Saliva Concentrations Research Articles

Investigation of the relationship between nicotine and cotinine concentrations in human biological samples by a GC-MS method

In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine wherein human plasma, urine, and saliva. In addition, it was aimed to determine statistically the correlation between nicotine and cotinine levels in urine and saliva samples and nicotine and cotinine levels in blood samples. The limit of quantification was ≤0.83 ng/mL and precision were ≤4.91 and accuracy (RE%) was between (-4.93) and 4.90. Recovery was detected between 95.4% and 104.7%. The method was employed to determining the nicotine and cotinine concentrations in plasma, saliva, and urine total of 91 samples belong to non-smokers (n=37) and active smokers (n=54) who were healthy (n=65) and COPD patients (n=27) and the statistical relationship within the nicotine and cotinine values of the samples were investigated. It was found a correlation (r=0.752, p≤0.01) between plasma and saliva cotinine levels and estimation equation calculated as y=1.56x+43.24. Also, the correlation between plasma and urine cotinine levels was found (r=0.787, p≤0.01) by the equation that y=0.31x+34.59. The results show that by accurately determining the amount of cotinine in both saliva and urine, the exposure risks of both active smokers and those exposed to cigarette smoke with the ETS can be estimated.

Effects of sensor ear tags with twin pin fixing system on health and well-being of cattle.

A sensor ear tag (SET) containing Global Positioning System (GPS), accelerometer, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), and Bluetooth technologies was tested for wearing comfort and compliance with animal welfare requirements in cattle in a free stall barn and on summer pasture in Switzerland. The SET was equipped with a long-lasting battery via solar panel and used a «twin pin» fixing system. Right ears of 12 newborns and 26 adolescent animals were tagged with the SET. While left ears were tagged simultaneously with official ear tags in newborns, the adolescent animals already carried the official ear tags. The newborns stayed in a free stall barn during the entire experiment, while adolescent animals were housed in a free stall barn and on pasture during summer. All animals developed crusts beginning on day 7 after tagging with the SET. Pain reactions were observed occasionally in the first two weeks. Ear growth in newborns during 11 months of observation did not differ between ears with SET and official ear tags. Cortisol concentration in saliva of newborns decreased in the first week after tagging which is physiological for this age group. In older animals cortisol concentrations in saliva were not affected. We registered 19 incidences in 11 animals with the SET, that required veterinary or staff intervention. Two animals lost the SET with ear injury. Scars due to tag migration were observed in ears of all newborns after the 9th month of observation. In conclusion, SET with a weight of 32 g that need a twin pin fixation in cows do not seem to induce systemic or local inflammations more frequently compared to official ear tags; however, the higher risk of accidental injuries and migration in ear cartilage would not meet Swiss welfare standards and the attachment to the ear needs to be improved for general use.

Can the salivary urea and stimulated saliva concentration be a marker of periodontal diseases in opioid users? A case-control study

Introduction& Aim: Microbial plaque is the primary cause of periodontal diseases, and smoking and opioid addiction can accelerate microbial plaque formation and disease progression. Adequate saliva flow and salivary urea concentration are important parameters for a healthy periodontium. In this study, the relationship between Periodontal Diseases and the History of opioid addiction was investigated by measuring the Salivary Urea and Stimulated Saliva Concentration. Materials & methodsThis case-control study was conducted on 240 patients (120 cases and 120 controls) in 2021 referred to addiction treatment centers and the dental clinic in Iran, Birjand. The control and case groups were matched in terms of age. Demographic, base data, and clinical examination results were collected by a checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 and one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests. P-value <0.05 was considered as the significance level. ResultsPeriodontitis severity was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P-value = 0/000). Salivary urea concentration significantly increased in both case and control groups with an increase in periodontitis severity (P-value = 0/003 in the case group and P-value = 0/000 in the control group), but there was no significant relationship between the stimulated saliva flow rate and the severity of periodontitis in these two groups (P-value>0.05). ConclusionFollowing the use of opioids, the flow of saliva decreases, and with the exacerbation of the periodontal disease, the concentration of urea in saliva increases. Therefore, it seems that the analysis of saliva parameters, including urea concentration, can be useful for the diagnosis of periodontal disease, and saliva urea concentration is not directly related to opioid use.

