Concentrations Of Triton X-100 Research Articles

From Antagonism to Enhancement: Triton X-100 Surfactant Affects Phenanthrene Interfacial Biodegradation by Mycobacteria through a Shift in Uptake Mechanisms.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as persistent environmental pollutants, often reside in nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). Mycobacterium sp. WY10, boasting highly hydrophobic surfaces, can adsorb to the oil-water interface, stabilizing the Pickering emulsion and directly accessing PAHs for biodegradation. We investigated the impact of Triton X-100 (TX100) on this interfacial uptake of phenanthrene (PHE) by Mycobacteria, using n-tetradecane (TET) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as NAPLs. Interfacial tension, phase behavior, and emulsion stability studies, alongside confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscope observations, unveiled the intricate interplay. In surfactant-free systems, Mycobacteria formed stable W/O Pickering emulsions, directly degrading PHE within the NAPLs because of their intimate contact. Introducing low-dose TX100 disrupted this relationship. Preferentially binding to the cells, the surfactant drastically increased the cell hydrophobicity, triggering desorption from the interface and phase separation. Consequently, PAH degradation plummeted due to hindered NAPL access. Higher TX100 concentrations flipped the script, creating surfactant-stabilized O/W emulsions devoid of interfacial cells. Surprisingly, PAH degradation remained efficient. This paradox can be attributed to NAPL emulsification, driven by the surfactant, which enhanced mass transfer and brought the substrate closer to the cells, despite their absence at the interface. This study sheds light on the complex effect of surfactants on Mycobacteria and PAH uptake, revealing an antagonistic effect at low concentrations that ultimately leads to enhanced degradation through emulsification at higher doses. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing bioremediation strategies in PAH-contaminated environments.

Understanding the Effect of Dispersant Rheology and Binder Decomposition on 3D Printing of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a green energy technology that offers a cleaner and more efficient alternative to fossil fuels. The efficiency and utility of SOFCs can be enhanced by fabricating miniaturized component structures within the fuel cell footprint. In this research work, the parallel-connected inter-digitized design of micro-single-chamber SOFCs (µ-SC-SOFCs) was fabricated by a direct-write microfabrication technique. To understand and optimize the direct-write process, the cathode electrode slurry was investigated. Initially, the effects of dispersant Triton X-100 on LSCF (La0.6Sr0.2Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ) slurry rheology was investigated. The effect of binder decomposition on the cathode electrode lines was evaluated, and further, the optimum sintering profile was determined. Results illustrate that the optimum concentration of Triton X-100 for different slurries was around 0.2-0.4% of the LSCF solid loading. A total of 60% of solid loading slurries had high viscosities and attained stability after 300 s. In addition, 40-50% solid loading slurries had relatively lower viscosity and attainted stability after 200 s. Solid loading and binder affected not only the slurry's viscosity but also its rheology behavior. Based on the findings of this research, a slurry with 50% solid loading, 12% binder, and 0.2% dispersant was determined to be the optimal value for the fabricating of SOFCs using the direct-write method. This research work establishes guidelines for fabricating the micro-single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells by optimizing the direct-write slurry deposition process with high accuracy.

Triton X-100 counteracts antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study

ObjectivesThe high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a threat to the global public health. The appropriate use of adjuvants to restore the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics against resistant bacteria could be an effective strategy for combating antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated the counteraction of Triton X-100 (TX-100) and the mechanisms underlying the antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). MethodsStandard, wild-type (WT), and induced antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis strains were used in this study. In vitro antibacterial experiments were conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of gentamicin sulfate and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in the presence and absence of 0.02 % TX-100 against both planktonic and biofilm bacteria. Transcriptomic and untargeted metabolomic analyses were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms of TX-100 as an antibiotic adjuvant. Additionally, membrane permeability, membrane potential, glycolysis-related enzyme activity, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and expression levels of virulence genes were assessed. The biocompatibility of different drug combinations was also evaluated. ResultsA substantially low TX-100 concentration improved the antimicrobial effects of gentamicin sulfate or ciprofloxacin hydrochloride against antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that TX-100 increased cell membrane permeability and dissipated membrane potential. Moreover, antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity of E. faecalis were attenuated by TX-100 via downregulation of the ABC transporter, phosphotransferase system (PTS), and ATP supply. ConclusionsTX-100 enhanced the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin sulfate and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride at a low concentration by improving antibiotic susceptibility and attenuating antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity of E. faecalis. Clinical significanceThese findings provide a theoretical basis for developing new root canal disinfectants that can reduce antibiotic resistance.

