Concentrations Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Antitumoral activity of Caralluma europaea on colorectal and prostate cancer cell lines

ABSTRACT Caralluma europaea is a medicinal plant used in Moroccan popular medicine, which has been employed as a remedy attributed to its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antinociceptive, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antiparasitic properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antitumor activity of both the methanolic and aqueous extract of C. europaea. The effects of increasing concentrations of aqueous and methanolic extracts on human colorectal cancer HT-29 and HCT116 cell lines and human prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cell lines were examined on cell proliferation using MTT assay and cell cycle analysis. The induction of apoptosis was also assessed by determining protein expression of caspase-3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage by western blot. The methanolic extract of C. europaea exerted significant antiproliferative effects on HT-29 (IC50 values 73 µg/ml), HCT116 (IC50 values 67 µg/ml), PC3 (IC50 values 63 µg/ml) and DU145 cells (IC50 values 65 µg/ml) after 48 hr treatment. Further, incubation with methanolic extract of C. europaea induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and an apoptotic process for all treated cell lines. In conclusion, the present results suggest that C. europaea, exhibited that these natural compounds are significant apoptosis inducers which may have considerable potential for development of effective natural product anticancer agents.

Allelopathy of Ricinus communis and light spectrum variation decrease emergence and growth of Cyperus rotundus

Weeds negatively influence agricultural production. However, those losses depend on weed specie, its time of emergence, and period of interference on agricultural crops. Synthetic herbicides are commonly used to control these plants species; however, they may cause damage to the environment, human beings and animals health, and this problem justify the need to develop alternative bioherbicides. To evaluate the allelopathic potential of Ricinus communis (Castor bean) and light spectrum variation on the emergence and growth of Cyperus rotundus L., a trial was carried out in a protected environment with 15% of brightness reduction at the Center for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences at the Paraíba State University. Four aqueous extract concentrations of R. communis leaves were tested (0, 5, 10, and 15%) and four light spectrums variations (white, purple, blue, and red lights). Variables such as emergence, length, dry matter accumulation and growth rates of shoots and root of C. rotundus seedlings were assessed. Data were analyzed by normality test, analysis of variance, polynomial regression, and averages test. Soot and root emergence, length, and dry matter accumulation of C. rotundus seedlings were reduced due to the allelopathy caused by R. communis aqueous extract leaves (15% concentration) and under purple or red light spectrum radiation.

The Effect of Active Compounds and Trace Elements Extracted from Artemisia Fruit on Some Liver Enzymes in Humans.

Artemisia is a perennial wild shrub with large branches and compound leaves. Artemisia contains about 400 types, and its medical importance is due to the presence of many active substances and compounds such as volatile oils, alkaloids and flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and coumarins. This study was designed to study the effect of the aqueous extract of the fruit of the Artemisia plant on the organs of the body, as well as to know its ability to activate the hepatic enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT/GPT). The fruit of this shrub was extracted using the measurement technique gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MASS) and organic solvent hexane and ethyl acetate in one to one ratio. It contained 21 compounds, a high percentage of their terpenes, essential aromatic oils, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. The results showed a significant improvement in the enzyme (ALT/GPT) level after adding different concentrations of hot aqueous extract to the fruit of the Artemisia plant. The fruit of the Artemisia plant can be used to treat many diseases and improve the activity of liver enzymes.

Effect of aqueous extract of Asparagus officinalis on some Antioxidants in Rats Exposed to Oxidative Stress induced by Hydrogen peroxide

The current study dealt with using of hydrogen peroxide with 0.5% with drinking water to induce state of oxidative stress in male rats and estimate the ability of different concentrations of the aqueous extract of asparagus officinalis to reduce the effects of oxidative stress during periods 0,15,30 days by measuring the following parameters in serum: Glutathione(GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of super oxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) and the peroxynitrate radical (ONOO).
 Fifty male rats with the age of 3-4 months and weight of 300-400 gm were distributed into 5 groups: group (1): control group received drinking tap water, group (2): treated with H2O2 0.5% in drinking water, group (3): treated with H2O2 and asparagus officinalis 5%, group (4): treated with H2O2 and asparagus officinalis 10%, group (5): treated with H2O2 and asparagus officinalis 20% . Hydrogen peroxide treatment led to a significant decrease (P <0.05) of the GSH and SOD activities and increase of the MDA and ONOO levels in the serum during treatment periods compared with the control group. The results of using different concentrations of aqueous extract of asparagus on rats revealed similar effects but not identical in the protection from the oxidative stress induced by Hydrogen Peroxide , because its effect was affected on the level of GSH, SOD, MDA and ONOO levels in the blood serum in different experiment period.

