Concentrations Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Phytomediated stress modulates antioxidant status, induces overexpression of CYP6M2, Hsp70, α-esterase, and suppresses the ABC transporter in Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) exposed to Ocimum tenuiflorum extracts.

The incorporation of phytoactive compounds in the management of malarial vectors holds promise for the development of innovative and efficient alternatives. Nevertheless, the molecular and physiological responses that these bioactive substances induce remain underexplored. This present study investigated the toxicity of different concentrations of aqueous and methanol extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum against larvae of Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and unraveled the possible underlying molecular pathways responsible for the observed physiological effects. FTIR and GCMS analyses of phytoactive compounds in aqueous and methanol crude extracts of O. tenuiflorum showed the presence of OH stretching vibration, C = C stretching modes of aromatics and methylene rocking vibration; ring deformation mode with high levels of trans-β-ocimene, 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene in aqueous extract and 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde, 1,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane and o-cymene in methanol extract. The percentage mortality upon exposure to methanol and aqueous extracts of O. tenuiflorum were 21.1% and 26.1% at 24 h, 27.8% and 36.1% at 48 h and 36.1% and 45% at 72 h respectively. Using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), down-regulation of ABC transporter, overexpression of CYP6M2, Hsp70, and α-esterase, coupled with significantly increased levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH, were observed in An. gambiae (s.s.) exposed to aqueous and methanol extracts of O. tenuiflorum as compared to the control. Findings from this study have significant implications for our understanding of how An. gambiae (s.s.) larvae detoxify phytoactive compounds.

Marching towards bioeconomy: Larvicidal effect of three indigenous plant extracts from Sri Lanka—Garcinia quaesita, Garcinia zeylanica, and Coleus hadiensis on dengue vector Aedes aegypti

AbstractBioeconomy would be a beneficial solution for funding through the rational use of finances and human resources in order to achieve better productivity and fruitfulness of mosquito control programs. Synthetic insecticides are widely used to repress mosquitoes. However, it instigates problems such as insecticide resistance among mosquitoes such as developing resistance, bio‐accumulation, and ecosystem destabilization. Natural plant‐based products are a healthy alternative to use as mosquito larvicides. The country has to spend a considerable cost for buying synthetic insecticides too. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate larvicidal efficacy of Garcinia zeylanica, Garcinia quaesita, and Coleus hadiensis against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Fresh leaves of plants were collected, and the aqueous crude extract was prepared. Phytochemicals were extracted using refluxing technique. A concentration series of crude extract of leaves were prepared separately from 20 to 100 mg/L. Batches of each containing 100 third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were used for larval bioassays. Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae were evaluated in accordance with the guidelines of World Health Organization. The experimental setup was repeated four times at each concentration. Probit analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of mortality with the concentration of aqueous crude extract. The G. zeylanica and G. quaesita leaf extracts showed a dose‐dependent effect against Ae. aegypti larvae after the 24 and 48 h exposure period. Interestingly, C. hadiensis did not show any dose‐dependent effect against A. aegypti mosquito larvae. The percentage mortality rates have shown a significant variance among different concentrations (P = 0.000). The recorded LC50 and LC90 for aqueous crude extract of G. zeylanica were 27.167 and 52.861 g/L, respectively, and LC50 and LC90 for aqueous crude extract of G. quaesita were 36.841 and 76.036 g/L, respectively, after 24 h of exposure period. The G. zeylanica and G. quaesita plant's high larvicidal activity is supported by the presence of phytochemicals such as saponins, steroids, flavonoids, and phenol, which showed combination effects in terms of larvicidal action to mosquito larvae. Hence, there is a potential of G. zeylanica and G. quaesita aqueous leaf extracts as a key source for the development of an environment‐friendly plant‐based larvicide against Ae. aegypti. Hence, this warrants vector control entities to re‐think “biological wealth for economic prosperity” with environmentally friendly country‐wide control approaches for medically important disease vectors.

