Content Of Tubers Research Articles

Studi Eksperimental Efisiensi Rumah Pengering Umbi Porang Sistem Hibrid (Energi Surya–Biomassa) dengan Variasi Beban Pengeringan

Driying is one of the most important post-harvest processes, considering that this process absorbs a lot of energy. It is estimated that 12% of the total energy used in the food industry and agriculture is for drying. The accumulated heat it used to dry the Porang in the Solar Dryer. The results showed that the final moisture content of porang tubers after drying for each load variation obtained the lowest value of 9,90%wb at a loas variation of 10 kg and the highest drying rate of 0,550 kg/hour from the assumption of an initial moisture content of 70%wb. While, at the load variation of 8,5 kg (H1) and 14 kg (H3), the final moisture content still met the standards, namely 11,4% wt and 10,98% wt with the lowest drying rate 0,330 kg/hour (H3). If it is related between the distribution of temperature and humidity in the drying with the drying rate, specific energy consumption (KES), and drying efficiency, then there are differences between these variables. This shows the results of an inverse comparison between specific energy consumption, but is directly proportional to the drying rate and drying efficiency

Study of the composition of potatoes by agronomic traits determining its suitability for industrial processing

The study of biochemical quality indicators of 26 new potato hybrids was carried out in order to determine the ones mostly suitable for processing into starch and potato products and for use as table variety. An express method was used to determine dry matter (DM), Evers method was used to determine the total starch content of tubers, the polarimetric method and a glucometer test were used to determine reducing sugars, glycoalkaloids and inorganic phosphorus were determined by spectrophotometric method. There have been selected 5 hybrids suitable for industrial processing and as a source material for breeding. One potato hybrid with 25,06 % content of DM, more than 18,22 % of starch met the requirements for potatoes used for processing into starch and starch products; another potato hybrid can be recommended for the production of fried potato products according to the parameters: DM – 22.40 % starch – 16.18 %, reducing sugars – 0.23 %, glycoalkaloids – 62,0 mg/kg. Three of the studied hybrids with the content of DM of more than 22 %, starch not less than 16%, reducing sugars 0.2-0.4 % and glycoalkaloids 60-126 mg / kg may be used for the production of other types of potato products. The rest of the hybrids can only be recommended for use as table potatoes. The relationship between indicators affecting the quality of potato products has been revealed. Correlations were established between the mass fractions of: dry matter and starch in the tuber (r = 0.98) – high correlation; reducing sugars and glycoalkaloids (r = 0.68); tuber dry matter and glycoalkaloids (r = 0.59); dry matter and glucose (r = -0.61); starch and glucose (r = -0.58) – average correlations. It has been established that the mass fraction of reducing sugars and the direction of rotation of the plane of polarization of light by sugars change non-linearly under different temperature conditions of sample storage.

Impact of organic, biological and mineral fertilizations on the mineral content of potato sprouts and tubers planted in gypsum soils

The study was carried out during the 2021 spring planting season at the Fallujah palm station belonging to the Department of Horticulture, the Ministry of Agriculture, in gypsum soil to study the Impact of organic Fertilization and inoculation with P.sudomonas bacteria, Trichoderma harzanium and Mineral fertilization on the growth and yield of potatoes of Burren variety, Experiment included three factors. The addition of fertilization recommendation by 100% ( M100) led to a significant increase in the content of major nutrients (N, P, K) in the vegetative part, which amounted to 1.35, 0.25 and 1.42 percent, respectively, and in the tubers which amounted to 1.22, 0.21 and 1.28%, respectively. And the starch in the tubers reached 12.89 g. plant-1, while adding half of the Fertilization recommendation (M50) gave the lowest rates for the traits mentioned earlier. The double and triple interactions gave significant results in growth characteristics, yield and mineral content. Keywords: Potatoes, Organic fertilization, Bio-fertilizations, Mineral fertilization, yield.