Antimicrobial activity of Loranthus europaeus L. and Lawsonia inermis L. extracts against clinical Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from boil infections

This study included to collect 106 samples boil swab from patients, males and females, at Baqubah Teaching Hospital whose ages ranged between (1-80) years old. At the period of 1st July 2016 to the end of January 2017. Aimed to identification of bacterial isolates and determine the antibiotic resistance of isolates. In addition to determine the activity of aqueous and alcohol of Loranthus europaeus and Lawsonia inermis extracts on bacterial isolates. The results showed a significant difference (p <0.05) in the percentage of infected females (58.49%) compared to the infected males (41.51%). The study involved isolation and diagnosis of (41) (38.67%) of Staphylococcus aureus, of which, 5 (12.20%) were methicillin-resistant isolates. Bacterial isolates were identified initially depending on cultural and microscopic features and biochemical reactions test. Antibiotics sensitivity of Staph. aureus conducted for 14 β-lactam antibiotic groups. All of bacterial isolates (100%) were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and cefepime, and (92.68%) to cefoxitin and penicillin G, while (100%) of isolates were sensitive to Imipenem and Meropenem. Regarding plant extracts, various concentrations of hot aqueous extracts were prepared for each one of them (12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200) mg/ml against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus. When Loranthus europaeus’s extract was used, the diameters of inhibition zone were (14.57, 15.28,16.00, 23.71 and 25.00 mm) while (0.00, 11.85, 18.00, 21.28 and 24.14 mm) when Lawsonia inermis’s extract was used. Like aqueous extracts, same range of concentrations were prepared for alcoholic extracts. The diameters of inhibition zone were (7.57, 8.42, 10.57,13.28, 17.28), (11.14, 17.00, 20.85, 25.42, 28.42) when alcoholic extracts of Loranthus europaeus and Lawsonia inermis, respectively were used. Comparing the activity of hot and alcoholic aqueous extracts of the tested plants, alcoholic extracts of Lawsonia inermis had a higher inhibitory effect against S. aureus isolates.

Anti-tumor Activity of Plantago lanceolata Aqueous Extract In Vitro and Genotoxicity by Micronucleus Assay In Vivo

The study is designed to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of the P. lanceolata plant, as well as to know the effect of the drug CCl4 on the formation of micronucleus in vivo 48 female albino mice. In the study mice were separated into eight groups treated intraperitoneally for seven day first group Negative control, second positive control( CCl4 0.02%), third group aqueous extract (250 mg/kg), fourth group aqueous extract (500 mg/kg), fifth group (CCl4 0.02%) plus aqueous extract (250 mg/kg), sixth group (CCl4 0.02%) plus aqueous extract (500 mg/kg), seventh group aqueous extract (250 mg/kg) plus (CCl4 0.02%), and eighth group aqueous extract (500 mg/kg) plus (CCl4 0.02%). The genetic-cellular aspect involved measuring the coefficient of micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells in mice treated with CCl4 and plant aqueous extract. The results showed that the treatment of mice with the drug led to a rise in the coefficient of micronucleus formation compared to the negative control group. In addition, it showed the plant's ability to reduce the drug CCl4 effect in the totals of overlaps between the plant extract and the drug at the concentrations used for the plant 250 and 500 μg/ml and reduce the formation of micronucleus. The cellular toxicity of the plant’s aqueous extract on the liver cancer cell line was assessed in HepG2 (liver cancer cell line) and the WRL68 (hepatic human cell line) using concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg /ml) from the plant’s aqueous extract on the HepG2 liver cancer cell line. The results showed a decrease in cell viability depending on aqueous extract concentration. The vitality of cancer cells decreased with the increase in concentration; the viability of the aqueous extract of the plant on cancer cells reached the minimum at concentration 400 μg/ml 45.34±4.44, while it reached the maximum when concentration 25 μg/ml 84.53±2.41.

