2=0.13), and were more insulin sensitive (P<0.005), and had greater hour to hour variability in this sensitivity (P<0.005). The results suggest female neonates are better able to clear insulin, and probably reflect the worsened outcomes and increased complications in male neonates, reported in the literature.

5thAnnual Symposium on Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) Applications and Beyond, May 3–5, 2012, Dublin, Ireland

International experts in the fields of diabetes, diabetes technology, endocrinology, and pediatrics gathered for the 5th Annual Symposium on Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) Applications and Beyond. The aim of this meeting was to continue setting up a global network of experts in this field and provide an international platform for exchange of ideas to improve life for people with diabetes. In line with previous editions, the 2012 meeting comprised a comprehensive scientific program, parallel interactive workshops, pros and cons debates, and a keynote. All these discussions were intended to help identifying gaps and areas where further scientific work and clinical studies are needed.

Transitional NPH Insulin Therapy for Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Enteral Nutrition and Intravenous Regular Human Insulin

The intent of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transitioning from a continuous intravenous (IV) regular human insulin (RHI) or intermittent IV RHI therapy to subcutaneous neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin with intermittent corrective IV RHI for critically ill patients receiving continuous enteral nutrition (EN). Data were obtained from critically ill trauma patients receiving continuous EN during transitional NPH insulin therapy. Target blood glucose concentration (BG) range was 70-149 mg/dL. BG was determined every 1-4 hours. Thirty-two patients were transitioned from a continuous IV RHI infusion (CIT) to NPH with intermittent corrective IV RHI therapy. Thirty-four patients had NPH added to their preexisting supplemental intermittent IV RHI therapy (SIT). BG concentrations were maintained in the target range for 18 ± 3 and 15 ± 4 h/d for the CIT and SIT groups, respectively (P < .05). Thirty-eight percent of patients experienced a BG <60 mg/dL, and 9% had a BG <40 mg/dL. Hypoglycemia was more prevalent for those who were older (P < .01) or exhibited greater daily BG variability (P < .01) or worse HgbA1C (p < 0.05). Transitional NPH therapy with intermittent corrective IV RHI was effective for achieving BG concentrations within 70-149 mg/dL for the majority of the day. NPH therapy should be implemented with caution for those who are older, have erratic daily BG control, or have poor preadmission glycemic control.