Effect of Mammea americana Aqueous Extract on the Control of the Coffee Red Spider Mite

The coffee red spider mite, Oligonychus ilicis, stands out as one of the main pests of Conilon coffee. The use of synthetic chemical control has led to an increase in the population of this mite and a reduction in its natural enemies. Aiming to find viable alternatives, this study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal potential of “abricó” peel extract, Mammea americana, in the management of O. ilicis. Each treatment consisted of 7 repetitions, with 10 individuals per repetition. They were placed in Petri dishes (10.0 x 1.2 cm), containing coffee leaf disks (4 cm diameter) inside, and moistened cotton at the bottom of the dish and around the disks. The peels of M. americana were dried, crushed, and diluted in aqueous solution to obtain extracts at concentrations of 2; 2.57; 3.30; 4.24; 5.45; and 7 %. The application was done by spraying, using an Alfa 2 model airbrush connected to a compressor calibrated with a constant pressure of 1.3 psi. 1 mL of solution of each concentration was applied for each repetition. Distilled water and the surfactant Tween® 80 (0.05 % v/v) were used as control treatments. The acaricidal effect was evaluated 24, 48, and 72 hours after spraying, and the lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 were calculated. The results of the toxicity tests indicated an increase in the mortality of O. ilicis with the increase in the concentrations of aqueous extracts of M. americana, resulting in 100 % mortality. The LC90 was estimated at 3.83 %. In the chemical analysis of the M. americana extract, the presence of phenolic acids, tannins, and flavonoids was observed at concentrations of 39.150, 40.783, and 0.0349 mg-1, respectively. We conclude that the aqueous extract of M. americana peels demonstrated acaricidal potential in a controlled environment for the coffee red spider mite.

Phytochemical screening, gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GCMS) analysis and molecular toxicological potential of Hunteria umbellata aqueous fruit extract against Staphylococcus aureus in accessory gene regulators (AGRs)

BackgroundFruits of Hunteria umbellata (HU) have been utilized in folk medicine as potent against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infections, particularly skin and nasal related conditions. However, there is scarcity of literature concerning toxicological evaluation of graded doses of HU fruit, especially at molecular level, specifically targeting the accessory gene regulator (AGR) system to prevent abuse of doses in the treatment of bacterial infections. This research evaluated molecular toxicological property of SA exposed to varied concentrations of aqueous HU fruit extract ranging from 500 to 3.90625 µg/µL using broth microdilution method and quantification of AGR I and II genes’ expression employing two-step reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We first identified quality and quantity of chemical compounds in aqueous fruit of HU using phytochemistry and hybrid gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS) technique. Additionally, preliminary bactericidal potential of HU was assessed before molecular toxicology.ResultsResults revealed six phytochemicals and twenty analytical grade compounds from a standard library were identified from chromatograms of HU fruit extract. Some main compounds detected are n-Hexadecanoic acid (25.24%), 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl (16.08%), Cuparene (16.63%), Tetradecanoic acid (6.21%) and 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)- (5.70%). Bactericidal activity shows significant (p < 0.05) toxicity in the tested (8) concentrations of HU fruits in a dose-response relationship compared to the controls (positive and negative). The quantified expression of AGR I and II genes in SA was most significantly increased (p < 0.05) at both 250 and 500 µg/µL of HU fruit extract while least significant increase (p < 0.05) was recorded at 125 µg/µL compared to control.ConclusionsNotably, the study highlighted a potential risk of augmented bacterial infection especially with higher doses of HU extracts during boils’ treatment and other epidermal infections instigated by Staph. Expression of both AGR genes at higher doses (250 and 500 µg/µL) is indicative of further expression of several other genes responsible for virulence factors in a variety of human bacterial infections. Thus, consumption of HU fruit to treat boils and blisters should be with great caution especially at high doses.

In vivo anti‐Salmonella properties of aqueous extract of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) cladode, hepatological and toxicological evaluation

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate antidiarrheal potential of prickly pear cladode and its hepatoprotective role in different groups of diarrhea‐induced mice. Mice received cefixime (4 mg/kg of bw) and different concentrations of aqueous cladode extract (250 mg/kg of bw, 500 mg/kg of bw and 1000 mg/kg of bw). Feces Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430 was used to assess antidiarrheal potential and hematological, biochemical parameters, and histopathological analyses were carried out for 17 days. The results showed that administration of Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430 in mice produced liver injuries with histological damage, whereas 1000 mg/kg of bw cladode extract reduced the Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430 load of feces earlier as compared to the other groups during 17 days. Hematological parameters, like red blood cells (RBCs) (6.19 ± 1.85 × 106/mm3) and hemoglobin (Hb) (10.06 ± 2.03 g/dL), of negative control group decreased, while white blood cells (WBCs) (13.46 × 106/mm3) increased from reference values. In lipid profile, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) (9.0 ± 2.41 mg/dL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) (6.07 ± 2.45 mg/dL) and total cholesterol (TC) (35.22 ± 8.29 mg/dL) of negative control group decreased, while triglycerides (TG) (168.35 ± 71.75 mg/dL) increased from reference values. Alanine transferase (ALT) (60.30 ± 20.33 IU/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (359.9 ± 100.05 IU/L) and aspartate transferase (AST) (168.77 ± 66.61 IU/L) of negative control group increased from reference values. Urea (27.36 ± 10.54 mmol/L) and creatinine (35.29 ± 12.15 mmol/L) of the negative control group increased. Cefixime also ameliorated injuries due to the administration of Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430. Conclusively, these findings indicated that pure aqueous extract of cladode showed more promising results regarding antidiarrheal potential. Hence, cladode might be used in food and supplement formulations as a functional ingredient.