Monitoring Salivary Concentrations of Tedizolid and Linezolid Using Rats.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is an effective tool for the management of patients who are administered linezolid. The use of saliva for TDM has potential advantages over the use of plasma; however, only a few reports have compared drug concentrations in the saliva and plasma. Moreover, there are no reports on the salivary concentration of tedizolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic similar to linezolid. In the present study, the concentrations of tedizolid and linezolid in rat submandibular saliva were compared with those measured in the plasma. Tedizolid (10 mg/kg, n=6) and linezolid (12 mg/kg, n=5) were administered via the rat tail vein. Submandibular saliva and plasma samples were collected for up to 8 h after the initiation of drug administration, and assayed for the concentrations of tedizolid and linezolid. A strong correlation was found between the saliva and plasma concentrations of tedizolid (r=0.964, p<0.001) and linezolid (r=0.936, p<0.001). The value of tedizolid maximum concentration of drug (Cmax) was 0.99 ± 0.08 µg/mL in the saliva and 14.46 ± 1.71 µg/mL in the plasma. Meanwhile, the Cmax of linezolid was 8.01 ± 1.42 µg/mL in the saliva and 13.00 ± 1.90 µg/mL in the plasma. According to these results, the saliva/plasma concentration ratios of tedizolid and linezolid in rats were 0.0513 ± 0.0080 and 0.6341 ± 0.0339, respectively. Considering the correlation between saliva and plasma concentrations of tedizolid and linezolid, as well as the characteristics of saliva, the results of this study suggest that saliva is a useful matrix for TDM.

P-616 Evaluation of salivary ELISA for Oestradiol and Progesterone monitoring in IVF patients

Abstract Study question How do salivary E2 and P correlate with serum determinations across ovarian stimulation (OS) for IVF and artificial endometrial preparation cycles for embryo transfer? Summary answer Saliva-blood correlations were higher for E2 than for P. E2 saliva-blood ratios were patient-dependent. High serum P cases on trigger day could be identified. What is known already Steroid hormone concentrations in saliva are lower than in serum, even if the hormone is predominantly free. Therefore, quantitative assays need to be as sensitive as possible. Saliva-based assessments are a reliable and proven method for quantifying female hormone levels in premenopausal women during the natural cycle while being very precise and painless for patients. However, the cumulative experience in ovarian stimulation is relatively low. A recent study including 652 pairs of saliva-serum E2 samples reported correlations between 0.68 and 0.91, while 237 pairs of samples for P showed correlations ranging from -0.02 to 0.22 (Sakkas et al, 2020). Study design, size, duration Prospective cohort study including 300 saliva-blood pair samples from 120 patients undergoing OS for IVF (n = 90) or artificial endometrial preparation for embryo transfer (n = 30) between February and October 2022. Data were collected at each of 3 points of OS: early (days 1-5), mid (days 6-9), and trigger. Patients following endometrial preparation collected just one sample on the day of embryo transfer Participants/materials, setting, methods Thirty expected poor responders, 30 normal, and 30 expected high responders according to ovarian reserve evaluation were included. Two saliva samples per blood sample were collected: immediately after waking up, and at the clinic just before or after the blood sample was taken. Saliva samples were stored at -20ºC and shipped to Mint Diagnostics (Kent, UK) for analysis of salivary E2 and P4 Main results and the role of chance Saliva-blood E2 correlations (Spearman) were 0.68 (fasting) and 0.69 (clinic). 72% of individuals showed saliva-serum correlations &amp;gt; 0.8. Correlations improved when controlling for subgroup (low, normal, high responders). P4 saliva-blood correlations (Spearman) were 0.44 (fasting) and 0.29 (clinic). 41% of individuals showed correlations &amp;gt;0.8 on fasting samples, and 33% on clinic samples. There was a high variance of individual correlations (0-1), which were dependent on ovarian response subgroups (p &amp;lt; 0.05). A multivariable approach was developed to identify patients with a serum P4&amp;gt;1.5 ng/mL the day of trigger (n = 11) with clinic samples showing 81% sensitivity and 91% specificity and fasting samples showing 83% and 91% respectively demonstrating the possibility of shifting hormone analysis to the home rather than the clinic. Eighteen of 30 (60%) saliva samples collected on the day of ET on patients under hormonal replacement therapy showed values out of the assay range (&amp;gt;5000 pg/mL). Therefore, no correlations could be estimated. Limitations, reasons for caution Detection of patients with high P4 on the day of trigger was limited due to a short number of cases. No conclusions could be drawn in HRT patients for embryo transfer due to high salivary P4 values. Wider implications of the findings The current study shows that salivary monitoring of E2 and P4 is feasible. This more friendly non-invasive method could allow frequent hormone monitoring without the need for appointments at the clinic and for phlebotomy, thus resulting in more convenience for both the clinics and the patients. Trial registration number NCT05184777