Nitrogen efficiency indices of potato in response to nitrogen doses estimated by algorithms and applied as top-dressing

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N doses estimated by algorithms and applied as top-dressing on different nitrogen (N) efficiency indices in Asterix potatoes. Two experiments were installed in the field. The experiments were conducted in the randomized block design, in split-plot scheme, with four replicates, whose treatments, in the plots, were determined by five N doses in pre-planting and, in the subplots, by three criteria (algorithms evaluated) of top-dressing N. At 21 DAE (days after an emergency), the fourth fully developed potato leaf was evaluated with the SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) chlorophyll meter. This reading was used as an indicator of the need for top dressing. In harvesting the tubers, the following variables were determined: N content in shoots and tubers, amounts of N absorbed by shoots, tubers and total N, harvest index, N use efficiency, N agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency of N. The application criteria did not significantly influence the variables related to the content and amount of absorbed N, except for the N content of the tubers in the 2018 experiment. Of N absorbed by shoots, tubers and plants and the agronomic efficiency of N were significantly influenced by the N dose applied pre-planting. The agronomic efficiency was significantly influenced by the N dose estimated by the N cover recommendation criteria. The highest values obtained for the variables related to the content and amount of N absorbed were those under application of 200 to 300 kg ha−1 of N.

The responses for inulin content and inulin yield of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) genotypes and the associations of net photosynthetic rate with inulin traits to different terminal drought durations in the late-rainy season

• The Jerusalem artichoke genotypes which are able to maintain a high net photosynthesis rate under long terminal drought conditions led them to high inulin yield. • SPAD chlorophyll meter reading traits mainly contribute to high inulin content under short terminal drought conditions in HEL256, JA37, JA60, and JA125. • Jerusalem artichoke genotypes with performing high inulin content would be positive for sustainable improvement of drought tolerance under different durations of terminal drought.. Different terminal drought durations might impact inulin traits of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) and some physiological traits are expected to be relevant to their genotype response. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effect of different durations of terminal drought on inulin content and inulin yield as well as the associations among inulin traits, net photosynthesis rate (P n ), and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) in JA genotypes. The field experiment was designed as a split-plot design with four replications during the late-rainy seasons over two years (2017/18 and 2018/19). The main plots were three water levels composed of optimal conditions (SD0), short (SD1), and long (SD2) durations of terminal drought. Six JA genotypes (HEL256, JA37, HEL253, JA4, JA60, and JA125) were arranged in subplots. All genotypes showed that inulin content in tubers was clearly significantly increased, whilst inulin yield drastically decreased under different terminal drought durations in comparison with optimal conditions. Among six genotypes, only HEL256, JA37, JA60, and JA125 had high inulin content coupled with high P n under SD0, and they had high inulin content under SD1, mainly due to high SCMR. JA37, JA4, JA60, and JA125 had a high inulin yield under SD2, might be they had high P n , indicating that these genotypes could be used as potential parental lines through plant breeding programs for the improvement of new varieties suitable for growing in terminal drought prone-areas. Based on data for two years, inulin content had significant positive associations with P n ( p < 0.01) and SCMR ( p < 0.05) under SD0 and SD1, respectively. Inulin yield showed significantly ( p < 0.05 for 2017/18 and p < 0.01 for 2018/19) positive associations with P n under SD2, these results indicated that selection genotypes with high P n and SCMR could be effective as an indirect selection in acquiring high inulin traits simultaneously. Finally, our results suggest that SCMR could be used as a surrogate trait as it is a simple tool for drought-tolerant genotype screening in JA in order to identify high inulin content in tubers under short terminal drought durations.

Effect of type and concentration of microbial starter on the characteristics of porang flour

Indonesia has abundant natural resource potential, one of its porang. One component that’s widely used from porang plants is glucomannan. Methods to increase the glucomannan content of porang tubers can be done physically, chemically and microbiologically by using a microbial starter. The aim of this research activity to characterize the effect of the type and concentration of starter to the porang flour. This study used two types of starter included: BIMO-CF and NKL yeast with three concentrations (1,2 and 3%). This research activity was designed used completely randomized design which was analyzed throughout IBM Statistics SPSS 24. Based on the test results of BIMO-CF samples and NKLyeast, the highest yield was 20.5% with 3% NKL yeast treatment. The moisture content of all treatments showed no significant difference between treatments. The highest glucomannan content value of 60.62% which used addition of 2% NKL yeast treatment.

Orphan Genes in Crop Improvement: Enhancing Potato Tuber Protein without Impacting Yield.

