TDS Concentrations Research Articles

Analysis of Trend in Groundwater-Quality Parameters: A Case Study

In the 21st century, groundwater has a pivotal role in ensuring water, food, and environmental securities worldwide. Systematic observation, protection and restoration are essential for sustainable management of water resources. Regular monitoring is key to investigate temporal changes in groundwater quality, and statistical trend tests define whether these changes are significant or not. This study focuses on investigating trend in seasonal groundwater quality in an alluvial coastal basin of West Bengal, India. The seasonal groundwater-quality data (pH, TH, TDS, Fe2+ and HCO3ˉ) of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were collected for 2011–2018 period and analyzed using three non-parametric statistical trend detection tests, namely: (i) Original Mann-Kendall (M-K) test, (ii) Modified Mann-Kendall (mM-K) test, and (iii) Spearman Rank Order Correlation (SROC) test. The trend magnitudes were estimated by using the Sen’s slope estimation test. Statistical analyses revealed that seasonal concentrations of all five groundwater-quality parameters have large spatial (block-wise) variation within the study area. The results of trend analyses indicated that seasonal TH and TDS concentrations mainly have significant decreasing trends (α = 5% or 1%), whereas seasonal HCO3ˉ and Fe2+ concentrations mostly show significant increasing trends (α = 5% or 1%) in different blocks. However, seasonal pH concentrations exhibited no trend. The mM-K test was found to be over-sensitive in finding trends than M-K and SROC tests. The SROC test was found to be less sensitive in detecting trends than M-K and mM-K tests. Trend magnitudes of seasonal pH, TH, TDS, HCO3ˉ and Fe2+ concentrations varied from –0.03/year to 0.23/year, –57.44 mg/L/year to 25.88 mg/L/year, –172.98 mg/L/year to 92.58 mg/L/year, –15.81 mg/L/year to 27.88 mg/L/year, and –0.05 mg/L/year to 0.61 mg/L/year, respectively. Continuous and proper groundwater-quality monitoring is critically required in all aquifer systems. The outcomes of this study will aid policy-makers in appropriately monitoring and managing groundwater quality.

Treatment Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Continuous Column Plate Electric Reactor

Palm oil mills produce palm oil mill effluent (POME) which contains various dissolved organic compounds in the form of short fibers, hemicellulose, and their derivatives, protein, free fatty acids, a mixture of minerals and organic pigments such as anthocyanins, carotene, polyphenols, lignin and tannins. Organic compounds in this waste will cause problems such as increasing the value of TSS, TDS, and COD which can be a crucial environment for processing liquid waste in palm oil mills. One possible method to reduce the content of TSS, TDS, and COD is the electrocoagulation method. This study aims to determine the effect of variable flowrate, voltage, and distance between plates in the electrocoagulation process with a plate column electric reactor, and determine the optimum conditions for flowrate, voltage, and distance between plates. Optimum conditions are obtained at fflowrate3 L/min, 28 V voltage, 2 cm distance between plates with percent removal of TSS, TDS, and COD, respectively 49.30%; 49.40%; 60.30%.

Investigation of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Usage in Kifri District (Iraq) by using NPI and WQI Indices

The present study was mainly proposed to investigate the quality of groundwater for drinking in Kifri District. The main aim of this study was to identify some pollutants of groundwater using two types of indexes which are: Nemerow’s pollution index (NPI) and Water quality index (WQI). The groundwater samples were collected from 36 stations (deep wells) and analyzed for seven physico-chemical parameters including EC, TDS, pH, TH, TA, Ca+2 andSO4-2; as well as, the results were compared to WHO standards. The results presented undesirable values for almost all physico-chemical parameters, according to WHO standard limits for drinking. Based on WQI, the results show that 33 stations out of 36 were classified under the ‘Poor Quality’ category. Also, most of the NPI values of EC, TDS, Ca+2, TH, TA, and SO4-2 concentrations were (>1) and exceeded the WHO standard. Thus, all the stations reported high values of WQI and NPI and all the groundwater samples belonged to polluted water.