Crude saliva of Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (Acari: Ixodidae) reduces locomotor activity and increases the hemocyte number in the females of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes aegypti are vector insects of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. All available vector control methods have limited efficacy, highlighting the urgent need to find alternative ones. Evidence shows that arachnids like ticks are sources of biologically active compounds. Moreover, chemical modulation of the locomotor and immune systems of vector insects can be used to control arbovirus transmission. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of crude saliva of female Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (s.s.) ticks in reducing locomotor activity and inducing an immune response in Ae. aegypti females. Additionally, the study evaluated the protein constitution of tick saliva. For this purpose, the crude saliva obtained from several semi-engorged A. cajennense females was used. A volume of 0.2 nL of crude tick saliva was administered to mosquitoes by direct intrathoracic microinjection. The effect of the tick's saliva on the locomotor activity of the mosquito was observed using Flybox, a video-automated monitoring system, and the hemolymph hemocyte levels were quantified by reading slides under a light microscope. The protein concentration of the crude tick saliva was 1.27 μg/μL, and its electrophoretic profile indicates the presence of proteins with a molecular weight ranging between ∼17 and 95 kDa. Microplusins, ixodegrins, cystatin, actins, beta-actin, calponin, albumin, alpha-globulins, and hemoglobin were the main proteins identified by proteomics in the saliva of A. cajennense. The microinjected saliva had low toxicity for Ae. aegypti females and significantly reduced their locomotor activity, especially in the transition between the light and dark phases. The crude tick saliva did not change the period and rhythmicity of the circadian cycle. The tick saliva significantly increased the number of hemocytes two days after injection and reduced it after five days. These results suggest that further evaluation of the biological properties of tick saliva proteins against Ae. aegypti would be of interest.

An evening of alcohol consumption negatively impacts next-day immune fitness in both hangover-sensitive drinkers and hangover-resistant drinkers

BackgroundSurvey research found poorer baseline immune fitness for self-reported hangover-sensitive drinkers compared to hangover-resistant drinkers. However, up to now a limited number of clinical studies revealed mixed results regarding the relationship between the concentrations of biomarkers of systemic inflammation in blood or saliva with hangover severity, and could not differentiate between hangover-sensitive drinkers and hangover-resistant drinkers. The aim of this study was to assess immune fitness and saliva biomarkers of systemic inflammation at multiple timepoints following an alcohol day and alcohol-free control day. Methods: The study had a semi-naturalistic design. In the evening before the test days, participants were not supervised. They could drink ad libitum drinking on the alcohol test day and refrained from drinking alcohol on the control day. Activities and behaviors on the alcohol and control day were reported the follow morning. On both test days, from 09:30 to 15:30, hourly assessments of immune fitness (single-item scale) and overall hangover severity (single-item scale) were made and saliva samples were collected for biomarker assessments. Results: N = 14 hangover-resistant drinkers and n = 15 hangover-sensitive drinkers participated in the study. The amount of alcohol consumed on the alcohol day did not significantly differ between the hangover-resistant group (mean (SD) of 13.5 (7.9) alcoholic drinks) and the hangover-sensitive group (mean (SD) of 12.4 (4.4) alcoholic drinks). All hangover-sensitive drinkers reported having a hangover following the alcohol day (overall hangover severity score 6.1 (on a 0–10 scale) at 09:30, gradually decreasing to 3.3 at 15:30), whereas the hangover-resistant drinkers reported no hangover. On the control day, immune fitness of the hangover-sensitive group was significantly poorer than the hangover-resistant group. On the alcohol day, both groups showed a significant reduction in immune fitness. The effect was evident throughout the day, but significantly more pronounced in the hangover-sensitive group than the hangover-resistant group. No significant differences between the groups were found at any time point on the two test days for saliva concentrations of Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Conclusions: Whereas hangover-sensitive drinkers reported a hangover following an alcohol day and hangover-resistant drinkers did not, both groups reported significantly reduced immune fitness throughout the day. However, the reduction in immune fitness among hangover-sensitive drinkers was significantly more pronounced in comparison to the hangover-resistant group.