Qua-Quine Starch (QQS), an Arabidopsis thaliana orphan gene, and its interactor, Arabidopsis Nuclear Factor Y subunit C4 (AtNF-YC4), can increase the total leaf and seed protein in different plants. Despite their potential in developing protein-rich crop varieties, their influence on the protein content of the stem, modified stem, and tuber was never investigated. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most valuable food crops worldwide. This staple food is rich in starch, vitamins (B6, C), phenolics, flavonoids, polyamines, carotenoids, and various minerals but lacks adequate proteins necessary for a healthy human diet. Here we expressed A. thaliana&amp;nbsp;QQS (AtQQS) and overexpressed S. tuberosum NF-YC4 (StNF-YC4) in potatoes to determine their influence on the composition and morphological characteristics of potato tubers. Our data demonstrated higher protein and reduced starch content in potato tubers without significantly compromising the tuber yield, shape, and numbers, when QQS was expressed or StNF-YC4 was overexpressed. Publicly available expression data, promoter region, and protein-protein interaction analyses of StNF-YC4 suggest its potential functionality in potato storage protein, metabolism, stress resistance, and defense against pests and pathogens. The overall outcomes of this study support QQS and NF-YC4's potential utilization as tools to enhance tuber protein content in plants.

Metabolite profiling of tubers of an early- and a late-maturing potato line and their grafts

IntroductionEarliness of tuberisation and the quality of potato tubers are important traits in potato breeding. The qualitative traits rely on the metabolite profile of tubers, which are storage organs and net importers of assimilates. Thus, the quality of tubers largely depends on the metabolites transported from leaves to developing tubers.ObjectivesTo test the influence of canopy on the quality of tubers by metabolite profiling of tubers of an early- and a late-maturing potato line and their grafts.MethodsPotatoes were grown under greenhouse conditions, grafted and the tubers harvested at the end of the scions’ vegetation period. Metabolite profiling of freshly harvested tubers was performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses were applied to determine the significant differences between the different tubers.Results99 metabolites were identified and an additional 181 peaks detected in chromatograms, out of which 186 were polar and 94 non-polar compounds. The concentrations of 113 metabolites were significantly different in the tubers from the early-maturing CE3130 and the late-maturing CE3027 line. Hetero-grafting resulted in considerable changes in the metabolite content of tubers. Especially, the effect of CE3027 on the metabolite composition of tubers formed on CE3130 rootstocks was readily apparent. Nevertheless, many compounds were present at similar levels in the tubers of hetero-grafted plants as was found in the tubers of their scion counterparts.ConclusionHetero-grafting resulted in many compounds at similar concentrations in rootstock tubers as in scion tubers suggesting that these are transported from the source leaves to tubers.

Application of different foliar iron fertilizers for improving the photosynthesis and tuber quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and enhancing iron biofortification

BackgroundThe potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food crop in the alkaline soil area of northwest China. It is abundant in ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which facilitates iron absorption in the body. The large consumption of potato makes it a good food source of iron absorption for human body. However, iron deficiency in alkaline soil regions reduced chlorophyll synthesis in the leaves, resulting in lower photosynthesis and less sugar supply to the plant's healthy organs, significantly restricted crop development and yield, and inflicted major economic losses.MethodsIn this study, a 2-year (2020–2021) field trial was designed. Under foliar application of five different iron fertilizers: ferric sulfate [(Fe2(SO4)3], T1; ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O), T2; citric acid/ferric sulfate (CA/Fe2(SO4)3), T3; citric acid/ferrous sulfate (CA/FeSO4·7H2O), T4; ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA-Fe·Na), T5, changes in potato plant photosynthesis were compared to no iron fertilization, CK conditions. The effects of various iron fertilizers on the yield, quality, and iron content of potato tubers, their correlations to chlorophyll levels, and the characteristics of photosynthetic fluorescence were studied.ResultsThe results indicated that spraying iron fertilizers increased the yield, quality and Fe content of the tubers, which might be due to the improvement of the plants’ photosynthetic pigment content, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence. In two consecutive years of cultivation, we found that potato tuber yield and Fe content increased in potatoes treated with five iron fertilizer sprays. Among them, tuber yield increased most significantly by T5 and T3 treatments compared to CK, while Fe content was significantly higher by the T5 treatment than by CK and other treatments. Tuber yield was increased by 33.28% and 18.85% in 2020 and 50.74% and 54.48% in 2021 by T5 and T3 treatments, respectively, compared to CK. Fe content was increased by 112.64% and 54.98% in 2020 and 2021 by T5 treatment, respectively, compared to CK.ConclusionsEDTA-Fe·Na and CA/Fe2(SO4)3 excelled over the other iron fertilizers. The findings of this study are instructive for developing cost-effective iron fertilizer management systems to maximize the impact of iron biofortification on human health.Graphical

