Uranium Concentrations In Groundwater Research Articles

Dose assessment from exposure to uranium and radon in groundwater in Safi province, Morocco

ABSTRACT In this study we evaluate the uranium and radon concentrations in groundwater from the Province of Safi. The samples were collected from 58 wells across five communes and analyzed using the LR-115 type II detector. Results indicate that uranium concentrations ranged from the Limit of Detection (LLD) to 3.73 µg/l, with a mean of 0.72 µg/l, well below the World Health Organization’s safe limit of 30 µg/l. Radon levels varied from LLD to 2.39 Bq/l, with an average of 0.60 Bq/l, also below the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s limit of 11 Bq/l. The estimated total annual effective dose due to uranium and radon ranged from 3.47 to 18.84 µSv/y, with an average of 7.54 µSv/y, which is significantly lower than the European Commission’s recommended limit of 100 µSv/y. This investigation represents the first study of uranium and radon levels in groundwater in the Province of Safi, providing valuable data for future research and public health.

Mapping of uranium concentrations in groundwater samples of Davanagere district, Karnataka, India, and assessment of effective dose to the population.

The geomorphology, geohydrology, lithology and ecological features of the area influence the uranium content in groundwater. The groundwater samples were collected from 75 locations of Davanagere district, Karnataka, India. Uranium analysis in the water samples was done using LED fluorimeter, based on fluorescence of dissolved uranyl salts. The uranium concentration in water samples varied from 18.41 to 173.21μgL-1 with a geometric mean of 39.69μgL-1. Higher uranium concentration in groundwater was observed in Harapanahalli and Jagalur taluk of Davanagere district, which falls in the Eastern Dharwar Craton, which is generally known to contain more radioactive minerals than the Western Dharwar Craton. The effective ingestion dose and lifetime cancer risk to the population were calculated using the obtained uranium concentration in drinking water.

Radiation dose due to uranium in groundwater to the population of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, India.

This paper presents the concentration of uranium in 67 groundwater samples of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, India, estimated using an LED fluorimeter. The age-dependent ingestion dose to the population of the district is also studied. The concentration of uranium in groundwater varied from 0.20 to 57.50μgL-1 with an average of 4.40μgL-1. The annual ingestion dose due to uranium varies from 0.18 to 142.68μSvy-1, with an average of 7.11μSvy-1. The ingestion dose received by the population in the study area is less than the recommended level of 100μSvy-1 by the World Health Organization (2011).

Health risk assessment due to uranium contamination in groundwater: MATLAB based Monte-Carlo simulations

ABSTRACT Uranium contamination is a growing concern due to its inherent toxicity, which poses a significant threat to human health. The health risk assessment due to uranium contamination in groundwater of Mansa district, Punjab (India) is investigated. The LED LF-2a Fluorimeter model by Quantalase (Indore) was used for measurement of uranium concentration in groundwater collected in October 2021 from twenty-six locations. A comparison is conducted between the deterministic and probabilistic approaches since the deterministic approach might either underestimate or exaggerate the risk estimation. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to curtail the associated uncertainties in the data. The simulations are carried out in MATLAB for risk assessment and sensitivity analysis. The deterministic and probabilistic approaches are used to calculate hazard quotient, excess cancer risk and annual effective dose. Using probabilistic approach, the hazard quotient for male and female at 5th percentile is 4.36 and 3.81, respectively. Similarly, the hazard quotient for male and female at 95th percentile is 38.95 and 34.26, respectively. The mean hazard quotient is 18.45 and 15.68 for male and female, respectively, using deterministic approach. The hazard quotient is greater than 1 for both genders (male and female) and excess cancer risk is also higher than 10−4 using both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The annual effective dose using deterministic approach is 0.23 mSv year−1 whereas using probabilistic approach, the 5th and 95th percentile is 0.56 mSv year−1 and 4.33 mSv year−1, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the overall risk is more sensitive to concentration of uranium in groundwater and the exposure frequency. This study emphasises on the hazards posed to humans by the ingestion of uranium contaminated groundwater, hence stressing the urgency for taking actions to protect the population of the study area.