The influence of culture medium and protein supplementation on the sensitivity of the Mouse Embryo Assay to detect Triton X-100

Research question: To what extent does the type and concentration of protein and the type of culture medium affect the sensitivity of Mouse Embryo Assays (MEAs) to detect Triton X-100 (TX-100) in culture media?Design: The effect of bovine (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) concentration was assessed by supplementing media with 0.5 or 5mg/ml. KSOM and HTF were used as complex and simple-formulation media, respectively. Variables were combined forming study groups where embryos were cultured in tested media spiked with a sublethal TX-100 concentration. The conditions of greatest sensitivity were determined by statistically comparing blastocyst formation rates and total cell counts between groups.Results: Although all the study groups showed an equal capacity of sustaining a proper embryo development, the reported sensitivity of the MEA differed between groups when subjected to TX-100. HTF significantly conferred greater sensitivity than KSOM regardless of the amount/type of protein used, whereas medium supplementation with 5mg/ml BSA rather than 0.5mg/ml also resulted in significantly higher sensitivity regardless of the type of medium used. This increase in concentration also resulted in a higher sensitivity when supplementing HTF with HSA. BSA groups provided more sensitivity than its HSA-counterparts except for the group 0.5mg/ml-KSOM. Cell counting analysis did not provide further significant conclusions.Conclusions: For TX-100 detection within culture medium, the concentration and type of protein supplementation and the culture medium type impact directly on MEA sensitivity. These results could help to standardize MEA protocols and increase their ability to detect sublethal amounts of embryotoxic substances, especially TX-100, avoiding possible clinical harmful effects.

Theoretical study on the influence of three different surfactants on the binding of laccase with bisphenol A

Laccase catalyzes the formation of phenoxyl radicals as an intermediate in Bisphenol A (BPA) degradation, and certain surfactants can affect the effectiveness of laccase in removing BPA from various effluents, yet the specific molecular details remain unclear. In this study, based on laccase and BPA complex, three surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and TritonX-100 (TX-100), were introduced to construct four systems. We applied MD simulation along with MM-PBSA method to investigate the effects of different surfactants on the binding of laccase with BPA. During the MD simulations, these three surfactants enveloped the enzyme surface to varying degrees, causing the solvent to separate from parts of the laccase surface. The addition of CTAB and SDBS suppressed BPA degradation mainly by influencing the polar solvation free energy and van der Waals (vdW) interactions between laccase and BPA. In contrast, TX-100 promoted the degradation of BPA by reducing polar solvation free energy. This explains why in the laccase-BPA complex system the addition of a certain concentration of TX-100 resulted in a higher degradation rate compared to CTAB or SDBS. Our work clarifies the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between laccase and BPA under the influence of CTAB, SDBS, and TX-100 surfactants, and provides some guidance for laccase degradation of BPA.

Solubility of carbon dioxide in Triton X-100 – Water – ethaline solvent mixtures at 298.15 K

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and liquid surfactants have been known as safe and low risk materials to prepare appropriate media for various physical and chemical processes. These compounds have demonstrated manifest properties while playing the solvent role. The solubility of carbon dioxide (CO2) were determined in aqueous solutions Triton X-100 at 298.15 K as a function of CO2 pressure. Also, ternary solvent mixtures including Triton X-100 as an additive in aqueous solutions of ethaline were evaluated for the capacity of CO2 capture. Triton X-100, DES, and water showed a three-component liquid–liquid equilibrium with a limited single-phase region. The determination of CO2 solubility in the single-phase region of ternary mixtures revealed that the Triton X-100 as an additive increases the solubility of CO2 in the aqueous solutions of ethaline. The effect of Triton X-100 on CO2 solubility in binary mixtures of ethaline and water appeared differently based on the concentration of Triton X-100.

