Concentration Of Benzoic Acid Research Articles

Simultaneous quantitative analysis of indomethacin and benzoic acid in gel using ultra-violet-visible spectrophotometry and chemometrics.

In order to manufacture pharmaceutical products, real-time monitoring in the manufacturing process is necessary, but large equipment cost is required to achieve it. The aim of this research is to use ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy along with chemometrics procedure to simultaneously carry out quantitative analysis of indomethacin (IMC) and benzoic acid (BA) in the gel during pharmaceutical manufacturing process. The gel preparations contained 0.1-1.5% IMC, 0.015-0.225% BA, 2% carbopol® 941 and 95% ethanol solution. The calibration models were constructed using the partial least square regression (PLS). The relationships of the measured and predicted concentrations for both IMC and BA had linear plots. The developed PLS calibration models were used to monitor the IMC and BA concentrations during mixing of the gels by the planetary centrifugal and conventional mixers, respectively. IMC and BA were gradually dispersed, dissolved and completely homogeneous within 30 min by the centrifugal mixer. In contrast, IMC and BA were slowly dispersed, dissolved and completely homogeneous at more than 60 min by the conventional mixer. The ultra-violet-visible spectrophotometric method couples with multivariate chemometric techniques for quantitative data analysis were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of major component IMC and trace component BA in the gel.

Taxol production by an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium and #8206; cladosporioides isolated from Catheranthus roseus

Different endopthytic fungi isolated from Catheranthus roseus were tested for their ability to produce Taxol. Taxol extracted from fermentation culture of the isolated fungus Cladosporium‎ cladosporioides was identified by UV, TLC, mass spectroscopy and HPLC. The isolated strain was identified as Cladosporium‎ cladosporioides based on morphological characteristics and the analysis of the 18S rDNA sequence. HPLC quantification of fungal Taxol showed that Cladosporium‎ cladosporioides was capable of producing 700µg/l of Taxol on potato dextrose broth. The optimum culture conditions for Taxol production by the isolated Cladosporium‎ cladosporioides were tested on M1D medium after 10 days of incubation at 25 °C, pH 5.5 in the presence of sucrose and ammonium tartrate as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Also different concentrations of benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, vanadyl sulphate, serinol and salicylic acid were evaluated for their inducing activity on Taxol production by the isolated endophytic fungus. This study offers important information and a new source for the production of the important anticancer drug Taxol by endophytic fungus fermentation. The antitumor activity of fungal Taxol was tested against human tumor cell line HepG-2 (liver carcinoma) using in vitro clonogenic assays.

Benzoic acid as a selector-modulator in the synthesis of MIL-88B(Cr) and nano-MIL-101(Cr).

The concentration of benzoic acid was found to exercise efficient control over the formation of either MIL-101(Cr) or MIL-88B(Cr) under otherwise similar hydrothermal synthetic conditions. Nanocrystals of MIL-101(Cr) with ∼100 nm average size and excellent SBET = 3467 m2 g-1 are obtained at lower concentrations of benzoic acid, while at higher concentrations the microparticulated MIL-88B(Cr) product is formed. Hereby a new efficient synthetic method towards the elusive MIL-88B(Cr), yet reported only once without synthetic details, is proposed. The obtained MIL-88B(Cr) has an interesting and potentially valuable property of retaining its high-volume form (Vcell ∼ 2000 Å3) after thermal activation. The degassing of MIL-88B(Cr) in a vacuum at 250 °C yields a porous material with a SBET area of 1136 m2 g-1, which is around the theoretical maximum. The transition to the denser 'closed' form (Vcell ∼ 1500 Å3) occurs only at 350 °C, when all of the benzoate/benzoic acid, hindering the process, is removed.

Effect of storage conditions and benzoic acid concentrations on quality and shelf life of Aonla Juice Cv. NA-10

Effect of storage conditions and benzoic acid concentrations on quality and shelf life of Aonla Juice Cv. NA-10

Method Comparison for Determining the Concentration of Benzoic Acid in the Experiment of Water-Kerosene Extraction

Method Comparison for Determining the Concentration of Benzoic Acid in the Experiment of Water-Kerosene Extraction