Uranium concentration in groundwater of Charkhi Dadri district of Haryana, India by using LED fluorimeter

Uranium concentration in groundwater of Charkhi Dadri district of Haryana, India by using LED fluorimeter

Geo-spatial epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in Bihar, India

Recently, a substantial increase in gallbladder cancer (GBC) cases has been reported in Bihar, India. The region's groundwater can naturally contain harmful concentrations of arsenic, which appears to be epidemiologically linked to the unusually high incidence. However, the root causes remain largely unexplored. Recent findings of uranium in the state's groundwater may also have associations. This study investigates the geo-spatial epidemiology of GBC in Bihar, India—with a focus on the correlation between environmental carcinogens, particularly arsenic and uranium in groundwater, and the incidence of GBC. Utilizing data from 8460 GBC patients' registration records over an 11-year period at a single health center, the research employs Semi-parametric Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression (S-GWPR) to account for non-stationarity associations and explores significant factors contributing to GBC prevalence at a subdistrict level. The S-GWPR model outperformed the standard Poisson regression model. The estimates suggest that arsenic and uranium concentrations in groundwater did not present significant associations; however, this could be due to the lower resolution of this data at the district level, necessitating higher resolution data for accurate estimates. Other socio-environmental factors included demonstrated significant regional heterogeneity in their association with GBC prevalence. Notably, each 1 % increase in the coverage of well- and canal-irrigated areas is associated with a maximum of 3.0 % and 5.2 % rise in the GBC incidence rate, respectively, likely attributable to carcinogen exposure from irrigation water. Moreover, distance to the health center and domestic electricity connections appear to influence the number of reported GBC cases. The latter suggests that access to electricity might have facilitated the use of groundwater pumps—increasing exposure to carcinogens. The results underscore the necessity for targeted health policies and interventions based on fine-resolution spatial analysis, as well as ongoing environmental monitoring and research to better understand the multifaceted risk factors contributing to GBC.

Water-rock interactions of uranium deposits: A field investigation and laboratory batch experiment

Interactions between bedrock and groundwater in the far-field of a deep geological repository (DGR) for high-level radioactive waste significantly affect the transport of uranium, which is the major radionuclide in a DGR. Therefore, the present study evaluated the geochemical behavior of uranium by assessing the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater, surface water, mine water, and quarry runoff water in the Okcheon metamorphic belt, which represents a natural analogue study site in Korea. A batch experiment was also conducted to further elucidate the interactions between the uranium-containing rock and groundwater in the study area. The results of the field investigation indicated that uranium in groundwater formed aqueous complexes in the form of calcium uranyl tricarbonate. The concentrations of uranium in groundwater were low, at less than 1 μg L−1, which seems to be attributable to the dissolutions of uraninite, coffinite, UO2(am), and U4O9(c) under the moderately reduced condition and subsequent control by co-precipitation with iron (hydr)oxides. The results of the batch experiment showed that uranium concentrations may be controlled by adsorption or surface complexation with iron oxides. The field study demonstrates the equilibrium state maintained in the current geochemical conditions at the study site, while the batch experiment provides implications regarding the reaction processes over time. Overall, this study showed that uranium forms complexes with carbonate and sulfate under the geochemical conditions of the study site, and that its mobility could be restricted through co-precipitation or adsorption/surface complexation. This study is expected to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of how the behavior of uranium is affected by the evolution of geochemical conditions around the DGR.

Estimation of radiation dose due to U and 222Rn in groundwater to the population of Kodagu district, Karnataka, India

Abstract Systematic studies on natural radioactivity in the groundwater of Kodagu district, India were carried out. LED fluorimetric technique to measure uranium activity and emanometric technique to measure 222Rn activity in groundwater samples were used. The concentration of U and 222Rn in the water samples was observed to vary from 0.44 to 8.81 μg L−l with a geometric mean of 2.04 μg L−l and 1.54 to 9.61 Bq L−1 with a geometric mean of 3.59 Bq L−1, respectively. The estimated concentrations of uranium and radon in groundwater were within the recommended standard limits. The radiation dose due to U and 222Rn in groundwater was estimated and the total dose due to these radionuclides was found to vary from 4.51 to 30.28 μSv y−1 which was below the prescribed safe limit of 0.1 mSv y−1 by the WHO.