A polylactic acid degrading lipase from Bacillus safensis: Characterization and structural analysis

A polylactic acid degrading triacylglycerol lipase (TGL) was identified from Bacillus safensis based on genome annotation and validated by real-time quantitative PCR. TGL displayed optimal activity at pH 9.0 and 55 °C. It maintained stability at pH 9.0 and temperatures 45 °C. The activity of TGL was found to benefit from the presence of potassium sodium ions, and low concentrations of Triton X-100. The TGL could erode the surface of polylactic acid films and increase its hydrophilicity. The hydrolysis products of polylactic acid by TGL were lactate monomer and dimer. TGL contains a classical catalytic triad structure of lipase (Ser77, Asp133, and His156) and an Ala-X-Ser-X-Gly sequence. Compared with some lipases produced by the same genus Bacillus, TGL is highly conserved in its amino acid sequence, mainly reflected in the amino acid residues that exercise the enzyme activity, including the catalytic activity center and the substrate binding sites.

Colorimetric sensor based on release control from liposomes by the formation of 2,2-bipyridine-Fe2+ complex

In colorimetric detection, an analyte may be determined both qualitatively and quantitatively by keeping track of color changes that seem to be perceptible to the unaided eye. The uniform liposomes with diameters of 100 nm were synthesized from sphingomyelin and cholesterol. We comprehensively assessed 2,2-bipyridine's capacity to release from liposomes as well as the color shift to dark red caused by the formation of complexes between Fe2+ and 2,2-bipyridine for colorimetric detection. In addition, we extensively evaluated and examined factors influencing liposomal membrane leakage, such as pH value change, bulkiness of the molecular structure (2,2-bipyridine and doxorubicin), and the membrane rupture mechanism of triton X100. To provide the best circumstances for the color sensor from these liposomes, pH conditions and concentrations of triton X100 and Fe2+ were optimized. In addition, it has been confirmed and thoroughly described how pH breaks the liposome membrane and how Fe2+-Bipy changes color. The capacity to release from liposomes throughout time was studied via analysis of kinetic release models, including Fick's law, the Higuchi model, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Our approach develops a method to is straightforward, quick to detect, and easily applied. This research holds promise as color color-sensing method for detecting viruses and pathogens in the future.

AMWEst, a new thermostable and detergent-tolerant esterase retrieved from the Albian aquifer

A fosmid library was constructed with the metagenomic DNA from the high-temperature sediment-rich water of the Albian aquifer (Algeria). Functional screening of this library was subsequently done looking for genes encoding lipolytic enzymes. We identified a novel gene named AMWEst (1209 base pairs) encoding a protein of 402 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 43.44 kDa and conferring esterase activity. AMWEst was successfully overexpressed in the yeast mesophilic host Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the expression system used proved to be efficient and produced sufficient activity for its biochemical characterization. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that AMWEst contained a conserved pentapeptide motif (Gly120-His121-Ser122-Gln123-Gly124). The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant esterase AMWEst were 8 and 80 °C, respectively. Additionally, AMWEst showed higher activity towards short carbon substrates and showed maximum activity for p-nitrophenyl hexanoate (C6). Notably, AMWEst has a remarkable thermostability, and the enzyme retains almost maximum activity at 70 °C after incubation for 1 h. Moreover, enzyme activity was enhanced by high concentrations of SDS and Triton X-100 detergents.Key points• A novel thermostable esterase has been retrieved through functional metagenomics• The esterase is detergent-tolerant, which is attractive for some applications• The esterase can be expressed in a yeast mesophilic host to enhance its yield

Cloudy development and physico-chemical parameters for the triton X-100 and levofloxacin hemihydrate drug mixture: Impacts of the manifestation of several short-chain alcohols and urea