Comparative Effects of Benzoic Acid and Water Stress on Wheat Seedlings

In the present study, we compared the effects of allelochemical, water stress (WS) and their combinations on seedling growth, biochemical parameters and responses of antioxidative enzymes in Triticum aestivum L. The wheat seedlings were treated with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM concentrations of benzoic acid (BA), with and without water stress. Leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, protein content, amount of proline and activities of nitrate reductase and antioxidant enzymes were examined. Allelopathic stress resulted in reduction of seedling height. Height of water stressed seedlings greatly decreased. The combined treatments, BA + WS further decreased the seedling height. BA treatment with and without water stress caused significant reduction in dry weight of the seedlings. BA and water stress decreased relative water content, pigments and protein content. Total soluble sugar content and nitrate reductase activity were variedly affected under all treatments. Proline content and lipid peroxidation increased in treatments with BA and water stress. Activity of superoxide dismutase increased significantly (P < 0.05) while catalase activity decreased in all treatments. Ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities were higher as compared with catalase which seems to protect wheat seedlings from oxidative stress. Water stress elevated the toxic effect of allelochemical.

Role of benzoic and salicylic acids in the immunization of oil palm seedlings-challenged by Ganoderma boninense

Basal stem rot (BSR) infection of oil palm, caused by Ganoderma boninense, is one of the key constraining components in palm oil production causing considerable economic losses around the world. Although it was reported a century before, till date no effective controller has been identified, the alteration of lignin content in oil palm can control the BSR is one of the hypothesis. Since the degradation of lignin is the rate limiting step in the infection process of BSR disease. Two naturally occurring phenolic compounds such as benzoic acid and salicylic acid are known to play a key role in the plant defence as well as in the lignin synthesis. The goal of this research is to evaluate the effect of these two naturally occurring phenolic compounds against G. boninense. In this study, oil palm seedlings were immunized with various concentrations (1–15 mM) of benzoic acid and salicylic acid, prior to G. boninense inoculation. After challenging the oil palm seedlings with G. boninense, BSR progression along with the changes in defence enzymes (Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, Peroxidase, and Polyphenol oxidase), and the total lignin contents were examined and evaluated. The exogenous application of the phenolic compounds have not only suppressed the BSR infection but also promoted the plant growth significantly (P ≤ 0.01). The disease suppression was due to the increased production of defence enzymes particularly polyphenol oxidase which had increased lignin content in the seedlings. An absolute disease reduction was registered in seedlings treated 10 and 15 mM benzoic acid with a significant (P ≤ 0.01) increment in the production of lignin along with the defence enzymes. Whereas the salicylic acid exhibited an ambivalent behavior, at 1 mM salicylic acid induced the disease by 60% however as the concentration had increased to 5 mM suppression in the BSR was observed. The efficiency of phenolic compounds as an agent of disease reduction is found to be concentration dependent. The outcome of this study has found that benzoic acid at 15 mM concentration is a superior controller for the BSR disease suppression in oil palm. This study would pave the way towards a new management strategy to replace the chemical controls by naturally occurring phenolic compounds to control BSR effectively in oil palm ranches.

Allelopathic Effects of Two Organic Acids on Microcystis Aeruginosa

We selected two organic acids, heptanoic acid and benzoic acid, with the same carbon length but with different molecular structures to study their mechanisms of algal inhibition and to examine their combined algal inhibition ability. The results showed that the algal inhibition ability of benzoic acid was greater than that of heptanoic acid. The median lethal concentrations of benzoic acid and heptanoic acid were 55.02 mg/L and 83.90 mg/L, respectively. Heptanoic acid and benzoic acid could decrease the Total Superoxide Dismutase (T-SOD) and Catalase(CAT) activities of Microcystis aeruginosa and cause increased Malondialdehyde(MDA) production. The T-SOD and CAT activities initially increased and then decreased. The MDA content quickly decreased after reaching a maximum value. Benzoic acid had a greater effect on the antioxidant enzyme system of Microcystis aeruginosa than heptanoic acid. A hybrid evaluation was performed on the combined algal inhibition effect of heptanoic acid and benzoic acid. The results indicated that benzoic acid and heptanoic acid showed a synergistic effect and that their compound algal inhibition effect was superior to the separate effects of the two organic acids acting independently.