Development of a novel method for the simultaneous detection of trimethylamine N-oxide and creatinine in the saliva of patients with chronic kidney disease – Its utility in saliva as an alternative to blood

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased levels of creatinine and other uremic toxins (UTs), which impaired kidneys cannot filtrate. Typically, CKD is diagnosed by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate using serum creatinine or cystatin C levels. In pursuit of more sensitive and reliable biomarkers of kidney dysfunction, scientific attention has turned towards other UTs, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), successfully quantified in standard matrices, blood and urine. However, less invasive monitoring of kidney function can be performed using an alternative diagnostic biofluid, saliva, which has been shown to contain clinically relevant concentrations of renal function markers. Accurate quantitative estimation of serum biomarkers using saliva measurements can only be achieved provided that there is a tight saliva-serum correlation for the analyte of interest. Therefore, we aimed to verify the correlation between saliva and serum levels of TMAO in CKD patients using newly developed and validated quantitative liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for simultaneous detection of TMAO, and creatinine – the conventional marker of renal impairment. Secondly, we applied this method to quantify TMAO and creatinine levels in the resting saliva of CKD patients collected with a standardised method involving swab-based collectors. A good linear correlation was obtained between the concentration of creatinine in serum and resting saliva of CKD patients (r = 0.72, p = 0.029) and even better in the case of TMAO (r = 0.81, p = 0.008). The analysed validation criteria were fulfilled. No significant influence of the type of swab in the Salivette® device on creatinine and TMAO concentrations in saliva was detected. Our study indicates that saliva can be successfully used in the non-invasive monitoring of renal failure in CKD by measuring salivary TMAO concentrations.

Potential noninvasive biomarkers for the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The rising cancer incidence in patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) highlights the importance of identifying potential biomarkers for high-risk individuals and lesions because these biomarkers are useful in developing personalized management strategies for OL patients. This study systematically searched and analyzed the literature on potential saliva and serum biomarkers for OL malignant transformation. PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies published up to April 2022. The primary outcome of this study was the difference in biomarker concentrations in saliva or serum samples from healthy control (HC), OL and oral cancer (OC) populations. Cohen's d with 95% credible interval was calculated and pooled using the inverse variance heterogeneity method. A total of seven saliva biomarkers were analyzed in this paper, including interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-6-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), copper, zinc, and lactate dehydrogenase. IL-6 and TNF-α exhibited statistically significant deviations in comparisons between HC versus OL and OL versus OC. A total of 13 serum biomarkers were analyzed, including IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, albumin, protein, β2-microglobulin, fucose, lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA), and total sialic acid (TSA). LSA and TSA exhibited statistically significant deviations in comparisons between HC versus OL and OL versus OC. IL-6 and TNF-α in saliva have strong predictive values for OL deterioration, and LSA and TSA concentration levels in serum also have the potential to serve as biomarkers for OL deterioration.