Effect of Foliar Silicon Application on Nutrient Content in Early Crop Potato Tubers

As some trace elements can enhance plant nutrient uptake and assimilation, it was hypothesized that foliar silicon application could enhance nutrient content in early-crop potato tubers. The effect of dosage (23.25 g Si∙ha−1 or 46.50 g Si∙ha−1) and time (the leaf development stage—BBCH 14–16, tuber initiation stage—BBCH 40–41, at both the leaf development stage and tuber initiation stage) of the silicon application on the nutrient contents in early crop potato tubers was investigated. Silicon had no effect on the potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), or magnesium (Mg) contents in potato tubers, but it reduced sodium (Na) accumulation, especially under water deficit conditions during tuber bulking. This resulted in a reduction in the mass ratios of Na+/Ca2+ and Na+/Mg2+ in tubers. Silicon dosage significantly affected the Na accumulation by potato tubers only in the warm and very dry growing season. Under drought stress, silicon at 46.50 g Si∙ha–1 reduced the Na content in potato tubers more than at 23.25 g Si∙ha−1. Under periodic water deficits, the time of silicon application affected the Na accumulation by potato tubers more than the silicon dosage. The Na content in tubers was the highest with two silicon applications. Although silicon reduced the Na accumulation, the ratio of the sum of univalent cations to the sum of bivalent cations (K+ + Na+)/(Ca2+ + Mg2+) in tubers was at the same level, both in cultivations with and without silicon.

Analysis of Cyperus esculentus SMP family genes reveals lineage-specific evolution and seed desiccation-like transcript accumulation during tuber maturation

Seed maturation proteins (SMPs) represent a class of late embryogenesis-abundant proteins that are highly hydrophilic and abundant in mature seeds. Although it has been proven that SMPs are indispensable for the desiccation resistance of orthodox seeds , information on their putative roles in the desiccation resistance of non-seed storage organs is still scarce. This study presents a first transcriptome-based characterization of SMP family genes in tigernut ( Cyperus esculentus L., Cyperaceae), whose underground tubers represent a unique system that contains a considerably low moisture content of less than 10% without affecting the sprouting capability. Five family members identified from the full-length tigernut transcriptome are relatively more than four found in the genome of Carex littledalei , another Cyperaceae plant. Moreover, 69 family genes were also identified from 15 representative plant species and comparative genomics analysis supports the monogenic origin of this special family as well as lineage-specific evolution after monocot-eudicot split. In the Cyperaceae lineage, four clades present in the last common ancestor of tigernut and C. littledalei , which represent four out of 11 orthogroups proposed in this study, are more likely to result from transposed and dispersed duplications. In contrast to seed- or embryo-preferential expression of SMP genes in seed-bearing plants (e.g. rice and maize), transcriptional profiling and qRT-PCR analysis showed that most CeSMP genes are predominantly expressed in late stages of developmental tigernut tubers, negatively correlating with the moisture content. This seed desiccation-like accumulation of CeSMP transcripts during tuber maturation implies their putatively important roles in the desiccation resistance of tigernut tubers as observed in orthodox seeds. These findings not only improve the knowledge on lineage-specific evolution of the SMP gene family, but also provide valuable information for further functional analysis and genetic improvement in tigernut. • This is a first transcriptome-based analysis of SMP family genes in tigernut. • Comparative genomics analysis reveals the monogenic origin of the SMP family. • Lineage-specific family evolution was observed after monocot-eudicot split. • CeSMP transcripts are negatively correlating the moisture content of tubers. • Accumulation of CeSMPs in mature tubers implies a role in desiccation resistance.

The influence of gamma irradiation on the storability and biochemical parameters of potato tubers