Uranium and lanthanum in Norwegian drinking water – Is there cause for concern?

Due to natural conditions such as geology, topography, and climate, and historical features such as resource utilization, land use, and settlement patterns, the drinking water supply in Norway is separated into many public and private water supply systems. This survey sheds light on whether the Drinking Water Regulation's limit values provide a sufficient basis for ensuring safe drinking water for the Norwegian population. Participating waterworks, both private and public, were spread throughout the country, in 21 municipalities with different geological conditions. The median value for the number of persons supplied by the participating waterworks was 155. The two largest waterworks, both of which supply >10,000 people, have water sources from unconsolidated surficial sediments of latest Quaternary age. Fourteen waterworks have water sources from bedrock aquifers. Raw and treated water were analysed for 64 elements and selected anions. The concentration of manganese, iron, arsenic, aluminium, uranium, and fluoride exceeded the respective drinking water regulations' parametric value given in Directive (EU) 2020/2184. Regarding the rare earth elements, neither WHO, EU, USA nor Canada have established any limit values. However, concentration of lanthanum in groundwater from a sedimentary well exceeded the health-based guideline value that applies in Australia. Results from this study raise the question of whether increased precipitation can have an impact on the mobility and concentration of uranium in groundwater from bedrock aquifers. Furthermore, findings of high levels of lanthanum in groundwater create uncertainty as to whether the current quality control of Norwegian drinking water is sufficient.

Desorption and Co‐Dissolution of Uranium‐Bearing Solids During Alkalinity‐Enhanced Flushing of Contaminated Sediments

AbstractElevated uranium concentrations in groundwater remain a persistent challenge at contaminated sites. Several sites rely on natural flushing of uranium as a remediation strategy. Uncertainties in conceptual models can cause remediation strategies to underestimate timeframes required to reach remediation goals. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate uranium flushing of sediments from a site with persistent groundwater contamination. Six columns were used to simulate alkalinity‐enhanced flushing of uranium from sediments, by switching influent alkalinity after ~12 pore volumes. About 20% to 31% of sediment uranium was consistently flushed from the sediments. Kd values varied greatly (5.3 to 117 L/kg) but were consistently lower (20% to 50%) during influents with elevated alkalinity. The mass of uranium recovered from the columns also was consistently higher (5% to 80%) during alkalinity‐enhanced flushing periods. However, column experiments with sequentially increasing alkalinity showed diminishing returns in uranium elution at higher carbonate concentrations. The loss of flushing efficiency is attributed to significant calcite precipitation at higher alkalinities. The results show that alkalinity‐enhanced flushing of uranium could be employed as a viable remediation scheme if calcite precipitation could be minimized in a field application.

Nitrate-Stimulated Release of Naturally Occurring Sedimentary Uranium.

Groundwater uranium (U) concentrations have been measured above the U.S. EPA maximum contaminant level (30 μg/L) in many U.S. aquifers, including in areas not associated with anthropogenic contamination by milling or mining. In addition to carbonate, nitrate has been correlated to uranium groundwater concentrations in two major U.S. aquifers. However, to date, direct evidence that nitrate mobilizes naturally occurring U from aquifer sediments has not been presented. Here, we demonstrate that the influx of high-nitrate porewater through High Plains alluvial aquifer silt sediments bearing naturally occurring U(IV) can stimulate a nitrate-reducing microbial community capable of catalyzing the oxidation and mobilization of U into the porewater. Microbial reduction of nitrate yielded nitrite, a reactive intermediate, which was further demonstrated to abiotically mobilize U from the reduced alluvial aquifer sediments. These results indicate that microbial activity, specifically nitrate reduction to nitrite, is one mechanism driving U mobilization from aquifer sediments in addition to previously described bicarbonate-driven desorption from mineral surfaces, such as Fe(III) oxides.