Neuroendocrine response to a psychosocial stress test is not related to schizotypy but cortisol elevation predicts inflexibility of semantic memory retrieval

An altered stress response can contribute to the transition from preclinical psychotic symptoms to the clinical manifestation of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The present study was aimed at testing the hypotheses that (i) the autonomic and neuroendocrine responses under psychosocial stress are dysregulated in individuals with high psychosis proneness (schizotypy); (ii) the magnitude of post-stress autonomic activation and cortisol release predicts alterations in semantic memory retrieval. The study was performed in 73 healthy individuals of both sexes with either high or low schizotypal traits preselected out of 609 individuals using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. A psychosocial stress procedure based on public speech was used as a stress model. We found that individuals with high schizotypy engaged in less adaptive emotional stress-coping strategies than low schizotypy individuals. Yet, the neuroendocrine, immune, and sympathetic activation in response to the stress test was not different between the groups. Irrespective of the exposure to the stressor, individuals with high schizotypy were less fluent when retrieving associations from semantic memory. In addition, we demonstrated that acute psychosocial stress reduced the flexibility of semantic memory retrieval. The post-stress mental inflexibility was reliably predicted by the concomitant elevation of cortisol concentrations in saliva. The present study thus brings novel evidence indicating that the acute psychosocial challenge impairs retrieval flexibility in the semantic domain, which may be due to neuroendocrine activation.

Flexible screen-printed electrochemical platform to detect hydrogen peroxide for the indication of periodontal disease

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation that seriously affects oral health and quality of life for patients. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can reflect the degree of periodontitis. In this work, a flexible electrochemical H2O2 sensor was constructed by a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with a copper nanoparticle-anchored copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu NPs@Cu-MOF) and titanium carbide nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx NSs). Notably, such an SPE sensor has favorable flexibility, which is appropriate for attaching exactly onto the human body with a varied profile. Furthermore, the nanohybrid obtains excellent electrocatalytic activity owing to the high surface area of small Cu NPs, hierarchical structure of Cu-MOF, accelerating electron transfer rate of Ti3C2Tx NSs, and extraordinary synergistic effect of Cu NPs@Cu-MOF and Ti3C2Tx NSs. The sensor possesses prominent sensitivities of 254.9 μA mM-1cm-2 (0.2–26.1 μM) and a detection limit of 84.5 nM. Regarding feasibility, the developed sensor can trace H2O2 release at the cellular level. Moreover, it can distinguish between healthy people and patients with gingivitis and periodontitis by monitoring H2O2 in saliva and GCF samples. Hence, the as-designed sensing platform is promising to serve as an efficient tool for early periodontitis indication.

Assessing stress using repeated saliva concentration of steroid hormones in dementia care dyads: results from a controlled pilot care music intervention.

Stress-related biomarkers have the potential to provide objective measures of whether interventions directed at people with dementia (PWD) and their family caregivers (FCG) are successful. The use of such biomarkers has been limited by logistical barriers to sample collection. Explore saliva concentration of steroid hormones in dementia care dyads during a music intervention. Consecutive PWD attending a memory evaluation center and their FCG were allocated to either an intervention-with-music or a non-intervention control group. All were living at home. Stress biomarkers, salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) samples were collected by the PWD and their FCG, in the morning and evening, 5 days a week, for 8 consecutive weeks. Biomarker concentrations of the intervention and the control groups were compared at week 8, in an intention-to-treat approach with adjustment for baseline value. Twenty-four PWD in the intervention group and 10 in the control group, and their FCG were included in the analyses. The mean number of morning saliva collections was similar in the intervention and the control groups, ranging from 4.3 to 4.9 per participant weekly during the first 7 weeks, declining to 3.3 during week 8. Median log morning cortisol (pg/mL) among caregivers was lower in the intervention group than in the control group (8.09 vs. 8.57, P = 0.0133). This study demonstrates that music intervention was associated with lower morning saliva cortisol concentrations for FCGs.

Saliva pepsin measurements in the detection of gastroesophageal reflux disease in laryngopharyngeal reflux patients: a cohort study.

