Concentration Of TiO2 Particles Research Articles

Control of Dielectric Parameters of Micro- and Nanomodified Epoxy Resin Using Electrophoresis

This work presents the results of research on submicro- and nanocomposites with gradient properties, produced in a planned electrophoretic process. Epoxy-resin-based samples were filled with TiO2 particles of three different sizes (13 nm, 38 nm, and <1 µm) at four different values of average electric field Eav (0.0 Vmm−1, 125 Vmm−1, 250 Vmm−1, and 500 Vmm−1) for 1 h each. Changes in selected dielectric parameters (dielectric constant εr and dielectric loss factor tanδ) of the composites were analyzed using broadband dielectric spectroscopy (10−1 Hz to 105 Hz). The influence of the Eav and the current i(t) flowing through the sample material and the Joule heat generated in it on the resin curing process and the final gradient of dielectric parameters were investigated. The results show that the degree of modification of the εr gradient increases with increasing Eav and is more pronounced in the case of TiO2 nanoparticles. The largest modifications in the εr and tanδ were obtained for nanoparticles with a diameter of 13 nm at Eav = 500 Vmm−1, while the lowest for particles < 1 µm at Eav = 125 Vmm−1. The effect of electrophoresis on the dielectric parameters is significant, especially near the anode region. Increasing the concentration of TiO2 particles at the anode occurs at the expense of reducing their concentration in the remaining volume of the sample. The test results clearly demonstrate the importance of particle dimension and electric field strength for the gradient modification of the properties of the epoxy composite using electrophoresis. Numerical simulations of electric field stresses in the epoxy resin during the electrophoresis process, performed in the COMSOL program, revealed a significant increase in the E field strength in the areas close to the anode and cathode.

EFFECTS PARTICLES CONCENTRATION OF Al2O3 AND TiO2 TO CONVECTION COEFFICIENT ON DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat energy from a fluid to in another fluid. Each fluid has different characteristics. Value of convection heat transfer is determined by the value of the convection heat transfer coefficient (h) which depends on the dimensions and flow conditions. The fluid with the additional of Al2O3 nanoparticles (aluminum oxide) and TiO2 (Titanium dioxide) has great potential for cooling applications. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Al2O3 and TiO2 particle concentration on the value of the convection heat transfer coefficient in the double pipe heat exchanger with circular straight pipes. Cooling fluid used is pure water, the fluid with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles and fluid with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles at concentrations of respectively 40 ppm and 60 ppm. Flow used in a heat exchanger is the flow of counterflow type. Changes in temperature controlled 95 ° C for hot fluid, 17ºC for cooling fluid. The results show the influence of Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles in the fluid characteristics and an increase in the value of the convection heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the amount of concentration on mixing nanoparticles in the cooling fluid.

A Brief Review on Titanium Dioxide

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in food products and can be found in sauces, icings, and chewing gums as well as in personal care products such as pharmaceutical tablets and toothpaste. Tio2 particle added as a whitening agent to confectionary products, that is, chewing gum, candies, chocolate, and snacks. Titanium dioxide is found naturally in various crystal phases. It exists in different crystal structures. anatase, rutile, and brookite, or a mixture of these. The major routes of TiO2 NP exposure that have toxicological relevance in humans are inhalation, dermal, and oral exposure. for characterization of particle size, size distribution, crystallinity, and concentration of Tio2 particles were first extracted using an acid digestion method from food and separation, various analytical methods were applied. The present study focus on the analyzes qualitative and quantitative trace element by using some analytical methods. TiO2 levels of investigated foods were determined by UV Spectroscopy, Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-Visible diffuse reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Gas volumetry, Laser diffraction, Laser droppler electrophorosis, FT-Raman, Spectroscopic analysis.

Dispersion of Natural Airborne TiO2 Fibres in Excavation Activity as a Potential Environmental and Human Health Risk.