Saline soils of the Rostov Lowland (Yaroslavl Volga region): current state, hydrological aspects of salinization and evolution trends in the context of climate change

The hydrochemical composition of Lake Nero and its tributary streams is closely related to the soils in the catchment. This paper describes the current state of saline soils on the lakeside lower terraces. On average, the salinity of the soils surveyed in 2016–2018 ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 %. Soil salinization within the poorly drained lakeside part of the Rostov Lowland is confined to flat or low-lying waterlogged areas. The source of the salinity, which is completely uncommon for the humid climate of the Yaroslavl Volga region, is groundwater with a TDS content of more than 1.0 g/l. The brackish groundwater is a result of the hydrogeological features of the territory and the topographic position of the basin as the base level of salt accumulation. The soils exhibit a noticeable tendency for relative accumulation of SO4 2− and Ca2+, while the more migration-active Cl– and Na+ get washed out of the soil profile into the watercourses of the nearest hydrographic network. Some tributaries to Lake Nero showed a high TDS content (over 500 mg/l) and a significant share of Cl– and Na+ among macro-components. Such were rivers Mazikha, Ishnya, Kuchebesh’, and Sula. Lake Nero water TDS content varied significantly during the year and the contributions of Cl–, SO4 2–, and Na+ to its macro-component composition showed several rises. Compared to similar soils surveyed 30–40 years ago, saline soils of the Rostov Lowland exhibit a downward trend in salinity. The content of carbonates of hydrogenous origin and the ash content of peat soils, on the contrary, increased over this time period. Climate change is hypothesized as the main cause of the soil transformation over the past 30–40 years. Saline soils are sensitive components of the lakeside landscape and can serve as indicators of changes in environmental conditions.

ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH (A CASE STUDY OF SHORKOT CITY), (JHANG) PUNJAB, PAKISTAN


 
 
 Achieving resourceful, beneficial and cost-effective water purification techniques for the public is the important to human existence and growth, because the management of water at present is a global issue. Water is the main resource vital for supporting all human actions, so its provision in preferred quantity and quality is of highest significance. Water contamination effects drinking water quality which subsequently damages health of humans. The current research mainly focuses on evaluating the drinking water quality in Shorkot City of Jhang district and its potential effects on human health. The objective of the research was to find out the spatial distribution of water contaminants and their concentration in the ground water quality and analyze the impact of drinking water on the health of humans of study area besides to identify the main waterborne diseases. Different analyses comprising of physical, chemical and microbiological examinations were performed on the water samples collected from 45 areas of the study area. Locations of these samples were noted with the help of Global Positing System (GPS). Data was presented by Geo Statistical Analysis technique in ArcGIS10x. The interpolation of the consequences of drinking water sample points was observed by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) methods. The concentration of TDS 62%, Alkalinity 12%, turbidity 6%, calcium 62%, magnesium 6%, hardness 44% and chloride 28% values exceeds as compared to WHO proposed standard limit. Similarly, the value of PH 100% remains under the permissible limit and Electrical conductivity 100% values exceed as compared to WHO proposed standard limit values. Survey results showed that higher concentration of calcium, TDS, chloride, magnesium, turbidity, Alkalinity, Electrical conductivity and hardness cause Dysentery, Typhoid, Cholera, Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, Hepatitis, Scabies, Kidney stone, Asthma, Cancer, Heart diseases. Quality of water becomes worse due to agricultural substances, untreated industrial discharge and urban effluent that effect on their health. It is hoped that, results of this research will provide worthwhile perceptions for safe water provision for the people of the study area and justifiable management of resources of drinking water to decrease the human health risks.
 