Artemisia baimaensis allelopathy has a negative effect on the establishment of Elymus nutans artificial grassland in natural grassland

ABSTRACT Planting Elymus nutans artificial grassland to replace degraded Artemisia baimaensis grassland on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau (QTP) can effectively alleviate local grass-livestock imbalance. However, it is unknown whether the allelopathy of natural grassland plant A. baimaensis on E. nutans affects grassland establishment. Accordingly, we examined the effects of varying concentrations of aqueous extracts of A. baimaensis litter on the seed germination and early seedling growth of E. nutans, and the effects of A. baimaensis volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the growth parameters and physiological characteristics of E. nutans. The results indicate that the aqueous extract inhibited the force, percentage, and index of germination of E. nutans and affected early seedling growth, particularly at high concentrations. Further, the VOCs significantly reduced the aboveground and root biomass of E. nutans and increased malondialdehyde concentrations. Additionally, these VOCs altered the antioxidant enzyme activities and increased the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbic acid peroxidase, soluble sugar, and proline content but significantly decreased glutathione reductase levels. Our results indicate that the allelopathy of A. baimaensis significantly inhibited the germination and seedling growth of E. nutans . Thus, the leaching of A. baimaensis may produce allelochemicals in the soil that inhibit the germination of E. nutans seeds. Moreover, the VOCs of A. baimaensis may disrupt the growth process, resulting in a decrease in biomass and a disruption of the physiological metabolism of seedlings under field conditions.

Do Freshwater and Marine Bivalves Differ in Their Response to Wildfire Ash? Effects on the Antioxidant Defense System and Metal Body Burden.

Wildfires constitute a source of contamination to both freshwater and marine ecosystems. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant defense response of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea and the marine cockle (Cerastoderma edule) to wildfire ash exposure and the concomitant metal body burden. Organisms were exposed to different concentrations (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) of aqueous extracts of Eucalypt ash (AEAs) from a moderate-to-high severity wildfire. The activity of various enzymes, as well as lipid peroxidation, protein content, and metal body burden, were determined after 96 h of exposure. A significant increase in the protein content of soft tissues was observed for C. edule at AEA concentrations ≥ 25%, unlike for C. fluminea. Similarly, significant effects on lipid peroxidation were observed for cockles, but not for clams. For both species, a significant effect in the total glutathione peroxidase activity was observed at AEA concentrations ≥ 25%. Relative to the control, AEAs-exposed clams showed higher Cd content, whereas AEAs-exposed cockles showed higher Cu content, thus exhibiting different responses to the exposure to wildfire ash. The susceptibility of bivalves to ashes, at environmentally relevant concentrations, raises concern about the effects of post-fire runoff to bivalve species.

Allelopathic Effect of Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) on the Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Sorghum Seeds

The allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extract (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) was investigated on the germination and early growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in the laboratory. Among tested concentrations, the significantly maximum seed germination was observed to 25 and 50 % concentration and the germination percentage was supressed at highest concentration to 75 and 100 %. On other hand root and shoot length of jowar seed was inhibited with increasing concentration of aqueous leaf extract of Parthenium. It can be concluded that Parthenium leaf aqueous extract contain allelopathic compounds in their tissues which may cause allelopathic effects on jowar crop.

Study on the antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract and its effect on the sensory attributes of raw and cooked Japanese quail meat

The study was conducted to standardise the concentration of Moringa leaf aqueous extract (MLE) as a natural antioxidant for applying on Japanese quail carcasses and its effect on the sensory attribute using semi-trained panellists. The concentration of the extract was selected initially on the basis of phytochemical and antioxidant activities of MLE. The total phenolics and flavonoid content of MLE was 72.16 ± 1.80mg GAE/mL and 12.65 ± 0.83 mg QE/mL of MLE. Analysis of the antioxidant activity of MLE was expressed in terms of IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value and four best concentrations having antioxidant activity greater than that of the IC50 concentration were selected. IC50 concentration obtained for MLE was 4.60 ±0.20 per cent and 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cents of MLE were selected, having antioxidant activities of 52.22± 1.09, 71.50± 2.23, 82.53± 1.84 and 87.30±1.46 per cents, respectively. Freshly prepared cold MLE solutions were used for dipping of quail carcass for five minutes against cold distilled water as negative control and cold water with synthetic antioxidants (BHA and BHT) as positive control. Sensory evaluation of the raw and cooked quail meat was conducted. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed. between treatments and controls in the sensory parameters of raw quail carcasses. But there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in sensory attributes of cooked quail carcasses. Carcasses treated with 20 per cent MLE had lower flavour values and overall acceptability scores compared to other treatments and controls. The results indicated that dipping of quail carcasses in MLE (upto 15 per cent) had higher sensory scores and it can be used as a natural antioxidant without affecting the sensory quality.