To study the diagnostic value of salivary pepsin measurement (Peptest) for detecting gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) patients. Patients with reflux symptoms were consecutively recruited from January 2020 to November 2022. Patients benefited from hypopharyngeal-esophageal impedance-pH monitoring (HEMII-pH), fasting and bedtime saliva collections to measure pepsin. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were evaluated for GERD and LPR patients considering the highest values of pepsin tests at ≥ 16, ≥ 75, and ≥ 216ng/mL cutoffs. The relationship between HEMII-pH, endoscopic and clinical findings, and pepsin measurements was studied. Saliva was collected in 109 LPR patients and 30 individuals with both LPR and GERD. The total number of pharyngeal reflux events was significantly higher in GERD-LPR patients compared with LPR patients (p = 0.008). The mean fasting and bedtime pepsin saliva concentrations were similar between groups. The sensitivity of Peptest in LPR patients was 30.5%, 70.2%, and 84.0% at cutoffs ≥ 16, ≥ 75 and ≥ 216ng/mL. In GERD-LPR group, Peptest was 80.0%, 70.0%, and 30.0% sensitive. At cutoff 16ng/mL, Peptest reported PPV of 20.7% and 94.8% in LPR-GERD and LPR groups, respectively. NPV were 73.9% and 8.7% in GERD-LPR and LPR groups, respectively. The consistency analysis between Peptest and HEMII-pH was not significant. Peptest was significantly associated with the number of acid pharyngeal reflux events (rs = 0.182; p = 0.032). Pepsin saliva measurements appear to be not a reliable diagnostic tool for the detection of GERD in LPR patients. Future studies are needed to determine the place of Peptest in laryngopharyngeal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux diseases.

Effects of hypertension with and without smoking on salivary electrolytes concentration

Background: Hypertension from smoking is a chronic medical condition that impacts human health. It has been proved that it could be a significant risk factor for different disorders like brain damage, the lung disease and has been related to the growth of oral diseases. However, there are few and conflicting research on its effect on salivary electrolytes concentrations. Aim of the study: To assess the effect of hypertension with and without smoking on electrolyte concentrations in saliva and to identify its effect on normal oral balance. Methods: A total number of 90 subjects included, which is comprised of (49) (54.4 %) males subjects and (41) (45.6 %) females subjects in the gender. They were divided into three groups, G1, G2 and G3 groups. Group 1 comprised 30 subjects of hypertension with smoking, Group 2 comprised 30 subjects of hypertension without smoking and Group 3 comprised 30 subjects of healthy non-smoking controls. Results: Findings displayed a highly significant difference in concentration of calcium in saliva and there was no significant difference in potassium and sodium for the three groups. There was a significant difference of calcium in saliva concentration for all study group with respect to P-Value (0.000). Conclusion: The salivary calcium concentration in the saliva can be affected by hypertension with smoking and the increase in salivary calcium levels might be a risk factor for development of periodontal diseases.

Dietary Nitrate Ingestion Does Not Improve Neuromuscular Performance in Male Sport Climbers.

Beetroot juice (BJ) is commonly used as an ergogenic aid in endurance and team sports, however, the effect of this supplement on climbing performance is barely studied. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of acute BJ ingestion on neuromuscular and biochemical variables in amateur male sport climbers. Ten physically active sport climbers (28.8 ± 3.7 years) underwent a battery of neuromuscular tests consisting of the half crimp test, the pull-up to failure test, the isometric handgrip strength test, the countermovement jump (CMJ) and the squat jump (SJ). Participants performed the neuromuscular test battery twice in a cross-over design separated by 10 days, 150 min after having consumed either 70-mL of BJ (6.4 mmol NO3-) or a 70-mL placebo (0.0034 mmol NO3-). In addition, nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) saliva concentrations were analysed, and a side effect questionnaire related to ingestion was administrated. No differences were reported in particular neuromuscular variables measured such as the CMJ (p = 0.960; ES = 0.03), the SJ (p = 0.581; ES = -0.25), isometric handgrip strength (dominant/non dominant) (p = 0.459-0.447; ES = 0.34-0.35), the pull-up failure test (p = 0.272; ES = 0.51) or the maximal isometric half crimp test (p = 0.521-0.824; ES = 0.10-0.28). Salivary NO3- and NO2- increased significantly post BJ supplementation compared to the placebo (p < 0.001), while no side effects associated to ingestion were reported (p = 0.330-1.000) between conditions (BJ/placebo ingestion). Acute dietary nitrate supplementation (70-mL) did not produce any statistically significant improvement in neuromuscular performance or side effects in amateur sport climbers.