Potato storage is a complex technological process aimed at reducing weight losses and maintaining the biochemical and consumer indicators of tubers at an appropriate level. Depending on the storage temperature, the amount of losses on sprouts in the overall structure of waste can be a significant. Currently, in most European countries, the use of a classic potato tuber germination inhibitor based on the active ingredient chlorprofam is prohibited for environmental reasons. In this regard, an alternative method of restraining the germination of ware and intended for industrial processing potatoes based on the use of gamma irradiation is of interest. Studies on gamma irradiation of tubers using 60Co were conducted in 2019-2021 at the Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology (Obninsk), followed by storage of potatoes in cold storage chambers of the Russian Potato Research Centre at two temperatures - 6-7 °C and 9-10 °C. The studied radiation doses were 15, 25 and 50 Gy. It was found that potato weight losses during storage depended mainly on temperature (influence of factor 42.2%) and gamma irradiation (influence of factor 42.2%). For ware potatoes (6-7 °C), gamma irradiation doses of 15 and 25 Gy were optimal; for potatoes intended for processing into fried products (9-10 °C), - 50 Gy. Irradiation at these doses significantly reduced the germination of tubers and the amount of total losses during storage. At a storage temperature of 9-10 °C and irradiation dose of 50 Gy, there was also noticed a decrease in reducing sugars content in tubers by 2-2.5 times, which made it possible to obtain the final product when frying of higher quality in terms of color. There was no significant effect on the content of dry matter, starch, nitrates and vitamin C in tubers. After irradiation doses of 25 and 50 Gy a slight decrease in protein content was noticed.

Cadmium in soils and potato tubers under grower management in two contrasting soil types of Hokkaido, Japan

ABSTRACT In Japan, little has been reported on cadmium (Cd) concentration in upland soils, and its relation to Cd concentration in crops and vegetables other than rice. Cd concentration in the surface soils and potato tubers of growers’ fields in two main potato production areas in Japan with contrasting soil types (Andisols and Inceptisols) was investigated. Soil and tuber samples were obtained from 90 growers’ fields with variable management histories. Total and Mehlich-3 soil Cd concentration were determined, and Cd concentration in the peeled potato tubers was also measured. A significant positive correlation was found between total Cd and phosphorous concentration in the soils reflecting the historical heavy application of phosphate fertilizer in both soil types. Although the total Cd concentration was much higher in Andisols, the Mehlich-3 Cd as well as tuber Cd concentration was lower in Andisols than in the Inceptisols, suggesting that Cd in Andisols may be specifically adsorbed by humic substances and amorphous clay minerals. The Cd concentration of the peeled potatoes in all samples was less than 100 μg kg−1 fresh weight below the threshold set by the Codex Alimentarius guidelines. The Cd concentration in the tubers tended to be higher when the soil phosphate retention index and base saturation were lower, and this tendency was stronger when both conditions are satisfied. Differences in soil properties and not the total soil Cd concentration were the dominant factor affecting potato tuber Cd accumulation. It is quite possible to reduce the amount of phosphate fertilizer appropriately to minimize the accumulation of Cd in both soil types as well as by increasing the soil base saturation to suppress the transfer of Cd from the soils to the potato tubers is especially important in the Inceptisols.

Antinutritional Nitrogen Compounds Content in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Tubers Depending on the Genotype and Production System

This experiment analyzed the effect of genetic determinants, the production technology, and the location on the nitrate and nitrites content in potato tubers directly after harvest. Nitrates and nitrites are anti-nutritional compounds, which limit or prevent the use of nutrients from consumed products and have a detrimental effect on the human body. The study was conducted on seven tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) clones (‘13-VIII-10’, ‘13-VIII-27’, ‘13-VIII-45’, ‘13-VIII-49’, ‘13-VIII-50’, ‘13-VIII-60’, ‘TG-97–403’), and three cultivars (‘Jelly’, ‘Satina’, and ‘Tajfun’) at four locations in Poland under either an integrated (Młochów, Boguchwała) or organic (Radzików, Chwałowice) production system. The results showed that the production system, location, and year significantly affected the nitrate and nitrites content in potatoes. Potato tubers originating from organic farming exhibited a lower content of the tested compounds (NO3−—124.1 mg kg−1 FW; NO2−—2.4 mg kg−1 FW) than that in the tubers obtained from an integrated production system (NO3−—203.7 mg kg−1 FW, NO2−—4.0 mg kg−1 FW). Under conditions of moderate stress as usual in the case of organic farming, the production of nitrates and nitrites are significantly lower than in the integrated production system. In our research potatoes from an integrated production system were characterised by a nitrate content at the limit of the established standard, i.e., 200 mg kg−1 FW. Tubers from the locality Chwałowice were characterised by the lowest nitrates and nitrites content, due to adequate environmental conditions, in addition to the best agricultural practice. The nitrates content depended to a greater extent on the environmental conditions than the potato on the genetic conditions. A higher content of nitrates and nitrites was found in the following potato clone 13-VIII-10 in Boguchwała from an integrated production system (NO3−—269.2 mg kg−1 F; NO2−—6.0 mg kg−1 FW), and in the ‘Tajfun’ cultivar (235.8; 5.8 mg kg−1 FW, respectively). Such a relationship was not found in integrated production in Młochów, which indicates the influence of the environment.