The effect of ginger extract on expression of Gli1 and Patched-1 genes involved in breast cancer signaling pathway under in vitro condition

Introduction and Aim: Breast cancer ranks among the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Ginger has shown potential efficacy against certain cancer types, surpassing conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. However, its molecular mechanisms remain less understood. Materials and Methods: In this study, MCF-7 cancer cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of aqueous ginger extract (20, 30, 45, 65 microgram/mL) for 12, 48, and 72 hours. The effects were assessed through gene expression analysis and cell vitality assays (MTT). Results: The cell vitality test revealed a direct correlation between cytotoxicity and extract concentration. Concentrations exceeding 30 microgram/mL exhibited significant cell death (IC50 of 104.03 microgram/mL). Gene expression analysis demonstrated an increase in Patched-1 and a decrease in Gli1 expression with rising extract concentrations. The maximum Patched-1 expression occurred at 65 microgram/mL after 72 hours. Patched-1 (oncogene) and Gli1 (tumor suppressor) are pivotal genes in the hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway associated with breast cancer. Conclusion: It appears that ginger compounds play a substantial role in regulating cancer progression by influencing key components of the hedgehog signalling pathway.

Effect of Five Concentrations of Aqueous Extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus P. Kumm and Tagetes minuta L. on the Mortality of Two Nematodes in a Laboratory Setting.

The nematode attacks affect several plant species of Ecuadorian crops. Fungi and plants with nematicide ability are of agricultural interest. This study assessed the effect of five concentrations of aqueous extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus and Tagetes minuta on the mortality of Meloidogyne spp. and Panagrellus redivivus nematodes in a laboratory setting. The aqueous extracts were obtained through hydro distillation where concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 5%, 25%, 50% and 100% were prepared. A wholly randomized single-factor design was used for the P. ostreatus extract and a bifactorial for the T. minuta extract (leaves and flowers). The number of dead individuals was evaluated, and the efficacy and LC50 were determined. T. minuta leaf extract showcased higher nematicide activity against P. redivivus with an LC50 of 8.03 ppm; when applied to Meloidogyne sp., the extract showed nematicide activity with an LC50 of 0.01 ppm. For P. ostreatus extract, the greatest nematicide activity against P. redivivus was an LC50 of 1.22 ppm and nematicide activity against Meloidogyne sp., was an LC50 of 0.01 ppm. The aqueous extract of T. minuta flowers showed low nematicide activity and the aqueous extract of T. minuta leaf showed the best nematicide activity. Keywords: nematicide; Tagetes minuta; Pleurotus ostreatus; Panagrellus redivivus; Meloidogyne sp.

Effect of Five Concentrations of Aqueous Extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus P. Kumm and Tagetes minuta L. on the Mortality of Two Nematodes in a Laboratory Setting

The nematode attacks affect several plant species of Ecuadorian crops. There are fungi and plants with nematicide ability that have agricultural interest. This study assessed the effect of five concentrations of aqueous extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus and Tagetes minuta on the mortality of Meloidogyne spp. and Panagrellus redivivus nematodes in a laboratory setting. The aqueous extracts were obtained through hydro distillation where concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 5%, 25%, 50% and 100% were prepared. A wholly randomized single-factor design was used for the P. ostreatus extract and a bifactorial for the T. minuta extract (leaves and flowers). The number of dead individuals was evaluated, and the efficacy and LC50 were determined. T. minuta leaf extract showcased higher nematicide activity against P. redivivus with an LC50 of 8.03 ppm; when applied to Meloidogyne sp., the extract showed nematicide activity with an LC50 of 0.01 ppm. For P. ostreatus extract, the greatest nematicide activity against P. redivivus was an LC50 of 1.22 ppm and nematicide activity against Meloidogyne sp., was an LC50 of 0.01 ppm. The aqueous extract of T. minuta flowers showed low nematicide activity and the aqueous extract of T. minuta leaf showed the best nematicide activity. Keywords: nematicide; Tagetes minuta; Pleurotus ostreatus; Panagrellus redivivus; Meloidogyne sp.