Allelopathic effect of weed extracts on seed germination of finger millet

Finger millet is a nutritious food grain crop with a fair amount of minerals like calcium and iron. Present investigation deals with the allelopathic effect of Parthenium hysterophorus and Lantana camara on germination and seedling vigour in finger millet. Seeds of the finger millet were subjected to different concentrations of leaf aqueous extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus and Lantana camara (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 75%) to find out allelopathic effects on Total germination percentage (GT), Plant height stress tolerance index (PHSI), Root length stress tolerance index (RLSI), Peak value (PV), Germination value (GV). Experimental results revealed that leaf extract of Parthenium showed profound allelopathic effect on seeds of the finger millet over to Lantana camera. The present study helps farmers to be aware with the lethal allelopathic effect of obnoxious weeds like Parthenium and Lantana.

EXTRATOS VEGETAIS COMO PROMOTOR DE CRESCIMENTO EM LARVAS DO PEIXE ORNAMENTAL AMAZÔNICO Pyrrhulina brevis

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the aqueous extract of three herbal plants, Terminallia catappa, Camellia sinensis and Mentha piperita on the productive performance of Pyrrhulina brevis larvae. For the tests, a random design was used with five concentrations of aqueous extract of each plant (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1g L-1 ) and density of 10 larvae L-1 , with 4 replications, during 20 days of larviculture. The results showed that the use of the aqueous extract of T. catappa does not influence the increase in the zootechnical performance of the larvae, however, its use promotes better survival and uniformity of the batch. The use of aqueous extract of C. sinensis improves zootechnical performance at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.75g L-1 with an increase in weight and length, but does not influence the other parameters evaluated. And the use of M. piperita, in addition to promoting weight and length increment, improves uniformity and survival rates when used in concentrations equal to or greater than 5g L-1.

Allelopathic Effect of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Crops on Early Growth of Acetolactate Synthase (ALS)-Resistant Glebionis Coronaria

Glebionis coronaria is a serious threat to cereal production in Northern Tunisia. Previous results showed that G. coronaria has developed resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides which limits their use in cereal cropping systems. The use of allelopathic crops has been reported as a potential alternative to herbicides to control resistant weed populations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of five allelopathic crops on the early growth of G. coronaria. In vitro experiments using aqueous extracts of different crops and in pots experiments with increasing rates of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) residues were performed for this purpose. All tested crops showed allelopathic effects on G. coronaria and were able to reduce its root length at the concentration of 50 g/L. Barley and rapeseed were the most effective crops, with 70% and 60% of root length reduction, respectively. An aqueous extract concentration study with five increasing concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % was performed with these two crops, and root length was significantly reduced with increasing concentration, being up to 80% with the highest aqueous extract concentration of barley. The in vitro results were supported by the in pots experiment: Shortest roots length and highest dry mass reduction were obtained by the highest barley (0.64 g/kg) and rapeseed (8 g/kg) residue concentrations. This study confirmed the allelopathic potential of both barley and rapeseed in reducing the early growth of ALSresistant G. coronaria, suggesting the effectiveness of these crops if integrated with other control measures for the management of resistant population of G. coronaria in cereal fields.

Sperm Membrane and Acrosomal Integrity Affected by using Black Currant

This study was designed in order to investigate and determine the effect of black current (Prunus cerasus) extract on semen membrane and acrosome integrity of the rams. Twelve mature healthy rams were used in this study aged between 2-3 years, kept in the animal farm of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Kufa University. Semen ejaculates was collected using electro-ejaculator methods once weekly a total of 36 ejaculates were collected among the period of the study. The black current (Prunus cerasus) extract was prepared by using maceration and added to the diluted semen in five doses groups (0.25 gm/ml as G1, 0.5 gm/ml as G2, 1 gm/ml as G3, 2 gm/ml as G4, 4 gm/ml as G5) and the positive control group left without any addition. The treatment samples were evaluated under cooling for five consecutive days, the membrane integrity test was evaluated using hypo-osmotic solution and acrosome integrity was analysis using semen smear stained with eosin–nigrosin stain. The result showed that high concentration of aqueous plant extract give negative result as listed in G3, G4 and G5 in the all preservation days. As found in acrosome integrity at the 5thday of incubation showed decreased at highly significantly sequentially. We conclude that the G1 and G2 of black current extract (Prunus cerasus) should be used in chilling process as a part of artificial insemination in sheep due to its protective effect of the membrane and acrosome integrity.