Sample preparation procedure using extraction and derivatization of carboxylic acids from aqueous samples by means of deep eutectic solvents for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis

The paper presents a new procedure for the determination of organic acids in a complex aqueous matrix using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by injection port derivatization and GC–MS analysis. A deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride: 4-methylphenol in a 1:2 mol ratio) was used both as an extracting solvent and as a derivatizing agent to yield ion pairs which were next converted to methyl esters of organic acids in a hot GC injection port. The procedure was optimized in terms of selection of a deep eutectic solvent, disperser solvent, and the ratio of their volumes, pH, salting out effect, extraction time, injection port temperature and time of opening the split valve. The developed procedure is characterized by low LOD (1.7–8.3 μg/L) and LOQ (5.1–25 μg/L) values, good repeatability (RSD ranging from 4.0 to 6.7%), good recoveries for most of the studied analyte (81,5–106%) and a wide linear range. The procedure was used for the determination of carboxylic acids in real effluents from the production of petroleum bitumens. A total of ten analytes at concentrations ranging from 0.33 to 43.3 μg/mL were identified and determined in the effluents before and after chemical treatment. The study revealed that in effluents treated by hydrodynamic cavitation an increase in concentration of benzoic acid and related compounds was observed.

Effect of Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition Parameters on Characteristics of the Resulting Carbon-containing Particles

Specific features of the chemical vapor deposition of carbon-containing nanoparticles from aerosols of CH5COOH–C3H7NO solutions, including the effect of the main technological parameters on the size characteristics, structure, and composition of the products being formed, are described. It is shown that the shape, size, and structure of the particles being formed are determined by processes occurring both in the downstream-first evaporation zone and in the main pyrolysis zone, and the temperatures of these zones are the most important technological parameters. It was found that the concentration of benzoic acid in solution can be used as a technological parameter making it possible to gradually vary the size characteristics of the carbon particles obtained. The results of the study form a basis for development of a technology and equipment for obtaining carbon-containing nanoparticles.

Degradation of organic pollutants by Vacuum-Ultraviolet (VUV): Kinetic model and efficiency

Vacuum-Ultraviolet (VUV), an efficient and green method to produce hydroxyl radical (•OH), is effective in degrading numerous organic contaminants in aqueous solution. Here, we proposed an effective and simple kinetic model to describe the degradation of organic pollutants in VUV system, by taking the •OH scavenging effects of formed organic intermediates as co-existing organic matter in whole. Using benzoic acid (BA) as a •OH probe, •OH was regarded vital for pollutant degradation in VUV system, and the thus developed model successfully predicted its degradation kinetics under different conditions. Effects of typical influencing factors such as BA concentrations and UV intensity were investigated quantitatively by the model. Temperature was found to be an important influencing factor in the VUV system, and the quantum yield of •OH showed a positive linear dependence on temperature. Impacts of humic acid (HA), alkalinity, chloride, and water matrices (realistic waters) on the oxidation efficiency were also examined. BA degradation was significantly inhibited by HA due to its scavenging of •OH, but was influenced much less by the alkalinity and chloride; high oxidation efficiency was still obtained in the realistic water. The degradation kinetics of three other typical micropollutants including bisphenol A (BPA), nitrobenzene (NB) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and the mixture of co-existing BA, BPA and DMP were further studied, and the developed model predicted the experimental data well, especially in realistic water. It is expected that this study will provide an effective approach to predict the degradation of organic micropollutants by the promising VUV system, and broaden the application of VUV system in water treatment.

Microfluidic paper-based chip platform for benzoic acid detection in food

An integrated microfluidic platform comprising a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) and a portable detection system is proposed for the concentration detection of benzoic acid via Janovsky reaction theory. In the proposed approach, the reaction zone of the µPAD is implanted with 5 N sodium hydroxide and dried at 30 °C for 20 min. The benzoic acid sample is derived to 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid using KNO3 and H2SO4 at 40 °C for 40 min and is then dripped on the reaction zone of the µPAD. Finally, the µPAD is transferred to the portable detection system and heated at a temperature of 45 °C for 20 min on a hot plate to prompt a Janovsky reaction. The resulting color change of the detection zone is observed using a CMOS camera. The reaction color image is delivered to a smartphone via a connector and the benzoic acid concentration is determined using self-written RGB analysis software. The experimental results obtained using control samples with known benzoic acid concentrations in the range of 500–4000 ppm show that the R(ed) + B(lue) intensity (Y) and benzoic acid concentration (X) are related as Y = −0.0264 X + 408.79. Moreover, the correlation coefficient is equal to R2 = 0.9953. The proposed detection platform is used to measure the benzoic acid concentrations of twenty-one commercial food samples. It is shown that the concentration measurements deviate by no more than 6.6% from those obtained using a standard HPLC macroscale method. Overall, the results presented in this study show that the proposed integrated microfluidic paper-based chip platform provides a compact and reliable tool for benzoic acid concentration measurement purposes.