A Comparative Study of The Effects of Sumac Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts on Candida Albicans in Laboratory Conditions

Background and purpose: Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus that is considered a member of the human intestinal flora that can survive outside the human body. This fungus is usually a harmless organism, but it can become pathogenic in immunocompromised people under various conditions. For oral infections, treatment with topical clotrimazole or nystatin is usually effective. In case of failure, oral or intravenous fluconazole, itraconazole or amphotericin B may be used. Several topical antifungal medications may be used for vaginal infections, including clotrimazole. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sumac aqueous and ethanol extracts on Candida albicans. Methods: In this experimental study, aqueous and alcoholic sumac extracts were prepared and different concentrations were prepared to investigate their effect on Candida albicans. The negative control included the culture medium without mushrooms and the positive control included mushrooms without extract. Candida albicans fungus was cultured after 24, 48 and 72 hours, and control drug concentrations for fluconazole were 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 on Candida albicans. The effect was given. Methods: In this experimental study, aqueous and alcoholic sumac extracts were prepared and different concentrations were prepared to investigate their effect on Candida albicans. The negative control included the culture medium without mushrooms and the positive control included mushrooms without extract. Candida albicans fungus was cultured after 24, 48 and 72 hours, and control drug concentrations for fluconazole were 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 millilitres per milligram on Candida albicans. The effect was given. Results: After the cultivation of Candida albicans mushroom and examination, it was found that this mushroom can grow in all concentrations of aqueous extract of the sumac plant and none of the tested concentrations can prevent its growth, and the alcoholic extract at a concentration of 60 mg/ml can inhibit growth. MIC) of Candida albicans fungus, but the fungus was able to grow in other concentrations. The concentration of 0.5 mg/ml of the commercial antibiotic fluconazole could inhibit the growth (MIC) of this fungus. Conclusion: While different concentrations of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the sumac plant were investigated and it was found that aqueous extract has no effect and alcoholic extract is effective in the same concentration, more and more comprehensive studies are suggested in laboratory scale and living organisms.

Insight Into Invitro Immune Stimulatory Effect Of Phyllathus Amarus Extracts

The medicinal property of Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) has been well appreciated and well documented in Indian system of traditional medicines namely Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani. P. amarus has been long used to treat various ailments, however its mechanism of action is still obscure because of the lack of scientific proofs to support its medical benefits. The current study was performed to elucidate the immune modulation properties of P. amarus by measuring free radical scavenging ability, nitric oxide stimulation potential and LTB4 production. Aqueous extracts of P. amarus (100 µg/ml) had quenched the free radicals by 81.4 ± 1.1 % of activity followed by 76.1 ± 2.4 % quenching by methanolic extract. Aqueous extract of P. amarus (100 µg/ml) produced a profound NO to a tune of 580 ± 10 µMol. Methanolic extract produced 530 ± 17.3 µMol of NO. There was an increase of NO with aqueous extract in comparison to methanolic extract however these data are not statistically significant (p&gt; 0.05). LTB4 production with 100 µg/ml concentration of aqueous extract was 103 ± 6.2 pg/ml and it was 113.2 ± 7.8 with methanolic extract.

Use of plant extracts (Ricinus communis) to control undesirable insects in the cultivation of caupi beans