234U/238U disequilibrium and 235U/238U ratios measured using MC-ICP-MS in natural high background radiation area soils to understand the fate of uranium

The Chhatrapur-Gopalpur coastal area in Odisha, India is a well-known natural high background radiation (HBRA) area due to the abundance of monazite (a thorium bearing radioactive mineral) in beach sands and soils. Recent studies on Chhatrapur-Gopalpur HBRA groundwater have reported high concentrations of uranium and its decay products. Therefore, the soils of the Chhatrapur-Gopalpur HBRA are reasonably suspected as the sources of these high uranium concentrations in groundwater. In this report, first the uranium concentrations in soil samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and they were found to range from 0.61 ± 0.01 to 38.59 ± 0.16 mg kg−１. Next, the 234U/238U and 235U/238U isotope ratios were measured to establish a baseline for the first time in Chhatrapur-Gopalpur HBRA soil. Multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) was used for measurement of these isotope ratios. The 235U/238U ratio was observed to be the normal terrestrial value. The 234U/238U activity ratio, was calculated to understand the secular equilibrium between 234U and 238U in soil and it varied from 0.959 to 1.070. To understand the dynamics of uranium in HBRA soil, physico-chemical characteristics of soil were correlated with uranium isotope ratios and this correlation of 234U/238U activity ratio indicated the leaching of 234U from Odisha HBRA soil.

Assessing the Baseline Uranium in Groundwater around a Proposed Uraninite Mine and Identification of a Nearby New Reserve

The presence of uranium in groundwater is a cause of concern all over the world. In mineralized regions where elevated concentrations of uranium are possible in groundwater, mining activities can further degrade the water quality. Hence, it is essential to document the baseline uranium concentration in groundwater before the commencement of mining. This study was carried out with the objective of assessing the concentration of uranium in groundwater around a proposed uraninite mining site in the Gogi region, Karnataka, India. Gogi is a village in the Yadgir district of Karnataka where groundwater is the main source of water for domestic needs. The uranium mineralized zone in this region occurs along the major E-W trending Gogi-Kurlagere fault at a depth of about 150 m. Groundwater samples were collected every three months from January 2020 to October 2020 from 52 wells located in this area. The concentration of uranium in groundwater ranged from 1.5 ppb to 267 ppb. The USEPA and WHO have recommended a permissible limit of 30 ppb, while the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India has a limit of 60 ppb for the purpose of drinking water. Based on these permissible limits for uranium in drinking water, concentrations exceeded the limit in about 25% of wells within 20 km from the mineralized region. Wells present in the granitic and limestone terrain exhibited higher concentrations of uranium in this area. Uranium concentration in groundwater changes depending on the degree of weathering, lithology, and rainfall recharge. This study will serve as a baseline and will help to assess the impact of mining activities in this region in the future. In wells where the uranium concentration exceeds permissible limits, it is suggested not to use groundwater directly for drinking purposes. These sites need to be explored further for the possible presence of uranium-bearing minerals.

Geogenic controls on the high levels of uranium in alluvial aquifers of the Ganga Basin

The Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system provides a reliable drinking water supply to over half a billion people. Understanding the groundwater quality, aquifer processes, groundwater storage, and depletion trends in the IGB alluvial aquifer system— one of the world's most important freshwater resources has been the focus of many previous studies. However, understanding what governs uranium variability in the IGB alluvial aquifer system— for example, whether uranium is released from natural deposits or anthropogenic sources such as mill tailing, emissions from the nuclear industry, combustion of fossil fuels, and phosphate fertilizers— are under-explored but critically important for constraining the environmental fate of uranium. Here, we present surface and groundwater uranium concentration data in the central parts of the IGB alluvial aquifer system. We find a high concentration of groundwater uranium above the World Health Organization provisional guideline value of 30 μg/L in 17% (n = 29) of collected groundwater samples, whereas other heavy metals, namely Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd were within the recommended range. Trace element systematic demonstrates that anomalous uranium enrichment is primarily derived from geogenic sources, while uranium mobility is predominantly controlled by the alkalinity (a proxy for bicarbonate), hence by soluble uranyl carbonate complexes. As in the year 2020, the Bureau of Indian Standard incorporated uranium as a possible drinking water contaminant, our dataset calls for additional assessments of groundwater uranium concentrations in Indian groundwater resources because uranium concentration data are scarce compared to other geogenic contaminants such as arsenic and fluoride. We conclude that uranium, like arsenic and fluoride, is also critical geogenic contaminant in the alluvial aquifers that needs to be better monitored as higher levels of uranium in drinking water have adverse health effects.