Effect of Leaf Extracts of Lantana Camara L. on Germination and Growth of Some Crops Species

Allelopathy is a biotic interaction between plants where one plant inhibits the germination and growth of other plants by releasing certain allelochemicals. In this research we evaluated the allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Lantana camara on the germination and growth of four crop plants. The experiment was conducted in sterilized petri dishes in Botany lab of Saptagandaki Multiple Campus, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. The effect of different concentrations of extracts was studied and compared with the control. The results revealed that the germination and seedling growth of all species were significantly inhibited at different concentrations as compared to the control. The lowest germination percentage and seedling growth was found in Brassica campestris and Oryza sativa plant respectively and effect was least in Triticum aestivum plant at 10% concentration. The germination percentages, seedling growth and, biomass in all species were observed to reduce, with the increasing concentration of aqueous extracts. The study concluded that Lantana camara leaf extract allelochemicals have adverse effects on germination, seedling growth and dry matter accumulation of all tested crops.

تأثير المستخلص المائي للشيح المعمر في خصائص الانبات ونمو البادرة للكتان

A laboratory experiment was carried out during winter season of 2021 in the Seed Technology Laboratory- College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/ University of Baghdad, to find out the allopathic effects of aerobic and terrestrial aqueous extracts of Artemisia vulgaris L. on the seed germination and seedling growth of linseed. A factorial experiment according to a completely randomized design (CRD)at three replicates was used; the first factor in clouded type of aqueous extract for two plant parts which were aerobic (stems and leaves) and terrestrial (root and rhizomes), while the second factor included five concentrations of each aqueous extract of plant part 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The results showed that there was significant effect of aqueous extract types on the studied traits; the terrestrial aqueous extract gave the highest germination percentage 64.67% and germination speed 25.37%/d, whereas the aerobic aqueous extract gave a highest mean of radicle length 2.5936 cm. Regarding of aqueous extract concentrations of Artemisia vulgaris weed, the concentration of 25% of Artemisia aqueous extract was significantly superior and achieved the highest mean of germination speed 27.25 %/day, shoot length 3.98 cm, radicle dry weight 0.0043 g and shoot dry weight 0.0239 g, while the control treatment 0% was significantly superior in the germination percentage 100% and radicle length 2.6615 cm. The interaction between two factors had significant effect on the germination percentage and germination speed only.

Ex-vivo Antispasmodic and In vivo Anti Salmonella Potential of Rumex bequaertii Leaves Extracts

Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the acute toxicity, the ex-vivo antispasmodic potential of aqueous and ethanolic Rumex bequaertii leaves extracts in isolated ileum fragment and antimicrobial activity of Rumex bequaertii ethanolic leaves extract in animal models infected with Salmonella typhi.
 Methods: Acute toxicity using a single dose of ethanolic extract of Rumex bequaertii at 2000 mg/kg was administered to female rats and effects were observed during 14 days. Different cumulative concentrations of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rumex bequaertii leaves were tested for spontaneous contractions and potassium chloride-induced contractions in rat ileum fragment. Different doses of the ethanolic extract of Rumex bequaertii leaves were tested for antidiarrheal activity in Wistar rats infected with Salmonella typhi.
 Results: Rats given the single dose of Rumex bequaertii ethanolic extract showed no significant changes in body and organs weights compared to control rats. Administration of extracts at all tested concentrations resulted to inhibition of ileum contractions. Inhibition of spontaneous contractions of ileum fragment by aqueous extract ranging from 24.48 to 90.19 %, for 2.91, to 15.25 mg/mL, respectively, while ethanolic extract was from 42.00 to 83.72 %, for 0.99, to 5.66 mg/mL, respectively. Concerning potassium chloride-induced contraction, aqueous extract concentrations (from 2.91 to 15.25 mg/mL) inhibited contractions from 31.46 to 67.23 %; the ethanolic extract (0.99 to 5.66 mg/mL) inhibited from 38.25, to 82.60 % and verapamil from 14.31 to 80.70 %, at 0.06 to 0.34 mg/mL. After administration of ethanolic extract, all tested doses resulted to reduction of Salmonella typhi load in stools and blood, with activities being duration and dose dependent. Conclusion: The lethal dose 50 of the Rumex bequaertii ethanol extract is greater than 2000 mg/kg. Aqueous and ethanolic leaves’ extracts of Rumex bequaertii possess ex-vivo antispasmodic and ethanolic leaves extract of Rumex bequaertii possess antimicrobial activity.