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element, approximately 0.7% of the Earth crust. It is used worldwide in large quantities for various applications. The IARC includes TiO2 in Group 2B as possibly carcinogenic to humans suggesting that pathological effects correlate to particle size and shape. This study case quantifies the release of natural TiO2 particles during mining activity, involving meta-basalt and shale lithologies in the Ligurian Alps, during excavation of the Terzo Valico as part of the Trans-European Transport Network. Type, width, length, aspect ratio, and concentration of TiO2 particles in needle habit were determined. The different samplings have reported that airborne concentrations in meta-basalt were 4.21 ff/L and 23.94 ff/L in shale. In both cases, the concentration never exceeds the limits established by various organizations for workers health protection. Nevertheless, TiO2 elongated particles, recognized as rutile, showed the dimensional characteristic of fibres, as reported by WHO. These fibres deserve particular attention because they can reach the alveolar space and trigger inflammation and chronic diseases. The results indicate that monitoring the TiO2 in both working environments and Ti-rich geological formations, associated with epidemiological studies, may represent a useful tool to determine the exposure risk of workers and the general population.

Z-scheme heterojunction of flower microsphere Bi7O9I3 surface loaded with gray TiO2 particles for photocatalytic oxidation of gas-phase Hg0

Construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions is an effective means to promote electron-hole separation leading to enhanced catalytic efficiency. In this study, a simple deposition method is used to load gray particles of TiO2 onto flower microsphere of Bi7O9I3 to form a direct Z-scheme heterojunction. The surface morphology, energy bands, structural properties, and optic1dal properties of the prepared composites are characterized through several techniques. The results indicate that by controlling the concentration of TiO2 particles, the properties such as electron-hole separation efficiency, band gap energy, photoresponse range, and specific surface area can be adjusted, and the mass percentage of TiO2 in the best Bi7O9I3/TiO2 composite is obtained as 30%. The obtained composite exhibited an absorption range of 700 nm and Hg0 removal efficiency of 92.5% under visible light irradiation, which is a great improvement over the characteristics of pure Bi7O9I3. Further, the Hg0 removal efficiency of the composite is evaluated in simulated flue gas. Finally, based on the characterization results, a reasonable reaction mechanism and electron transport mechanism are proposed.

Relative Humidity Influences Epicuticular Wax Load and Particulate Matter Accumulation on the Leaf Surface in <i>Asplenium nidus</i>

Particulate matter (PM) has recently been considered one of the most harmful air pollutants to public health. Plants have been known to degrade and deposit particle pollutants with epicuticular wax (EW), and this capacity can be influenced by environmental conditions including relative humidity (RH). The present study examined the effects of RH on EW generation and PM deposition upon leaf surfaces within Asplenium nidus ‘Avis’. The plants were treated in growth chambers with two levels of RH (low: 30% - 40% and high: 80% - 90%) for a period of four weeks, and subsequently exposed to a 30 μg･m-3 concentration of TiO2 particles as a PM resource for 72 hours. The EW ultrastructure on the leaf surface was observed as the thin films type, which was not morphologically changed in the condition of low or high RH treatment. For four weeks of RH treatment, the fresh weight and leaf area per plant were not significant between low and high RH treatment, while dry weight was significantly higher in the high RH condition. We also found that greater amounts of EW per fresh weight, dry weight and leaf area were generated in high RH. However, the total amounts of PM deposition (surface PM + in-wax PM) of the plants were higher within the low RH treatment with a higher proportion of surface PM. In contrast the proportion of in-wax PM was 15% higher within the high RH. These results suggest that EW generation is affected by air humidity and that proportion of PM deposition in the EW layer were influenced by the amount of total wax load.

Triple-objective optimization of a double-tube heat exchanger with elliptic cross section in the presence TiO2 nanofluid

The present paper deals with numerical simulation and triple-objective optimization of a double-tube heat exchanger equipped with an elliptic cross section in the presence of TiO2 nanofluid. A CFD simulation is done to find the thermal, fluid flow, and entropy generation behavior of suggested heat exchanger configuration. The results indicate that the change of geometrical and operational parameters has different influences on the suggested heat exchanger performance. Findings show that increasing the Reynolds number from 10,000 to 50,000 with TiO2 concentration of 0.3% results in increasing overall heat transfer coefficient from 9445.8 to 14,622 W m−2 K−1 for the spiral diameter of 220 mm. The results of specific entropy generation infer that in the Reynolds number of 4000 with changing TiO2 particle concentration from 0 (pure water) to 0.3%, the specific entropy generation increases from 0.97 to 1.209 kJ kg−1 K−1. A triple-objective optimization with overall heat transfer, friction factor, and specific entropy generation as objective functions, and nanoparticle concentration, Reynolds number, and spiral diameter as decision variables, is done. Different states regarding three objectives introduces as optimum studied system.