Dependence of the content of starch and reducing sugars on the level of expression of the genes of β-amylases StBAM1 and StBAM9 and the amylase inhibitor StAI during long-term low-temperature storage of potato tubers.

Solanum tuberosum L. is the most important non-grain starch crop with a potential yield of 38–48 t/ha and a starch content of 13.2–18.7 %. Potato tubers are stored at a low temperature (2–4 °C) in a state of physiological dormancy. A disadvantage of this type of storage is the degradation of starch and the accumulation of reducing sugars (cold-induced sweetening), including due to an increase in the activity of β-amylases that hydrolyze starch to maltose. In this study, a comparative analysis of the β-amylase (StBAM1, StBAM9) and amylase inhibitor (StAI ) gene expression, as well as starch and reducing sugar content in tubers during long-term low-temperature storage (September, February, April) was performed using potato cultivars Nadezhda, Barin, Krasavchik, Severnoe siyanie and Utro. The β-amylase genes, StBAM9 and one of the two StBAM1 homologs (with the highest degree of homology with AtBAM1), were selected based on phylogenetic analysis data. Evaluation of the expression of these genes and the amylase inhibitor gene showed a tendency to decrease in transcription for all analyzed cultivars. The starch content also significantly decreased during tuber storage. The amount of reducing sugars increased in the September–April period, while in February–April, their content did not change (Krasavchik), decreased (Barin, Severnoe siyanie) or continued to grow (Utro, Nadezhda). It can be assumed that the gene activity of StBAM1 and StBAM9 correlates with the amount of starch (positively) and monosaccharides (negatively). The level of StAI expression, in turn, may be directly dependent on the level of StBAM1 expression. At the same time, there is no relationship between the degree of cultivar predisposition to cold-induced sweetening and the expression profile of the StBAM1, StBAM9, and StAI genes.

Faktor–Faktor yang Memengaruhi Niat Pembelian Mi Shirataki Instan: Aplikasi Extended Theory Of Planned Behavior

Instant shirataki noodles are included in functional foods made from iles-iles tubers (Amorphophallus onchopyllus). Instant shirataki noodles have several benefits because of the glucomannan content in iles-iles tubers. This product experienced a positive increase in demand despite limitations in terms of consumer segment and product availability. This shows that there is a possible purchase motivation by the belief that the product is safe and healthy compared to ordinary instant noodles. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the purchase intention of consumers of instant shirataki noodles by expanding the Theory of Planned Behavior. This study used primary data obtained through an online questionnaire. The samples in this study were 450 people. Sample determination using the Purposive sampling method. Data analysis in this study used descriptive analysis and Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The results showed that E-TPB model proved to be better in explaining the effect of purchase intention on instant shirataki noodles with variables that had a positive and significant direct effect on intentions, namely attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, health awareness and perceived availability. In addition, the findings suggest that health awareness and perceived availability can have a significant indirect effect on intentions. The strategy is to create marketing events by inviting consumer reference groups, collaborating with social media influencers, providing customer testimonials, and increasing promotions and product availability.

Faktor–Faktor yang Memengaruhi Niat Pembelian Mi Shirataki Instan: Aplikasi Extended Theory Of Planned Behavior

Instant shirataki noodles are included in functional foods made from iles-iles tubers (Amorphophallus onchopyllus). Instant shirataki noodles have several benefits because of the glucomannan content in iles-iles tubers. This product experienced a positive increase in demand despite limitations in terms of consumer segment and product availability. This shows that there is a possible purchase motivation by the belief that the product is safe and healthy compared to ordinary instant noodles. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the purchase intention of consumers of instant shirataki noodles by expanding the Theory of Planned Behavior. This study used primary data obtained through an online questionnaire. The samples in this study were 450 people. Sample determination using the Purposive sampling method. Data analysis in this study used descriptive analysis and Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The results showed that E-TPB model proved to be better in explaining the effect of purchase intention on instant shirataki noodles with variables that had a positive and significant direct effect on intentions, namely attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, health awareness and perceived availability. In addition, the findings suggest that health awareness and perceived availability can have a significant indirect effect on intentions. The strategy is to create marketing events by inviting consumer reference groups, collaborating with social media influencers, providing customer testimonials, and increasing promotions and product availability.