Uranium in groundwater in parts of India and world: A comprehensive review of sources, impact to the environment and human health, analytical techniques, and mitigation technologies

Uranium concentration/contamination in groundwater is currently a subject of concern all over the world due to related severe health problems to humans, as groundwater is the main drinking water source in rural and urban India and also in several parts of the world. Uranium concentration in groundwater in shallow aquifers in various states such as Punjab, Rajasthan, Karnataka Telangana, and Madhya Pradesh of India varies from 0 to 1443 ng/ml exceeding the permissible levels by WHO for drinking water (30 ng/ml), at several places. Very high concentrations ranging up to 1400 ng/ml were reported in some areas in other countries such as Canada, the USA, Mongolia, Burundi, Zambia, Nigeria, South Korea, Pakistan, Jordon, Afghanistan, China, and Myanmar. Various natural aspects which influence the uranium concentration in groundwater such as bedrock geology, water chemistry, and redox conditions, and anthropogenic sources such as mining activities (uranium, coal, and phosphate rock), nuclear activities, agricultural practices of using phosphate fertilizers, and prevalence of excessive nitrate in some areas, are described with examples. Some of the important analytical techniques for the precise and accurate determination of elemental and isotopic concentrations of uranium in water samples, such as LED fluorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), high-resolution ICP-MS (HR-ICP-MS), and multi-collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS), are described. A number of advancements have taken place in remediation technologies for the removal of uranium in drinking water using different physical, chemical, and biological methods including rainwater harvesting. Various mitigation strategies for the effective removal of uranium from water during treatment, such as bioremediation using biochars from different sources, nanoparticle technology, and adsorption by magnesium (Mg)-iron (Fe)-based hydrotalcite-like compounds (MF-HT), are described in detail.

Uranium in groundwaters: Insights from the Leinster granite, SE Ireland

Uranium concentrations in groundwaters from >100 private wells in the Caledonian Leinster Granite Batholith of SE Ireland range from a few μg/l to >300 μg/l. Approximately 10% of the wells exhibit uranium concentrations that exceed the current WHO provisional guideline of 30 μg/l and a further 10% exceed the original WHO guideline value of 15 μg/l. New whole-rock geochemical analyses and laboratory batch leaching experiments confirm the granite as the ultimate source of the groundwater uranium, but carbonate-bearing glacial deposits that overlie the granite play an important role in facilitating the generation of soluble and mobile anionic uranyl carbonate complexes. Whilst the granite has average uranium concentrations broadly similar to other Irish and British Caledonian granites, it is enriched locally in uranium, with whole-rock values up to c. 30 mg/kg. Uraniferous zircon, apatite, monazite and associations with secondary Fe-bearing oxide minerals were detected in drillcore whole-rock samples that had the highest uranium concentrations, but uraninite was not detected. Broad positive correlations between groundwater uranium concentrations and bicarbonate alkalinity and electrical conductivity are found in both the sampled groundwaters and in laboratory leachates of the granite and surficial glacial deposits. Leachates from the granite had approximately an order of magnitude higher uranium concentrations compared with those from the overlying limestone-bearing glacial tills. (234U/238U) ratios for the groundwaters and the leachates always exceed unity, indicating preferential leaching of loosely bound radiogenic 234U from mineral surfaces or grain boundaries into the groundwaters, rather than wholescale dissolution of the primary uraniferous minerals in the granite. Strontium isotopes ratios in the groundwaters constrain the balance between limestone and granite-derived Sr, and by extension the sources of dissolved Ca. These data indicate that calcite dissolution is the main source of dissolved calcium, highlighting the role of weathering of overlying limestone-bearing glacial tills during recharge in determining the geochemistry of the groundwaters. Geochemical modelling indicates that in the oxidising groundwaters of the study area U6+ is dominant, in the form of UO2(CO3)3−4 at the high pH values (7.49–7.69) of waters from wells overlain by limestone-bearing till. By contrast, in a small number of wells overlain by granite-bearing till, modelling indicates that the dominant species is UO2(CO3)2−2 reflecting their lower pH (6.22–6.30). Overall, carbonate species play a major role in uranium solubility and mobility in these granite-hosted groundwaters.