A Triple Functional Approach To Simultaneously Determine the Type, Concentration, and Size of Titanium Dioxide Particles.

The large-scale manufacturing and use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in food and consumer products significantly increase the likelihood of human exposure and release into the environment. We present a simple and innovative approach to rapidly identify the type (anatase or rutile), as well as to estimate, the size and concentration of TiO2 particles using Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The identification and discrimination of rutile and anatase were based on their intrinsic Raman signatures. The concentration of the TiO2 particles was determined based on Raman peak intensity. Particle sizes were estimated based on the ratio between the Raman intensity of TiO2 and the SERS intensity of myricetin bound to the nanoparticles (NPs), which was proven to be independent of TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations. The ratio that was calculated from the 100 nm particles was used as a cutoff value when estimating the presence of nanosized particles within a mixture. We also demonstrated the practical use of this approach when determining the type, concentration, and size of E171: a mixture that contains TiO2 particles of various sizes which are commonly used in many food products as food additives. The presence of TiO2 anatase NPs in E171 was confirmed using the developed approach and was validated by transmission electron micrographs. TiO2 presence in pond water was also demonstrated to be an analytical capability of this method. Our approach shows great promise for the rapid screening of nanosized rutile and anatase TiO2 particles in complex matrixes. This approach will strongly improve the measurement of TiO2 quality during production, as well as the survey capacity and risk assessment of TiO2 NPs in food, consumer goods, and environmental samples.

Thermo-mechanical behavior of TiO2 dispersed epoxy composites

To study the effect of particle size and filler concentration of TiO2 particles on the mechanical and viscoelastic properties (such as tensile strength, fracture toughness, storage modulus, damping properties and the glass transition temperature) of epoxy composites, tensile test with fractography, three point bend fracture test, DMA test were performed in accordance with the ASTM standards. The micron and nano-sized TiO2 particles were dispersed with loading fraction up to 8wt% in the epoxy resin. The result of tests revealed that epoxy resin cast filled with TiO2 particles represented higher tensile strength and fracture properties as compared to pristine epoxy. The maximum increase in tensile strength and fracture toughness for micron-sized TiO2 reinforced epoxy composites is 32.57% and 44.95% respectively at a filler loading of 4wt%. However, the maximum increase in tensile strength and fracture toughness for nano-sized TiO2 reinforced epoxy composites is 43.70% and 141.85% respectively at a filler loading of 6wt%. The storage modulus of reinforced epoxy composites in the glassy region showed maximum enhancement of about 4.73% for 4wt% micron-sized TiO2 and 32.88% for 4wt% nano-sized TiO2 as compared to pristine epoxy at 40°C.

Investigation of photo-chromic properties of remote phosphor film and white light emitting diode mixed with TiO2 particles

Based on the hot pressing method, the remote phosphor films are prepared by adding TiO2 particles into YAG:Ce and silicon binder, and then they are packaged into white light emitting diode (WLED) device with chip on board (COB) blue light source. The photo-chromic properties and mechanism are studied and calculated. Based on Mie theory and Henyey-Greenstein function, forward scattering is the main light scattering form of YAG:Ce phosphor powder, while the forward scattering intensity is close to the back scattering intensity of TiO2 particles. The emission spectral intensity and relative luminance of remote phosphor film change with increasing the concentration of TiO2 particles, and the optimum concentration is 0.966 g/cm3. Forward transmission intensity and back reflection intensity are calculated and analyzed, when the concentration of TiO2 is low, the forward transmission intensity of blue light is stronger than that of yellow light and the main transmission form is forward transmission, while the forward and backward intensity of yellow light are similar because of isotropy. With increasing the concentration of TiO2, the forward intensity of blue light gradually decreases, and the transmission intensity is lower than that of yellow light. The forward and backward intensity of yellow light reach their maxima when the TiO2 concentration is 0.966 g/cm3. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the increasing of the utilization ratio between blue light and transmission of yellow light is affected by the strong scattering ability of TiO2. Finally the WLEDs are packaged by remote phosphor films and COB blue light source, the luminous flux of WLED reaches 415.28 lm (at 300 mA and 9.3 V) at a concentration of 0.966 g/cm3, which is increased by 8.15% compared with the concentration in the case of no TiO2 mixing. Besides, the correlated color temperature changes from cool white 6900 K to warm white 3832 K gradually. Consequently, the adding of TiO2 particles can not only improve the emission intensity of remote phosphor film and the luminous flux of WLED, but also regulate the correlated color temperature.