The objetive was to evaluate the action of the extracts from the castor bean plant, the shells of the seeds, the seeds and the leaves of the castor bean plant on the insects that are likely to cause damage in the caupi-bean plant. The experiment was carried out at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA- Campus Bragança) located in the municipality of Bragança, located in the northeast region of the state of Pará. The trials were conducted in the first half of 2023, namely: 1-Screening of castor bean by-products, seed hulls, seeds and castor bean leaves using ethanol as solvent; 2- Dose response curve extracting bioactive substances from seed, seed and leaf hulls with ethanol. Casualized blocks (CBD) with three repetitions and four treatments, divided into four blocks, each block had 50 plants with plant spacing of 20cm and 50 cm between rows with local breaded bean cultivar. Treatments were applied once/week after the infestation appeared, after filtering dilution was done for each case in a single spray. Testing of formulates with an interval of one week in each treatment were applied: witness, MSM, SM and FoM, all using ethanol at 92.8° INPM in the preparation of SE and applied in the dosage of 10%(m/v). Evaluation of treatments was performed 48 hours after spraying by counting live and dead insects. The effects of oil and leaf and shell extracts from the castor bean plant on mortality of aphids, caterpillars, bedbugs and cowpeas in beans were investigated using second order regression analyzes. The analyzes were carried out in the Past 4.14 program. As the concentration of oil extracted from castor bean seeds is increased, there is an increase in the mortality rate. The concentrations of aqueous extracts from the castor bean leaves, more efficiency in the results. Thus, the plant extracts tested are a viable alternative for the control of Aphis craccivora, Bemisia tabaci, Diabrotica speciosa, Spodoptera eridania and Nezara viridula, being affordable products for easy preparation and application.

The inhibitory potential of green manure return on the germination and seedling growth of Eleusine indica L.

Trifolium repens L. (white clover) and Lolium perenne L. (ryegrass) are green manures widely used in conservation tillage systems worldwide. Eleusine indica L. (goosegrass) is a globally recognized noxious weed. Herein, we investigated the effects of aqueous extracts, decomposed liquids, and different straw-to-soil ratios on the germination and growth of goosegrass. The results showed that high concentrations (≥ 30%) of aqueous extracts or decomposed liquids of both green manures significantly inhibited germination-related parameters of goosegrass. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed for the 7-day decomposition treatment, and white clover's inhibitory effect was greater than ryegrass's. A pot experiment showed that non-photochemical quenching, catalase, and peroxidase activity levels of goosegrass leaves were significantly increased. At the same time, the net photosynthetic rate significantly decreased. Seedling growth was inhibited when the straw-to-soil ratio was greater than 3:100. The ryegrass treatments inhibited goosegrass seedlings more than the white clover treatments. This study demonstrated the inhibitory potential of white clover and ryegrass straw return on seed germination and seedling growth of goosegrass. The study has also helped to identify weed-resistant substances in these green manures so that their weed-control properties can be used more effectively and herbicide usage can be reduced.

Evaluating of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Characteristics Ginkgo Biloba Leaves

Introduction: Reactive oxygen species cause disease by damaging the chemical compounds in our body. On the other hand, drug resistance is becoming a serious issue in infection treatment, globally. Ginkgo biloba has many therapeutically features. The objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Iranian Ginkgo’s leaf extracts.&#x0D; Methods: In this experimental study, aqueous, ethanolic (%70) and methanolic (%80) extracts were made using Ginkgo. Total Phenolic and Flavonoids Content were measured by folin– ciocalteu reagent and Chloride Aluminum color assays. The extracts’ antioxidant activity was assessed by their potential in scavenging DPPH free radicals. Disc Diffusion assay was carried out to test antibacterial potency against two strains of bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes). Data analysis was performed using factorial experiment within a completely randomized design. SPSS version 16 software and Duncan's multiple range tests were used to compare the means.&#x0D; Results: Based on results, all three extracts contained extensive amount of phenolic and especially flavonoid compounds with methanolic extract being the richest in phenolic and flavonoids while aqueous extract having the least of these compounds. The most antioxidant activity was found in methanolic extract of 300 mg/mL concentration with %84.73 (P&lt;0.05) and the least was in aqueous extract of 40 mg/mL with %18.17 (P&lt;0.05) ROS scavenging rate, this result was proportional to the measured bioactive components of the extracts. Antibacterial activity in 200 mg/mL concentration of methanolic extract was maximum against Enterococcus faecalis while it was minimum at 50 mg/µl concentration of aqueous extract against Listeria monocytogenes strain. Antibacterial activity of all three extracts was found out to be concentration dependent.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results indicated that Ginkgo leaves are rich in phenolic and flavonoids contents that may be reason behind their notable antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Thus, Ginkgo could be a treasure trove of antioxidants and therapeutic compounds. However, more studies are required in regard to Ginkgo’s various characteristics.