The Cytotoxic Effects of Benzoic Acid and Coumarin on Allium cepa var. cepa

Benzoic acid and coumarin are found naturally in many plants and can be used as food additives in various food products. They are also synthetic allelopathic chemicals that inhibit plant growth and development. The cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of benzoic acid (30 ppm and 60 ppm) and coumarin (0.2 ppm and 0.4 ppm) were investigated on Allium cepa. EC50 (effective concentration) values were calculated according to relative reduction in root length (T/C %) after 72-h treatment. Germination percentages of primary A. cepa roots decreased with increasing concentrations of benzoic acid but not for coumarin. This is maybe a cause of hormesis effect. Cytological observations showed that the mitotic frequency in root meristematic cells decreased with increasing concentration of benzoic acid. Mitotic frequency increased with increasing concentration with coumarin treatment. Abnormality frequency increased in all concentrations of benzoic acid and coumarin when compared with the control group.

Characterizing Defects in a UiO-AZB Metal-Organic Framework.

Exploring defect sites in metal-organic framework materials has quickly become an interesting topic of discussion in the literature. With reports of the enhancement of material properties with increasing defect sites, we were interested in probing the defect nature of UiO-AZB (UiO = University of Oslo, AZB = 4,4'-azobenzenedicarboxylate) nanoparticles. In this report, we investigate the use of acetic, formic, and benzoic acids as the modulators to prepare UiO-AZB. The results of 1H NMR techniques and BET surface area analysis elucidate the extent of defects in our samplesand are provided along with detailed discussions of the observed experimental trends. Interestingly, formic acid samples resulted in the most defected structure, reaching 36%. Additionally, for benzoic acid samples, with a 33% defect level, a drastic reduction in the accessible SA from 2682 m2/g to as low as 903 m2/g was observed, as the concentration of benzoic acid was increased. This was attributed to the creation of macropores in the individual crystallites and confirmed by average pore width analysis.

Novel sanitization approach based on synergistic action of UV-A light and benzoic acid: Inactivation mechanism and a potential application in washing fresh produce

Antimicrobial activity of the simultaneous UV-A light and benzoic acid (BA) treatment against stationary phase Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated. While 15 mM BA or UV-A light exposure for 30 min alone caused < 1 logarithmic reduction in the bacterial population, > 5 logarithmic reductions were induced by the simultaneous application of UV-A and 15 mM BA in 30 min, demonstrating a synergistic antimicrobial effect. Due to its ability to increase cell membrane permeability, addition of EDTA (1 mM) was able to decrease the required concentration of BA in the simultaneous treatment from 15 to 8 mM. Microbial inactivation was a result of simultaneous membrane damage, intracellular acidification, and intracellular oxidative stress. The simultaneous treatment was effective in the presence of organic load of up to 500 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and was able to lower cross-contamination risk during simulated washing of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) without adversely affecting its color.

Effects of phloridzin, phloretin and benzoic acid at the concentrations measured in soil on the root proteome of Malus hupehensis Rehd Seedlings

In this study, the effects of phloridzin, phloretin and benzoic acid on the root proteome of Malus hupehensis Rehd seedlings under the sandy culture conditions were investigated. The applied concentrations of phloridzin, phloretin and benzoic acid were the measured concentrations in soil. Compared with the control group, a total of 16 differentially expressed protein spots (10 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated), 13 differentially expressed protein spots (4 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated) and 9 differentially expressed protein spots (3 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated) were detected in the root systems after the M. hupehensis Rehd seedlings were treated with phloridzin, phloretin or benzoic acid, respectively. The identified protein spots could be classified into 8 functional groups as follows: signal transduction-related proteins, pathogenesis-related proteins, metabolism-related proteins, free radical scavenging proteins, stress resistance-related proteins, cytoskeleton-related proteins, allergen-related proteins and proteins with unknown functions. Under the stresses of phloridzin, phloretin and benzoic acid treatments, the expression levels of defense system-related proteins and free radical scavenging proteins in their root system were up-regulated, indicating that the phenolic compounds, such as phloridzin, phloretin and benzoic acid, could cause damaging effects on M. hupehensis Rehd seedlings, leading to the up-regulation of defense system-related proteins. This study further revealed that the action mechanisms by which phenolic compounds play their roles in apple replant disease (ARD), which could provide useful information for comprehensive control and prevention of ARD.