Comparison of In Vitro Anticoagulant Activity of Raw, Boiled, and Honey Fermented Allium sativum (GARLIC)

Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the medically beneficial spices consumed by Sri Lankan people in different ways. The study aimed to determine the bioactive compounds and in vitro anticoagulant activity of aqueous and methanolic extract of raw, boiled, and honey fermented preparations of garlic. Different concentrations of aqueous and methanolic extract of raw, boiled, and honey fermented garlic were prepared by grinding different weights of garlic (2.5×10-3 kg for 500 mgmL-1, 1.25×10-3 kg for 250 mgmL-1, 0.25×10-3 kg for 50 mgmL-1 and 0.05×10-3 kg for 10 mgmL-1). For aqueous extract, the crude extract had been collected whereas for methanolic extract preparation, maceration had been done. In vitro anticoagulant activity was analysed using prothrombin time (PT) of pooled plasma diluted with different concentrations of garlic extract. Bioactive compounds in garlic extracts were analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Methanolic extract of all 3 preparations and aqueous extract of honey fermented garlic had significantly prolonged PT at all concentrations compared to the control (p<0.05). Aqueous extract of raw and boiled garlic showed significant prolongation in PT only at high concentrations compared to the control (p=0.008). Prolongation in PT was increased with increasing concentration of garlic extract. Honey fermented garlic had the highest prolongation in PT compared to the other two preparations. Moreover, methanolic garlic extract exhibited the a higher prolongation in PT compared to aqueous garlic extract. The content of Dodecanoic acid methyl ester and Methyl tetradecanoate in boiled garlic extract was much higher than in raw garlic extract. Diallyl disulphide, Methyl thiourea and S-Methyl methanethiosulfinate were only found in aqueous raw garlic extract. Beta sitosterol was only detected in methanolic raw garlic extract. All three consumption methods of garlic have an inhibitory effect on blood coagulation. Honey fermented garlic is the most effective preparation for anticoagulant activity.

Phytotoxic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana Mull. Arg., Centrosema pubescens Benth and Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn on Germination and Growth of Amaranthus cruentus L. and Corchorus olitorius L.

Allelopathy is a concept that is applied in weed management to minimize extensively the reliance on herbicide in agriculture. The allelopathic potential of Acalypha wilkesiana, Centrosema pubescens and Phyllanthus amarus on Amaranthus cruentus and Corchorus olitorius were investigated. Different concentrations of the leaf aqueous extracts of A. wilkesiana, C. pubescens and P. amarus were applied to determine their effect on A. cruentus and C. olitorius under laboratory conditions. The profiling of phytochemicals in the extracts showed that glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, saponins and steroid were present in the extracts. The seed germination, radicle length, plumule length of test crops were significantly decreased by leaf extracts compared with control treatments. The results revealed that the inhibitory effect was proportional to the concentrations of the extracts, higher concentrations had the stronger inhibitory effect. The result suggested that the inhibitory or stimulatory effect may be due to the presence of allelochemicals like glycosides, phenols, terpenoids and steroids etc. in the aqueous leaf extracts of A. wilkesiana, C. pubescens and P. amarus which may cause allelopathic effects under field conditions. Therefore, these plants should be controlled were they grow with cultivated crops.

Phytochemical profiling and heavy metals composition of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical and heavy metals components of A. leiocarpus considering its applications in ethnomedicine.
 Material and Method: The phytochemical components were determined qualitatively and quantitatively gravimetrically, while component identification was done using (Gas spectrometer-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. Heavy metals were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
 Result and Discussion: Saponins and flavonoids were detected in the aqueous extracts in concentrations of 10.22% ±0.48, and 38.67% ±0.17 respectively, and concentrations of 17.37% ±0.65 and 19.63% ±0.60 respectively in the ethanol extract.. GC-MS analysis identified 16 and 26 compounds in the aqueous and ethanol extracts respectively. In the aqueous extract, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 1,2,4-Benzenetriol, and cis-Vaccenic acid had the highest peak areas of 46.24, 17.12, and 15.13% respectively, while in the ethanol extract 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (14.40%),1,2,3-Benzenetriol (12.29%) and -methoxybenzene-1,4-diol (7.54%) were the highest. Chromium (0.548 ppm ±0.030) was detected only in the aqueous concentration, while Cadmium had a concentration of 0.002 ±0.001 and 0.006 ppm ±0.002 in the aqueous and ethanol extract respectively. Lead was present with aqueous and ethanol extracts concentrations of 0.096 ±0.020 and 0.096 ppm ±0.040 respectively. Conclusively, the present study agrees with the claims for the traditional application of the plant in folkloric medicine to manage different ailments.