The Analysis of Pethidine Pharmacokinetics in Newborn Saliva, Plasma, and Brain Extracellular Fluid After Prenatal Intrauterine Exposure from Pregnant Mothers Receiving Intramuscular Dose Using PBPK Modeling.

Pethidine (meperidine) can decrease labor pain-associated mother's hyperventilation and high cortisol-induced newborn complications. However, prenatal transplacentally acquired pethidine can cause side effects in newborns. High pethidine concentrations in the newborn brain extracellular fluid (bECF) can cause a serotonin crisis. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in newborns' blood distresses them and increases infection incidence, which can be overcome by using salivary TDM. Physiologicallybased pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can predict drug concentrations in newborn plasma, saliva, and bECF after intrauterine pethidine exposure. A healthy adult PBPK model was constructed, verified, and scaled to newborn and pregnant populations after intravenous and intramuscular pethidine administration. The pregnancy PBPK model was used to predict the newborn dose received transplacentally at birth, which was used as input to the newborn PBPK model to predict newborn plasma, saliva, and bECF pethidine concentrations and set correlation equations between them. Pethidine can be classified as a Salivary Excretion Classification System class II drug. The developed PBPK model predicted that, after maternal pethidine intramuscular doses of 100 mg and 150 mg, the newborn plasma and bECF concentrations were below the toxicity thresholds. Moreover, it was estimated that newborn saliva concentrations of 4.7 µM, 11.4 µM, and 57.7 µM can be used as salivary threshold concentrations for pethidine analgesic effects, side effects, and the risk for serotonin crisis, respectively, in newborns. It was shown that saliva can be used for pethidine TDM in newborns during the first few days after delivery to mothers receiving pethidine.

Relation of Tea Ingestion to Salivary Redox and Flow Rate in Healthy Subjects

The biochemistry of human saliva can be altered by food intake. The benefits of tea drinking were extensively studied but the influence of tea ingestion on human saliva has not been revealed. The work aimed to investigate the immediate and delayed effect of vine tea, oolong tea and black tea intake on certain salivary biochemistry and flow rate. The saliva samples of healthy subjects were collected before, after and 30 min after tea ingestion. The chemical compositions and antioxidant capacity of tea samples were analyzed to correlate with salivary parameters. Principal component analysis indicated that the effects of vine tea consumption were dominated by increasing salivary flow rate (SFR), production rate of total protein (TPC), thiol (SH), malondialdehyde, catalase activity and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) in saliva. The antioxidant profile of studied tea samples (FRAP, polyphenols, flavonoids) was positively correlated with salivary SFR, TPC, SH and FRAP but negatively correlated with salivary uric acid concentration in saliva.

Plasmonic optical fiber biosensor development for point-of-care detection of malondialdehyde as a biomarker of oxidative stress.

Numerous pieces of evidence demonstrate that oxidative stress impairs biological functions, speeds up aging, and has a role in a variety of human diseases, including systemic and oral inflammatory disorders, and even cancer. Therefore, technologies providing accurate measures of oxidative stress indicators or biomarkers appear essential in the identification/prevention of such diseases, and in their management. Particularly advantageous is the employement of point-of-care tests based on affordable and small biochips since they can quickly process biological samples and deliver results near the point of care for a prompt therapeutic intervention. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a key byproduct of oxidative reaction and has been identified as an effective marker of oxidative stress. Herein, we describe the detection of MDA in buffer and in a complex matrix such as saliva, using a plasmonic optical fiber device combined with a highly selective anti-MDA antibody. The experimental results highlight the excellent performance of the proposed biosensor, as well as its ability to provide a low-cost point-of-care test (PoC-T) to be used in real life situations. We demonstrated that a single saliva dilution step and a short incubation time are required for the accurate detection of low concentrations of total MDA (free and conjugated). As a proof-of-concept of future biomedical applications, the method has been tested to determine MDA concentration in saliva of a periodontitis patient compared to that of a healthy control. The obtained findings represent the basis for developing PoC-Ts to be employed in monitoring oral diseases like periodontitis, oral cancers or systemic oxidative-stress associated pathologies. Conclusively, our study puts the ground for an oxidative stress biosensor widely-applicable to different scenarios.