Interests on physico-chemical behaviors of surfactant-drug systems in various additives media have increased considerably in recent years owing to their extensive applications in pharmaceuticals and other industrial sectors. LFH is a quinolone-type antibiotic which frequently used to treat a variety of bacterial diseases. Herein, the cloud point (CP) behavior and thermodynamic characteristics of triton X-100 (TX-100) and levofloxacin hemihydrate (LFH) antibiotic drug mixtures in attendance of alcohols and hydrotrope (urea) have been investigated. Different organic additives such as methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), 1-propanol (1-PrOH), 2-propanol (2-PrOH), 1-butanol (1-BuOH), 2-butanol (2-BuOH), and urea with various concentrations were used to examine their effects on variation of CP in the respective systems. In all experiments, concentrations of TX-100 and LFH were remained the same which were 92.7 mmol kg−1 and 0.5 mmol kg−1 respectively. The magnitudes of CP in TX-100 + LFH mixtures were found to be decreased sharply in the manifestation of alcohols and urea in comparison to those observed with the aqueous system. The CP values in the TX-100 + LFH system were varied with increasing in concentrations of alcohols and urea which followed the order of CPH2O+2-PrOH>CPH2O+EtOH≈CPH2O+MeOH≈CPH2O+Urea>CPH2O+1-PrOH>CPH2O+2-BuOH>CPH2O+1-BuOH. Lower carbon chain alcohols in the structural moieties (MeOH, EtOH, 1-PrOH, 2-PrOH) acted as CP promoter whereas other longer chain alcohols (1-BuOH, 2-BuOH) caused the significant decrease in CP within the respective system. Higher CP values were also noticed in TX-100 + LFH system when aq. hydrotrope urea was used as additive. The Gibbs free energy change (ΔGco) were found to be positive which revealed the nonspontaneous nature of clouding in the studied system. However, the degree of non-spontaneity was reduced by the enhancement of alcohols and urea concentrations. Appearances of positive enthalpy (ΔHco), and entropy (ΔSco) in TX-100 + LFH mixtures with different additives indicated the existence of hydrophobic interactions among the participated constituents whereas the negative magnitudes of ΔHco and ΔSco disclosed the presence of electrostatic interactions among the respective constituents. Entropy-enthalpy compensation parameters were computed and described from logical points.

Sp-ICP-MS and HR–CS–GFAAS as useful available techniques for the size characterization and speciation of ionic and nanoparticular zinc in cosmetic and pharmaceutical samples

The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry has been increased in recent years due to their good properties as solar radiation filters and antibacterial agent. According to the literature, the potential toxicity of these NPs could be size-dependent and the amount of solubilized metal. This work investigates new reliable and straightforward methodologies that enables the determination of ZnO NPs, discriminating them from ionic zinc in cosmetic samples. Two different techniques of analysis have been applied in this study: high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR–CS–GFAAS), and “single particle” inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS). Triton X-100 has been used as a surfactant for the formation of homogeneous and stable slurries which allowed the determination of the concentration and sizes of ZnO NPs and Zn2+ in baby creams, eyeshadows, and lotions. A central composite design (CCD) was performed for the two techniques to optimize the concentration of Triton X-100 and sonication time. For validation purpose, the results of Zn2+ and ZnO NPs contents achieved by HR–CS–GFAAS were compared with the total Zn content obtained by acid digestion of the samples. A size comparison of the ZnO NPs was also carried out with the data obtained through the two methodologies and validated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the case of TEM analysis, two different media were tried to study possible agglomerates and interactions between the particles and the matrix.

The effects of surfactants on plunging breakers

The effects of surfactants on a mechanically generated plunging breaker are studied experimentally in a laboratory wave tank. Waves are generated using a dispersively focused wave packet with a characteristic wavelength of $\lambda _0 = 1.18$ m. Experiments are performed with two sets of surfactant solutions. In the first set, increasing amounts of the soluble surfactant Triton X-100 are mixed into the tank water, while in the second set filtered tap water is left undisturbed in the tank for wait times ranging from 15 min to 21 h. Increasing Triton X-100 concentrations and longer wait times lead to surfactant-induced changes in the dynamic properties of the free surface in the tank. It is found that low surface concentrations of surfactants can dramatically change the wave breaking process by changing the shape of the jet and breaking up the entrained air cavity at the time of jet impact. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of plunging breakers with constant surface tension are used to show that there is significant compression of the free surface near the plunging jet tip and dilatation elsewhere. To explore the effect of this compression/dilatation, the surface tension isotherm is measured in all experimental cases. The effects of surfactants on the plunging jet are shown to be primarily controlled by the surface tension gradient ( $\Delta \mathcal {E}$ ) while the ambient surface tension of the undisturbed wave tank ( $\sigma _0$ ) plays a secondary role.

The Chemometric Evaluation of the Factors Influencing Cloud Point Extraction for Fluoroquinolones.