Modelling of fouling of outside-in hollow-fiber membranes by TiO2 particles

Abstract The advantage of using suspended TiO2 particles in a photocatalytic membrane reactor is a higher surface area with respect to immobilized particles and, therefore, a higher catalytic activity. Detoxified water can be separated from the suspended catalyst by application of membrane processes such as microfiltration. Unfortunately, during the microfiltration, fouling of membranes by catalyst particles occurs, due to which the flux decreases or the transmembrane pressure increases, so cleaning by back-flushing of the permeate should be performed frequently. We have developed a mathematical model describing the pressure rise on a hollow-fiber module used for the constant flux, outside-in microfiltration of TiO2 dispersion. Unlike other models treating fouling of hollow-fiber membranes, our model incorporates a variation of the bulk concentration of TiO2 particles as a very important parameter with respect to the reaction. By the application of the model, we can predict some critical points of the photocatalytic membrane reactor operation such as the critical value of the suction pressure and the optimum time when cleaning of the membrane should be introduced.

Simulation of reflectance from white-anodised aluminium surfaces using polyurethane–TiO2 composite coatings

Theoretical calculations and experimental studies were carried out on polyurethane (PU)–TiO2 composite coatings on bright and matte aluminium surfaces with an aim to understand and tailor the light scattering from particles incorporated into an anodised layer for designing the optical appearance of anodised surfaces. PU matrix was selected for its matching refractive-index (n = 1.7) with anodic alumina layer. Three different TiO2 particle size distributions were dispersed in PU and spin coated onto bright high-gloss and matte caustic-etched aluminium substrates. The reflectance spectra of coated surfaces in the visible region were analysed using an integrating sphere-spectrophotometer. Data showed that the coated surfaces have a high diffuse reflectance due to the multiple scattering from TiO2 particles and the coating–substrate interface. The diffuse reflectance spectra of the coated surfaces varied weakly with TiO2 particle concentration and reached a steady state value at 1 wt% but were dependent on the substrate type used. Using Kubelka–Munk two-stream model, the scattering and absorption coefficient of TiO2 in PU was predicted. The studies presented in this paper provide insight into generating bright white-anodised aluminium surfaces based on aluminium–TiO2 composites.

Role of TiO2 nanoparticles in the dry deposition of NiO micro-sized particles at room temperature

A room-temperature dry-deposition method with TiO2 powder was used to deposit NiO particles onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. Initially, in the absence of TiO2 powder, we observed that the NiO particles did not adhere to the substrate; however, the addition of TiO2 particles facilitated NiO deposition. The volume percentage (vol%) deposition of NiO particles increased with the TiO2 particle concentration. The inability of the NiO particles to adhere to the FTO substrate was attributed to the absence of deformation and fragmentation in the substrate. This is related to the lower hardness of the FTO substrate, compared with that of the NiO particles. However, the addition of the TiO2 particles at different vol% during NiO deposition induced deposition, possibly due to the lower hardness of the TiO2 particles compared with the FTO substrate. The minimum TiO2 fraction that enabled NiO powder deposition was ~4.8vol%. Microstructural analysis revealed that TiO2 powder agglomerates tended to break up as the NiO particles impacted the substrate surface, creating a “deposition complement” from the excess kinetic energy. The deposition mechanism was investigated using microstructural analysis, electron probe microanalysis, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements; the results confirmed the influence of the TiO2 powders on NiO powder deposition, specifically, an improvement in the adhesion and density of the NiO powder and a decrease in the surface roughness of the coating. Therefore, we demonstrated NiO deposition with TiO2 particles at room temperature, providing potential applications to the supercapacitor and battery industries.