Pattern recognition method from hydrochemical parameters to predict uranium concentrations in groundwater

Traditional methods for determining uranium in groundwater are spectroscopic methods that require time, money, and experienced chemists. A prediction method for predicting uranium concentration using a few hydrochemical parameters that are related to uranium was developed within this study. In this study, uranium, hydrochemical parameters, and trace elements of groundwater around Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia were measured. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the uranium concentration in 135 samples. The relationship between uranium concentration and hydrochemical parameters was studied to determine whether the concentration in groundwater could be predicted using chemometric methods based on some hydrochemical parameters. Chemometric methods were performed using a Python programming language. A pattern recognition method for classifying groundwater samples by specific threshold uranium concentration uses a principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM). The average accuracy of the classification models was 88.21%. PCA is used to visualize the classification by uranium concentration and show which hydrochemical parameters are crucial to predicting uranium concentration. In this study, a regression model was developed to predict uranium concentration in groundwater using hydrochemical parameters selected by the PCA-SVM combination method. The regression method uses a combination of polynomial regression and multiple linear regression. This combined regression method has shown good results for predicting uranium concentrations based on selected hydrochemical parameters.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM IN GROUNDWATER AND ITS HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN HARYANA, INDIA

Uranium contamination is reported in the groundwater of Haryana but the data of its occurrence is utterly scattered. In the present study, the data related to the distribution of uranium in Haryana was compiled and a contour map was generated. The map showed average uranium concentration in groundwater of Fatehabad (22.3 ppb), Jind (16.76 ppb), Rohtak (15.49 ppb), Mahendargarh (18.87 ppb), Gurgaon & Sohna (22.09 ppb), Rewari (14.4 ppb) below the prescribed limit of WHO while in Hisar (33.9 ppb), Sonipat (57.43 ppb), Panipat (49.42 ppb), Sirsa (49 ppb), Jhajjar (53.01 ppb) and Bhiwani (30.15 ppb) districts higher than the standard limit of 30 ppb of WHO, but below the standard limit of 60 ppb issued by AERB. The AED (Annual Effective Dose) in all districts was found to be less than 100 µSv/y; ECR (Excess Cancer Risk) was found to be less in all districts except Hisar, Panipat, Sonipat, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sohna, Gurugram, Rewari, Jhajjar and Bhiwani districts, where ECR was higher than the prescribed limit of 1.67 × 10-4 as per AERB.

A systematic study of uranium in groundwater and its correlation with other water quality parameters

Abstract A parametric investigation was carried out to estimate the Uranium concentration and other associated water quality parameters for the groundwater in Deoghar district, Jharkhand. A total of 150 groundwater samples have been collected from dig wells, hand pumps, tube wells, etc. for the pre and post-monsoon seasons. A Quantalase Uranium analyzer was used to measure the uranium concentration. The distribution of pH, TDS, DO, nitrate, sulfate, uranium, along with the radiation, has been determined. It was found that the uranium concentration in groundwater varies from 0.10 to 11.30ppb in pre-monsoon and 0.15–6.50ppb in the post-monsoon, which is well below the normal tolerance limit (i.e.30 μg/l WHO). This low availability of Uranium has been attributed to the existence of a lesser number of rocks containing uranium as a source in that area. An attempt has been made to correlate the uranium concentration with the water quality parameters for both seasons. The correlation data reveals that ORP, nitrate, phosphate, calcium, and magnesium show a positive correlation with uranium concentration for both seasons; on the other hand TDS, EC, temperature, DO, fluoride, and chloride show negative correlation. The positive correlation implies that uranium may be present in groundwater as a dissolved salt of these parameters. Comparative studies for the parameters have been done for both the seasons and various factors have been discussed for the occurrence of the same. The annual effective dose associated with the ingestion of uranium by the population of the region has been estimated using USEPA equations.

High Uranium Concentration in Groundwater Used for Drinking in Parts of Eastern Karnataka, India

High Uranium Concentration in Groundwater Used for Drinking in Parts of Eastern Karnataka, India