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies of &lt;i&gt;Eleusine indica&lt;/i&gt; (Linn.) Gaertn. on brine shrimp

Cancer is currently one of the most dangerous diseases reported all over the world; there are numerous researches ongoing to tackle the effects of chemotherapy on diagnosed patients. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of Eleusine indica on Brine shrimp. Fresh E. indica was air dried, pulverized, macerated in absolute methanol at room temperature for 72 hours, and concentrated. Phytochemical screening of the powdered sample was done using standard protocols. The crude extract was further partitioned into different fractions (n-hexane, aqueous, ethyl acetate), screened for their cytotoxic and anti-oxidant activities using brine shrimp lethality assay and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method respectively. For the anti-oxidant test, gallic acid and catechol were used as control while cyclophosphamide was used as the control for cytotoxicity test. Preliminary phytochemical assay revealed the presence of alkaloids and anthraquinones while saponins and cardiac glycosides were absent. High anti-oxidant activity was recorded with the lethal concentration of aqueous extract E. indica (129% LC50) followed by the crude extract (128.7% LC50) when compare to gallic acid (0.95% LC50) and catechol (1.70% LC50). The crude extract showed high activity against brine shrimp cell. The n-hexane fraction (12.08 LC50 μg/mL) showed the highest cytotoxic activity followed by the aqueous fraction (7.72 LC50 μg/mL). This study revealed the potent antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of E. indica and also justified its use in traditional medicine. Further investigation should be carried out on the isolation and characterization of the bioactive compounds responsible for these activities.

Odpowiedź olfaktometryczna wybranych szkodników roślin uprawnychna zapach pokrzywy zwyczajnej (Urtica dioica L.) oraz wpływ wodnych ekstraktów roślinnych na ich zachowanie

The study examined the impact of aqueous extracts from Urtica dioica L. and fresh nettle parts on the feeding behavior of Sitona linea¬tus L., the survival of Aphis fabae Scop. on broad bean leaves, and the feeding of L4 larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Olfactory responses of the insects to nettle were also investigated. Results revealed that 10, 20 and 30% concentrations of aqueous extracts from fresh nettle significantly inhibited feeding in S. lineatus females. Conversely, the 10% extract from dried nettle had the most pronounced effect on S. lineatus males. Higher concentrations of common nettle extracts increased mortality in A. fabae females and larvae, with fresh extracts exhibiting a more potent impact. The body weight of L. decemlineata larvae slightly increased with all extracts, particularly the 30% concentration of fresh nettle. While all extracts reduced food consumption by L. decemlineata larvae, no discernible differences were observed based on concentration or preparation method. Olfactometer research indicated a repellent response of L. decemlineata females to common nettle odors, but no significant influence on the behavior of S. lineatus and winged A. fabae females was observed.

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rubus fruticosus extract and their antibacterial efficacy against Erwinia caratovora and Ralstonia solanacearum phytopathogens.

In the current research, we produced green, cost-effective, eco-friendly silver nanoparticles using a single-step approach. Plants are considered highly desirable systems for nanoparticle synthesis because they possess a variety of secondary metabolites with significant reduction potential. In the current research, the dried leaf extract of Rubus fruticosus was utilized as a capping and reducing agent for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles, to prepare reliable biogenic silver nanoparticles and subsequently to investigate their potential against some common phytopathogens. The prepared silver nanoparticles were exploited to quantify the total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH-based antioxidant activity. Different concentrations of aqueous extracts of plant leaves and silver nitrate (AgNO3) were reacted, and the color change of the reactant mixture confirmed the formation of Rubus fruticosus leaf-mediated silver nanoparticles (RFL-AgNPs). A series of characterization techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction revealed the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The surface plasmon resonance peak appeared at 449 nm. XRD analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature, EDX confirmed the purity, and TEM demonstrated that the nanoparticles are mostly spherical in form. Furthermore, the biosynthesized nanoparticles were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic and flavonoid content. The nanoparticles were used in different concentrations alone and in combination with plant extracts to inhibit Erwinia caratovora and Ralstonia solanacearum. In high-throughput assays used to inhibit these plant pathogens, the nanoparticles were highly toxic against bacterial pathogens. This study can be exploited for planta assays against phytopathogens utilizing the same formulations for nanoparticle synthesis and to develop potent antibacterial agents to combat plant diseases.