Thin-film microextraction coupled to surface enhanced Raman scattering for the rapid detection of benzoic acid in carbonated beverages

Benzoic acid (BA) is widely used as an antimicrobial preservative in carbonated beverages. In this study, silica gel thin-film microextraction (TFME) coupled to surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was applied for the rapid detection of BA in carbonated beverages. The TFME process was performed by placing small pieces of silica gel substrate in a simple homemade device, and then the content of BA was detected using SERS after colloidal gold was uniformly dropped onto the substrate. The obtained SERS signals of BA were strong and of high reproducibility. A good linearity between the concentration of BA and the SERS signal intensity at 994cm−1 in the range of 25–500μgmL−1 was obtained under optimal experimental conditions. The detection limit value was found to be 3.6μgmL−1 and the recovery of the spiked BA was in the range 85.0–103.0%. The developed method was successfully applied to detect BA in carbonated beverage samples as the results were consistent with those using high performance liquid chromatography, suggesting that it is a rapid, convenient and sensitive way to achieve BA detection in carbonated beverages.

Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic analysis of benzoic acid in rats, guinea pigs and humans: Implications for dietary exposures and interspecies uncertainty

Benzoic acid (BA) is a common preservative used in food and beverage products. In this study, we systematically reviewed the available pharmacokinetic data for BA within a variety of animal models to design multiple species-specific physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. We focused specifically on rat, guinea pig, and human metabolic and dosimetric variations. Rate constants for the hepatic metabolism of BA to hippuric acid (HA) were predicted using elimination curves in conjunction with available liver perfusion data and appropriately optimized compartmental models. Following optimization simulations, the PBPK models were quantitatively validated by previously observed time-course datasets of BA and HA plasma concentrations after administration of different amounts of benzoate salts and/or BA, demonstrating the predictive strength and robustness of our computational approach. After validation of the computational models, we assessed resulting internal exposures that corresponded to repeated dosing schemes within each species (1, 5, 10, 50, 100mg/kg(bw)/day). Simulated continuous daily exposure to BA at a dose of 5mg/kg(bw)/day allowed for steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.1288mg/L and 0.0426mg/L in rats and humans, respectively. The individual steady-state values reached after different dosing schemes give rise to a human:rat steady-state-based margin of exposure (MOE) ratio range of 0.33–0.44 and a human:rat AUC-based MOE ratio range of 0.33–0.37 for pharmacokinetic extrapolation with respect to the dietary exposure schemes assessed. These data provide implications for reducing the pharmacokinetic component of the interspecies uncertainty factor associated with the current acceptable daily intake for assessing dietary exposures to benzoates.

Characterization and quantification of flavonoids and organic acids over fruit development in American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) cultivars using HPLC and APCI-MS/MS

Cranberry flavonoids, including anthocyanins, flavonol glycosides and proanthocyanidins, and organic acids were characterized and quantified by HPLC and LC–MS/MS during fruit development and ripening in eight cranberry cultivars. Anthocyanin biosynthesis initiated at early fruit development and reached highest level in mature fruit, with significant differences between cultivars. Major flavonol glycosides, including the most abundant quercetin-3-galactoside and myricetin-3-galactoside, showed consistent concentrations during the season with moderate fluctuation, and were at similar levels in mature fruits of the eight cultivars. Proanthocyanidins declined during fruit development and then increased slightly in later maturation stages. Levels of various proanthocyanidin oligomers/polymers with different degree-of-polymerization were highly correlated within a cultivar during fruit development. Cultivars with coancestry exhibited similar levels (high/low) of anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins, indicating genetic effects on biosynthesis of such flavonoids. All cultivars showed similar levels of malic and citric acids, and declining levels of quinic acid during fruit development. Benzoic acid was extremely low early in the season and increased sharply during fruit ripening. Levels of quinic and citric acids were significantly different among cultivars in the mature fruit. Concentrations of proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, quinic acid and benzoic acid have a strong developmental association in developing ovaries.

Numerical simulation of reactive extraction of benzoic acid from wastewater via membrane contactors.

Membrane-based non-dispersive solvent extraction is used in many chemical processes due to its significant benefits such as straightforward scale-up and low energy consumption. A mechanistic model was developed to predict recovery of benzoic acid (BA) from wastewater using membrane contactors. Model equations were derived for benzoic acid transport in the membrane module, and solved using FEM. The model findings were compared with experimental results, and an average deviation of 4% was observed between experimental and simulation results. Simulations showed that change in organic phase flowrate and initial concentration of BA does not have considerable effect on the removal efficiency of benzoic acid. In addition, increasing feed flowrate leads to the enhancement of convective mass transfer flux in the tube side of membrane contactor which decreases removal efficiency of benzoic acid.