This study aimed to analyze the factors that impact the cloud point extraction of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. The following independent variables were analyzed: Triton X-114 concentration, NaCl concentration, pH, and incubation temperature. The dependent variable studied was recovery. A central composite design model was used. The applied quantitation method was HPLC. The method was validated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. The results underwent ANOVA® analysis. The polynomial equations were generated for each analyte. The response surface methodology graphs visualized them. The analysis showed that the factor most affecting the recovery of levofloxacin is the concentration of Triton X-114, while the recovery of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin is most affected by pH value. However, the concentration of Triton X-114 also plays an important role. The optimization resulted in the following recoveries: for ciprofloxacin, 60%; for levofloxacin, 75%; and for moxifloxacin, 84%, which are identical to those estimated with regression equations-59%, 74% and 81% for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, respectively. The research confirms the validity of using the model to analyze factors affecting the recovery of the analyzed compounds. The model allows for a thorough analysis of variables and their optimization.

Effect of anionic and nonionic hydrotropes on the clouding behavior and thermodynamic properties of nonionic surfactant and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride drug mixture

In the present study, the cloudy development of nonionic triton X-100 (TX-100) and an antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CFH) mixture has been conducted by applying the cloud point (CP) measurements method. The CP of TX-100 + CFH mixture was examined in aqueous solutions of hydrotropes (HDTs) (sodium benzoate (NaBenz), sodium salicylate (NaSal), 4-amino benzoic (4-ABA), polyethylene glycol (PGE) and Caffeine (CAF)). The TX-100 and CFH concentration were conserved constant at 50 and 1 mmol kg−1 correspondingly throughout the investigation. The CP values of TX-100 + CFH solution were augmented in the existence of NaBenz, NaSal, CAF along with PEG but diminished in aq. 4-ABA solution; the effects were obtained to be augmented with the enhancing hydrotropes contents. The CP values for TX-100 + CFH mixture in aq. hydrotropes media follow the pattern: CP(aq.4-ABA)<CPaq.CAF≈CPaq.PEG<CPaq.NaBenz<CPaq.NaSal. Therefore, the solubility of TX-100 + CFH mixture is achieved to be decreased in aq. solutions of 4-ABA while the solubility experienced an enhancement in aq. NaSal, NaBenz, PEG and CAF solutions. Among hydrotropes used in the present study, NaSal is the most effective solubility enhancer. The free energy (ΔGc0) were achieved to be positive in all the solvent media used in the study which exposes that the cloudy development process isnot spontaneous. The enthalpy (ΔHc0) and the entropy (ΔSc0) of clouding were obtained to be positive in hydrotropes media. The ΔHc0 and ΔSc0 values imply that the main forces of the cloudy formation in TX-100 and CFH system are hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. The compensation temperature (Tc) along with the intrinsic enthalpy gain (ΔHc0,∗) were also calculated and discussed. It is probable that the knowledge gained from these types of studies will be quite helpful in both pharmaceutics formulations and drug delivery system.

Effect of trypsin on biochemical and functional properties of decellularized porcine articular cartilage

Objective: to study the effect of trypsin pretreatment in the porcine articular cartilage decellularization protocol on the ability to restore the biochemical composition and functional properties of the resulting finely dispersed tissue-specific scaffold when co-cultured with human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs).Materials and methods. Porcine articular cartilage was micronized to a maximum size of 250 μm. The resulting porcine articular cartilage microparticles (CMps) were treated with trypsin (0.05, 0.25, 0.50%) / EDTA solution at +37 °C for 24 hours. Then, the CMps were successively incubated for 24 hours in three surfactant solutions containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and increasing concentration of Triton X-100 (1, 2, 3%) at room temperature and in DNase I solution at +37 °C for 48 hours. The degree of change in the biochemical composition and the ability of decellularized CMps (DCMps) scaffolds within cell-engineered constructs (CECs) to support hADSC adhesion and proliferation, as well as their potential ability to exert a stimulatory regenerative effect, were then assessed. DNA, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen content in the DCMps and CECs were examined. The morphology of the samples was examined using histological and immunohistochemistry staining.Results. Histological analysis showed that there were no cells and detritus in the DCMp samples. Pretreatment of CMps samples гыштп a solution with the lowest content of trypsin (0.05%) / EDTA in the samples retained 5.14 ± 0.87 ng/mg DNA in the samples, while GAG content decreased to 5.34 ± 0.9 μg/mg and collagen to 154 ± 34 μg/mg. By day 28 of CEC cultivation, adherent cells had produced their own extracellular matrix (ECM) containing GAGs and collagen. The amount of DNA in it was 6.30 ± 0.11 μg/CEC and that of GAGs was 19.36 ± 0.73 μg/CEC.Conclusion. Pretreatment with trypsin allows achieving uniformly complete decellularized CMps. At the same time, onset of changes in the ECM composition indicates a decrease in the ability of hADSCs to synthesize GAGs and type II collagen during co-culturing with DCMps. The increased proliferative activity of adherent hADSCs, as well as the tissue specificity of the DCMp scaffold will allow further research towards a hydrogel matrix capable of enhancing the specific and stimulating regenerative potential when co-cultured with cells of the same phenotype.