IN VITRO SCREENING OF THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Salvia microphylla (Lamiaceae)

Aphids are important pests in fields and orchards. The use of chemical insecticides as the main control method resulted in many ecological and health problems. Thus, the development of alternative methods, such as botanical bio-pesticides becomes indispensable in recent years. In this context, we studied the insecticidal and repellent effects of different concentrations of essential oils (EOs) and aqueous extracts from Salvia microphylla (Lamiaceae) against Aphis craccivora aphids, under laboratory conditions. The results showed that higher concentrations of extracts (10000 ppm for EOs and 10% for aqueous solutions) proved significant aphicidal activity, where mortality rates of 100% and 74% were noticed, respectively. Furthermore, aqueous extract at 10% concentration recorded the highest repellent effect (repellency rate = 71.8%). Therefore, the use of extracts from S. microphylla may constitute an important tool in integrated pest management.

Development of optimized functional clove fortified probiotic yoghurt.

We focused on assessing the antimicrobial effects of functional yoghurts supplemented with clove and probiotics. The formulation of aqueous clove extract (ACE) incorporated with probiotic yoghurt (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactococcus lactis) was optimised in terms of aqueous clove extract concentrations (2.5-7.5% v/v), fermentation temperature (32-42°C), and total culture concentration (1.5-4.5% v/v). pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, water holding capacity, viscosity, springiness, color difference, lactic acid bacteria viability, and the antibacterial property of 17 runs were determined as responses using Box-Behnken design. The results indicate that elevated ACE concentration leads to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in titratable acidity, antibacterial effectiveness (against K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa), springiness, and color profile. Conversely, an elevated fermentation temperature significantly (p < 0.05) reduces pH and L. bulgaricus viability (log CFU/mL). Additionally, there is a significant (p < 0.05) decline in S. thermophilus and L. lactis viability (log CFU/mL) as well as springiness with an increased culture concentration. The optimal conditions identified are 7.5% (v/v) ACE concentration, a fermentation temperature of 36.6°C (37°C), and a total culture concentration of 4.5% (v/v), resulting in a 79% desirability score. The spectra of components were mainly obtained at wavelength of 3258cm-1, 1636cm-1 and 1075cm-1 in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of optimized functional yoghurt. Where, 3258cm-1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of O-H (hydroxyl) groups, 1636cm-1 corresponds to the C=O (carbonyl) stretching vibration, and 1075cm-1 corresponds to the C-O (ether or alcohol) stretching vibration.

The effect of environmental stressors on the anticancer potential of Amaranthus hypochondriacus aqueous extracts and fractions

Some Amaranthus species have been shown to have pharmacological properties such as activity against cancer, and it is also used as a traditional herbal medicine in many rural parts of the world. The (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used as a screening tool to determine the approximate cell viability inhibitory concentrations of methanol and aqueous crude extracts of Amaranthus spp. The extracts were screened using small-cell lung cancer (H69V), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) and non-cancerous kidney cells (Vero) cell lines. Viability was assessed following exposure to a series of concentrations of each extract and A. hypochondriacus showed cytotoxicity of 70.55 µg/mL against H69V with a Si index of 1.8. The fractionated aqueous extract of 40 °C-treated A. hypochondriacus under well-watered conditions had a higher viability inhibition on H69V and Vero cell lines compared to the A. caudatus, A. cruentus and A. spinosus crude extracts. In conclusion, A. hypochondriacus could serve as a potential source of anticancer phytoconstituents for drug development.

Influence of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. On the Expression of Germination and Growth of Agricultural Seeds

Aim: This laboratory experiment was conducted to test the effect of allelopathy by Eucalyptus tereticornis aqueous leaf extracts on the germination and growth of Agricultural seeds i.e., Arachis hypogaea, Cicer arietinum, Vigna radiata and Zea mays as to test for suitable agroforestry system.&#x0D; Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Agroforestry and Soil Science, Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Forest College and Research Institute, Mulugu, Siddipet, Telangana, India.&#x0D; Methodology: The aqueous leaf extracts of varied concentration [0 (Distilled water), 25, 50, 75 and 100% (m/v) %] prepared were tested against germination percent, relative germination percent, growth and relative allelopathic effect on the aforesaid agricultural seeds.&#x0D; Results: The bioassay revealed that there was significant turndown in parameters tested. Control being the one relatively high performing, with increase in the concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts the germination rate, root length, shoot length, and dry weights reduced in all the other crops treatments tested.&#x0D; Conclusion: The experiment attributes that leaching of allelochemicals from the leaves into the assay caused inhibitory effect on the seed germination and growth.