The Effect of Biological Treatment on Stress Parameters Determined in Saliva in Patients with Severe Psoriasis.

Background and objectives: In psoriatic patients, stress is the most common aggravating factor. Despite the use of quality-of-life assessment questionnaires, diagnosing stress in psoriatic patients is not a flawless procedure. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of potential stress biomarkers in saliva for monitoring the treatment of psoriasis. Materials and methods: A total of 104 adult patients with severe psoriasis were included and randomly treated via biological treatment or symptomatic therapy: 84 received biological treatment, with 20 formed a control group receiving symptomatic therapy. The administered biological treatment was adalimumab, whilst in controls calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate topical gel and emollients were used. Patients were monitored monthly with a dermatological examination and the dispensing of a biological drug. During each of the four visits, the severity of the disease was assessed (PASI, BSA, and DLQI), and a sample of the patient's saliva was taken. In all the participants, the saliva concentrations of immunoglobulin A (sIgA), α-amylase (sAA), and chromogranin A (CgA) were measured. Results: The majority of patients in both the study and control groups achieved clinical improvement, though favoring the group receiving biological treatment. The concentration of sIgA in the saliva was constantly increasing in the study group during subsequent visits (Fr = 27.26; p < 0.001). Meanwhile, there were no statistically significant changes in the control group during the same follow-up period (Fr = 6.66; p = 0.084). Levels of sAA underwent statistically significant changes in both groups (Fr = 58.02; p < 0.001-study group and Fr = 13.74; p = 0.003-control group). In the study group, a steady, statistically significant increase in sAA was observed from the first to the third visit. In the study group, a downward trend in CgA concentration was observed. In the control group, no significant differences in the level of CgA were obtained. Conclusions: sIgA, sAA, and CgA are potential markers of the severity of psoriasis and the associated stress reaction. Based on the presented observations, only sIgA and CgA seem to be valuable biomarkers for monitoring the effectiveness of the systemic treatment of psoriasis.

Evaluating the Sapindusrarak DC Chemical compounds for their ability to inhibit the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum In vitro

The development of natural resources in the root canal irrigant in endodontic treatment has increased to answer biocompatibility issues. The Lerak (Sapindusrarak DC) fruit, known in Indonesia as a traditional soap seed, can be used as an alternative irrigant for root canal irrigation. It almost qualifies as an irritant. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial compound of Sapindusrarak DC (S. rarak DC). That Predicts as the alternative to root canal irrigation. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CG - MS) was used to identify the compounds of Sapindusrarak DC. The results of GC/MS analysis show that the Sapindusrarak DC has bioactive components such as benzyl chloride, 1-Dodecanamine, N, N-Dimethyl-, 1-Tetradecanamine,N,N- Dimethyl, 4- (3-Dimethylaminopropoxy) benzaldehyde, 1- (Dimethylamino) –2- Butanol, Acetamide, 2-(Diethylamino)-N- (2,6-Dimethylphenyl, 9-Octadecenoic Acid, Hexadecanoic Acid, Cis- 13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, Tetrahydroquinoline-4,4,-, 6-Octadecenoic acid, 2- (BenzylmethylamiNomethyl) -2-Norbornone, Cis-13-Eicosenoic acid. At the 24-hour incubation period in a 12.5 percent Sapindusrarak DC, only 0.4% of F. nucleatum survived ina 100 percent salivary growth response. While a saliva concentration of 25% resulted in a growth response of 82 percent, F. nucleatum growth was only 18%. The concentration of 6.25% was then added, followed by CHX. At 48 hours, the S.rarak DC of 12.5% and 6.25% had a better growth response to F. nucleatum than other concentrations. However, CHX was still higher, giving a growth response to F. nucleatum (98.42%). This finding indicates that Sapindusrarak DC has the compound antibacterial to prevent F. nucleatumgrowth, of could be a recommendation as an alternative to natural root canal irrigation in the field of endodontic treatment.