Tribological Properties of TiO2 Reinforced Nickel Based MMCs Produced by Pulse Electrodeposition Technique

Nickel–TiO2 composite coatings were prepared under pulse current conditions by co-deposition of TiO2 particles and nickel from a Watts type bath. The effect of TiO2 particle concentration was studied on microhardness, friction coefficient and wear resistance. The morphological features and the structures were studied by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis and 3D profilometry facilities. A wide particle size range (between 95 and 140 nm) was chosen to provide a high dispersion and load bearing ability for the co-deposited layers. It was determined that increasing the particle concentration in the electrolyte dramatically increased the co-deposited TiO2 particles in the coating. The results showed that the high concentration of TiO2 particles in the electrolyte yielded the highest amount of particles co-deposited in the plating layer. The influence of the co-deposited TiO2 volume on microstructure and tribological properties in the coating were investigated. The wear tests were carried out using a constant load by a reciprocating ball-on disk configuration. Wear loss and friction coefficients of Ni/TiO2 composites were decreased by increasing TiO2 content in the electrolyte because of the increasing content of TiO2 in the deposited layer. The change in wear mechanisms by changing TiO2 content was also determined.

Microstructure and texture development during friction stir processing of Al–Mg alloy sheets with TiO2 nanoparticles

Aluminum matrix nanocomposites were fabricated by friction stir processing of Al–Mg alloy sheets with pre-placed TiO2 nanoparticles at a concentration of 2 to 6vol%. Microstructural studies showed that solid state reactions between the metal matrix and TiO2 particles caused in situ formation of MgO and Al3Ti nanophases with an average size ~50nm. These nanophases were homogenously distributed in an ultra-fine grain structure (0.2–2µm) of the base metal. The results of pole figures evaluation obtained by electron back scattered diffraction studies revealed that the random orientation of initial annealed sheet was changed to components near to shear and silver texture in the friction stir processed alloy without and with pre-placed powder, respectively. The concentration of TiO2 particles affected the preferred texture orientation as the ceramic inclusion restricted the severe plastic deformation and dynamic recrystalization of the metal matrix. Hardness and tensile yield strength of the Al–Mg alloy sheet were also significantly improved by employing friction stir processing in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles (up to ~3.1vol%). Fractographic studies showed a mixture of ductile–brittle fracture modes with an increase in the content of catastrophic manner at higher TiO2 fractions.

Influence of Process Parameters on Multiple Roughness Characteristics of Ni–P–TiO2 Composite Coatings

The electroless nickel-phosphorus based composite coatings are popular because of their outstanding hardness, yield strength, better resistance to wear, frictional resistance, corrosion resistance, and good lubricity. In the present study attempts is made to investigate the influence of process parameters on the surface roughness of Ni–P–TiO2 composite coatings with the help of Grey analysis and the Taguchi method. Different surface roughness parameters considered in the analysis are Ra, Rq, Rsk, Rku and Rsm. The coating parameters considered nickel sulpahte as nickel source, sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent and concentration of TiO2 particles as second phase particles are fitted into L27 orthogonal array to find out the optimum level of process parameters to minimize the surface roughness of the composite coatings. It is observed from the experimental result that the concentration of the second phase particles, i.e. titanium particles has significant influence and amount of reducing agent has moderate influence in controlling roughness parameters of composite coatings. The surface structure and compositional analysis with the phase structure of the composite coatings are analyzed by using SEM, EDAX and XRD analysis respectively. The experimental result confirmed that weight percentage of TiO2 particles increase with increase in TiO2 content in electrolysis bath. Similarly from SEM images it is confirmed that the composite particles are uniformly distributed over the coated surface. From the XRD analysis, it is observed that composite coating without heat treatment has single broad peak it means that the coating is amorphous in nature.