Multivariate Simultaneous Determination of Some PAHs in Persian Gulf Oil-Contaminated Algae and Water Samples Using Miniaturized Triton X-100-Mediated Fe3O4 Nanoadsorbent and UV-Vis Detection

This research shows the development of a miniaturized solid-phase extraction method with UV-Vis detection for simultaneous determination of dibenzofuran, fluoranthene and phenanthrene using chemometrics approaches. After synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), the surface of the nanoparticles was modified by Triton X100 coating. The influence of extraction solvent and volume, concentration of Triton X100, extraction time, and sample pH were studied and optimized. Due to high spectral overlapping, resolving ternary mixtures for simultaneous determination of targets with classical analytical methods is impossible. Therefore, the recorded UV-Vis spectra were transformed using continuous wavelet transform and then subjected to artificial neural networks (ANNs). The Db4 mother wavelet was used as the better mother wavelet. For simultaneous detection of analytes, a comparison of feed-forward back-propagation and radial basis function networks was accomplished. The calibration graphs showed linearity in the ranges of 2.4–250 ng mL−1, 50–3750 ng mL−1, and 48–5000 ng mL−1 with a limit of detection of 0.58, 9.5 ng mL−1, and 12.5 ng mL−1 under optimal conditions for phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and dibenzofuran, respectively. The limit of quantitation was achieved at 3.52 ng mL−1, 16.35 ng mL−1, and 31.3 ng mL−1 for phenanthrene, fluoranthene and dibenzofuran, respectively. The method involving TX-100-coated Fe3O4 NPs in a liquid sample phase for analyte extraction, followed by ethanol desorption and UV-Vis detection, was successfully applied for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil-field water and algae samples.

Phase separation and aggregation phenomena of TX-100 and promethazine hydrochloride mixture: Influences of monohydroxy organic compounds

Clouding nature and thermodynamic characteristics of surfactant-drug systems are novel approaches to chemists, industrialists, and researchers due to the enormous applications of the such mixture in pharmaceutical as well as technological sectors. In this study, the phase separation, assembly formation, and thermodynamic properties of triton X-100 (TX-100) + promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) drug mixed system were investigated by means of cloud point (CP) measurement and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques. The influences of the monohydroxy alcohols (ethanol (EtOH), 1-propanol (1-PrOH), 2-propanol (2-PrOH), along with 2-methyl-1-propanol (iso-BuOH) on the clouding development of TX-100 + drug mixed system have also been demonstrated. At lower concentrations of aqueous alcoholic media, the variation of CP with the enhancement of concentrations of alcohol were observed and increased CP values follow the trend: CPH2O+2-PrOH>CPH2O+EtOH>CPH2O+iso-BuOH>CPH2O+1-PrOH. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of TX-100 + PMH mixture was found to be experienced an augmentation with the boost of the temperature. The obtained free energy values revealed the non-spontaneity of clouding and spontaneous aggregation of TX-100 + PMH mixture. The non-spontaneity of clouding of TX-100 + PMH mixture reduces with enhancement of concentrations of alcohols. The ΔHc0 and ΔSc0 values were found to be positive in almost all cases except at higher concentration of aq. 2-PrOH and iso-BuOH which disclosed the existence of hydrophobic as well as electrostatic interactions. The micellization of TX-100 + PMH mixed system in an aqueous medium was also accompanied by the hydrophobic interaction. The entropy-enthalpy compensation parameters of the clouding and micellization phenomenon were also elucidated through appropriate explanations.