In vitro asymbiotic germination, seedling formation and tuberization of Orchis sancta

Plant tissue culture techniques have recently become attractive tools for propagating rare and endangered species and producing their economically important natural products. Here, we introduce a protocol for an effective, fast and reliable production route of plantlets and tubers from salep orchid, Orchis sancta, a native orchid species growing wild in Turkey. In the course of this study, the efficacy of basal media and plant growth regulators on asymbiotic germination of mature seed, seedling formation, tuberization and glucomannan contents of tubers were assessed. Amongst all basal media evaluated, Orchimax including activated charcoal gave the best germination rate (62.46%). Supplementing this medium with 1.0 mg/L zeatin resulted in the highest germination rate (81.18%). Lowest thidiazuron concentration (0.25 mg/L) was very effective on shoot elongation while kinetin (0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) promoted leaf formation. The aforesaid basal medium with IBA favored root extension (31.16 mm) and root formation (4.5 roots per plantlet) at 1.0 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L IBA, respectively. Cytokinins, zeatin (2.0 mg/L) in particular, promoted tuber formation and glucomannan accumulation. Plantlets were successfully adapted to soil step by step.

INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZED FERTILIZERS BY BIOPREPARATIONS ON POTATO PRODUCTIVITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT BANK

The paper presents the results of research on the peculiarities of growth, development and formation of elements of productivity of medium-sized varieties of potatoes Miracle, depending on the impact of biological products in foliar feeding. The use of biological products leads to a prolongation of the growing season of medium-ripe potato variety Miracle in the years of research on average by 3 - 13 days. The shortest vegetation period of 80 days is observed in the control variant (var. 1) and the longest vegetation period of 91 and 93 days was observed in experimental variants 7 and 8 where application in the germination phase and flowering phase of preparations Kristalon special and Intermag Potatoes, respectively. Morphological characteristics of the medium-ripe variety of Miracle potato increased under the influence of the applied biological products in comparison with the control variants. At the same time, the largest habit of potato plants was formed on the variants of the experiment where the application in the phase of full germination and budding phase of Crystal special and Intermag Potato was used (variants 7 and 8, respectively). The levels of yield and marketability of potatoes of medium-ripe potato varieties Miracle in the years of research were high, while the conditions in 2019 were more favorable compared to 2018 by an average of 5.3 - 7.5 t / ha. It should also be noted that the lowest values of yield and marketability of tubers were observed in the control variant where the application of background N90P90K90 was used, and the use of biological products in foliar feeding in the phases of full germination and budding led to an increase in the above indicators. The highest values of yield and marketability of tubers in the years of research were observed in options 7 and 8, where the application of Crystal special and Intermag Potato was used for foliar feeding. The level of starch content of tubers of medium-ripe varieties of potatoes Miracle in the years of research, on the contrary, reacted negatively to the use of biological products. And the collection of starch per unit area directly depends on the level of yield of potato tubers, and accordingly the highest values of starch collection per unit area were obtained in the variants of the experiment where the highest yield was obtained.

Uncovering anthocyanin diversity in potato landraces (Solanum tuberosum L. Phureja) using RNA-seq.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third largest source of antioxidants in the human diet, after maize and tomato. Potato landraces have particularly diverse contents of antioxidant compounds such as anthocyanins. We used this diversity to study the evolutionary and genetic basis of anthocyanin pigmentation. Specifically, we analyzed the transcriptomes and anthocyanin content of tubers from 37 landraces with different colorations. We conducted analyses of differential expression between potatoes with different colorations and used weighted correlation network analysis to identify genes whose expression is correlated to anthocyanin content across landraces. A very significant fraction of the genes identified in these two analyses had annotations related to the flavonoid-anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, including 18 enzymes and 5 transcription factors. Importantly, the causal genes at the D, P and R loci governing anthocyanin accumulation in potato cultivars also showed correlations to anthocyanin production in the landraces studied here. Furthermore, we found that 60% of the genes identified in our study were located within anthocyanin QTLs. Finally, we identified new candidate enzymes and transcription factors that could have driven the diversification of anthocyanins. Our results indicate that many anthocyanins biosynthetic genes were manipulated in ancestral potato breeding and can be used in future breeding programs.