Enhanced charge collection efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on size-tunable hierarchically structured TiO2beads

Hierarchically structured mesoporous TiO2 beads (HS-TBs), which are used as photoelectrodes in highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), were prepared by an electrostatic spray (e-spray) technique. To prepare different sized HS-TBs, the electric field and the concentration of TiO2 particles were carefully controlled, because they are critical factors in preparing size-controlled TiO2 beads. Four different HS-TBs were formulated with average diameters of 250, 450, 700, and 1200 nm as high-quality photoelectrodes for use in DSCs. In this study, we found that the zero-dimensional HS-TBs were the most promising photoelectrode for DSCs due to enhanced charge collection efficiency and better penetration of electrolytes through relatively large pores among the HS-TBs. The HS-TBs were characterized by intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method, and electrochemical analysis. The conversion efficiency of HS-TB photoelectrodes improved with increasing bead size due to the enhanced electron transport through electrodes. The present HS-TB cells exhibit a noticeable improvement in the overall efficiency: maximum 9.54% (1200 nm) versus 5.83% for the reference cell made of a TiO2 nanocrystalline film.

Dynamic Hydrogen Production from Methanol/Water Photo-Splitting Using Core@Shell-Structured CuS@TiO2Catalyst Wrapped by High Concentrated TiO2Particles

This study focused on the dynamic hydrogen production ability of a core@shell-structured CuS@TiO2photocatalyst coated with a high concentration of TiO2particles. The rectangular-shaped CuS particles, 100 nm in length and 60 nm in width, were surrounded by a high concentration of anatase TiO2particles (>4~5 mol). The synthesized core@shell-structured CuS@TiO2particles absorbed a long wavelength (a short band gap) above 700 nm compared to that pure TiO2, which at approximately 300 nm, leading to easier electronic transitions, even at low energy. Hydrogen evolution from methanol/water photo-splitting over the core@shell-structured CuS@TiO2photocatalyst increased approximately 10-fold compared to that over pure CuS. In particular, 1.9 mmol of hydrogen gas was produced after 10 hours when 0.5 g of 1CuS@4TiO2was used at pH = 7. This level of production was increased to more than 4-fold at higher pH. Cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy confirmed that the CuS in CuS@TiO2strongly withdraws the excited electrons from the valence band in TiO2because of the higher reduction potential than TiO2, resulting in a slower recombination rate between the electrons and holes and higher photoactivity.

Photocatalytic thin Films Prepared by Plasma Curing of Non‐Reactive Siloxane Dispersions Containing TiO2 Particles

AbstractPhotocatalytic TiO2 layers prepared by PVD or CVD processes are already produced industrially. The deposited TiO2 needs a sufficiently high concentration of the photocatalytically active anatase phase which is produced at higher substrate temperature. As a consequence, the PVD/CVD techniques are limited to heat‐resistant substrates. A novel approach for plasma hybrid coating technology is presented here using the advantages of a cold low‐pressure plasma process in combination with non‐reactive siloxane (polydimethylsiloxane – PDMS) dispersions containing sub‐micron TiO2 particles for surface functionalisation. As the result, a mechanically stable composite film containing TiO2 particles with a diameter of up to several times the average coating thickness is generated. The film consists of a top SiO2‐like surface layer and, depending on the initial film thickness, an underlying gradually demethylated and crosslinked siloxane. Although the TiO2 particles are partially covered by a thin matrix layer of several nanometres, the thin coating shows photocatalytic activity as demonstrated by UV‐degradation of methylene blue. The photocatalytic activity depends on the TiO2 particle concentration in the film and can be further enhanced by exposing the TiO2 surface by CF4 plasma etching of the composite film (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Deposition and characterisation of titanium dioxide films formed by electrophoretic deposition

Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) films were deposited on glass substrates by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Films were grown using the constant current and constant voltage methods and key EPD parameters were investigated. Anatase TiO2 powder, dissolved in deionised water with iodine and acetylacetone as dispersing agents was the colloidal suspension utilised. TiO2 particle concentration of 1 gl–1 and films annealed at 100°C exhibited the best properties. As the applied voltage and current densities increased, the film thickness increased. Thickness of the TiO2 films increased linearly during the initial period of EPD but the deposition rate subsequently decreased and attained a constant value for longer durations. At higher applied voltages and current densities, as-grown films were discontinuous with cracks. Optical measurements were used to determine the band gaps of deposited material. These films have potential for being used in dye sensitised solar cells.