Transport and Environmental Risks of Propachlor Within the Soil-Plant-Water Phase as Affected by Dissolved Organic Matter as a Nonionic Surfactant.

Propachlor is a widely used acylaniline herbicide for weeding annual gramineous and dicot plants in farmland. As a toxic agricultural chemical, it is overused in crop production and has become one of the most serious environmental pollutants. Yet, understanding the impact of environmental factors on its behavior in farmland soils is critically important for healthy crop production and food safety. In this study, we characterized the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from rice straw on the mobility behavior of propachlor in farmland soil using comprehensive approaches such as the batch equilibrium experiment, soil thin-layer chromatography, soil column leaching, and wheat bioaccumulation with Triton X-100 (TX-100) as a reference surfactant. The application of DOM at 60 and 120 mg DOC L-1 and TX-100 at 96, 192, and 288 mg L-1 reduced the sorption and increased the desorption of propachlor in soil. Freundlich constant K f values (sorption) of propachlor declined with the expansion of DOM and TX-100 concentrations. The addition of DOM and TX-100 increased the mobility of propachlor and the total concentration of propachlor in the leachate of soil columns. The retention factors (R f) were evaluated in the soil thin-layer chromatography as 0.741 and 0.772 (for DOM) and 0.731, 0.763, and 0.791 (for TX-100), all of which were greater than the control (0.710) under the treatment. The application of DOM or TX-100 reduced root growth (biomass) and increased bioaccumulation of propachlor in the roots and shoots of wheat. The outcome of the study can provide important references for the rational use of propachlor and help agronomic management to minimize pesticide contamination in realistic crop production.

Sensitive Cloud Point Extraction Method for the Determination of Isoxsuprine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical forms using Spectrophotometry

A simple and highly sensitive cloud point extraction process was suggested for preconcentration of micrograms amount of isoxsuprine hydrochloride (ISX) in pure and pharmaceutical samples. After diazotization coupling of ISX with diazotized sulfadimidine in alkaline medium, the azo-dye product quantitatively extracted into the Triton X-114 rich phase, dissolved in ethanol and determined spectrophotometrically at 490 nm. The suggested reaction was studied with and without extraction and simple comparison between the batch and CPE methods was achieved. Analytical variables including concentrations of reagent, Triton X-114 and base, incubated temperature, and time were carefully studied. Under the selected optimum conditions, the linearity ranges of calibration curves were 1-9 and 0.5-8 µg/mL with detection limits of 0.26 and 0.09 µg/mL of ISX for batch and CPE methods respectively. A relative standard deviation (RSD %) best than 1.98 and 2.67 % with the percentage recoveries range 100.14 and 99.63 % were obtained for both methods respectively. The proposed methods were successfully used in routine analysis of ISX in pharmaceutical forms with high accuracy and reproducibility.

Application of anionic-nonionic mixed micellar system for solubilization of methylene blue dye

Present study highlights the interaction of methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, with anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and its mixed micelles with a nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114). The results obtained from UV–visible spectrophotometry were used to obtain the degree of solubilization in terms of binding constant (Kb) and partition coefficient (Kx) of dye in single and mixed micellar systems (MMS). Gibb’s free energies of partitioning and binding were also calculated for both systems. Specific conductance was measured to determine the CMC of single and mixed micellar media at five different temperatures, T = (293.15 – 333.15) K. Temperature-dependent thermodynamic parameters like Gibb’s free energy of micellization (ΔGomic), enthalpy of micellization (ΔHomic), and entropy of micellization (ΔSomic) were calculated using data of specific conductance measurements. Effect of concentration of TX-114 on Kx and Kb values of the MB in MMS is also investigated. Spectroscopic and conductometric results revealed that the anionic-nonionic mixed micellar system was better and more effective for the removal and solubilization of MB from aqueous system as compared to anionic micelles only. However, it has been observed that after a critical concentration an increase of non-ionic surfactant concentration has a reverse effect on solubilizing power of ionic-nonionic mixed micellar system. This indicates that the dye-surfactant interaction became weaker due to possible decrease in ionic character of mixed micelles when the high fraction of TX-114 was used.