 

GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN INDUSTRIAL ZONES OF CENTRAL PUNJAB, PAKISTAN


 
 
 Solid and liquid waste generation has increased tremendously in this era of industrialization. A large amount of domestic and industrial waste is disposed off without segregation practices. Inadequate waste management practices and lack of technologies endure contamination of ground water table, surface water resources and water supply infrastructure. The heavy metals and microbial byproducts present in leachates which deteriorate ground water quality and consequent health effects are prevalent and ever-increasing in industrial urban areas of Pakistan. The current study assesses the effects of leachate on water from open dumping sites of two cities (Gujranwala and Sialkot) during pre- and post-rain season. We have collected and analyzed ground water samples for the assessment of metals and compared with global and national quality standards. It was found that most of the pre-rain samples had pH value near to or higher than WHO/NEQS standards in both cities, while TDS, EC, hardness, nitrate, sulfates, chlorides and phosphates concentrations were found to be within WHO/NEQS permissible standards. The heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Co and Pb) were detected in higher concentration than NEQS/WHO standards, which was an indication of detrimental effects on ground water quality. It has been detected that all parameters had significantly increased and the concentration of most of the metals were above WHO standards in post rainfall season,. Increase in concentration of heavy metals especially, Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, and Ni was the indication of deleterious effects on ground water quality originated from dumping sites. Hence it is deduced from the study that continuous disposal off all categories of solid waste in open dump sites could not only result in degradation of water quality but such a higher level of contamination could have damaging effects on human health and other organisms.
 
 

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Karst Areas: A Case Study of Dongzhuang Reservoir Area in Jinghe River

Karst leakage is the key problem that restricts the construction of reservoir areas. In this article, the hydrogeochemical origin and hydraulic connection of the river water, pore water, fissure water, and karst water in Jinghe Dongzhuang Reservoir, which is located in a karst area, are analyzed to determine the possibility of karst leakage in the reservoir area. Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, ion proportion coefficient, and cluster analysis were comprehensively used to systematically study the hydrogeochemical characteristics and formation mechanism of the study area. The research results show that the water in the study area is weakly alkaline, with complex hydrogeochemical types, including SO4−Na, HCO3·SO4−Na, and HCO3·SO4−Na·Mg. Affected by evaporation and concentration, Jinghe River and shallow pore water have high TDS content, and the content of Na+(including K+), Cl− and SO42− is significantly higher than that of fissure water and karst water. Fissure water and karst water are significantly weathered by rocks, and their Ca2+ and Mg2+ mainly come from carbonate rock dissolution. In the process of groundwater evolution, cation exchange occurs more or less in the three groundwater bodies, resulting in different cation contents in different water bodies. In general, Jinghe River is similar to most of the pore water, but its hydrogeochemical characteristics are obviously different from those of fissure water and karst water, so it has little hydraulic connection with fissure water and karst water, indicating that the leakage in the reservoir area is not significant.

Plaster board waste (PBW) – A potential fluoride leaching source in soil/water environments and, fluoride immobilization studies using soils

Plaster board waste generated from industries, usually contains major proportion of calcium as calcium sulfate. In addition, fluoride is remarkably one among the constituents of this waste material which leaches off into the soil and aquatic environments and causes fluoride pollution. In order to simulate how the dumping of PBW causes fluoride contamination in soil and water sources, shaking and stirring based batch-mode leaching studies were conducted. These studies explored the leaching of fluoride as a function of particle size, agitation time, pH of the leaching solvent (distilled water), L/S (water: PBW) ratio, temperature and electrolytes. It was explored that 1 g of plaster board waste contains18.54 mg F per gram of PBP. High leaching of 3.72 mg F per liter was studied at pH 6.02 with Ca2+ and TDS contents of 1050 mg L−1 and1640 mg L−1 respectively. The influence of sodium electrolytes such as chloride, nitrate, hydrogen carbonate, carbonate, sulfate, borate, phosphate and acetate on the leaching of fluoride from PBW was studied. The influence of fluoride leaching by sodium phosphate recorded a high value of 12.75 mg L−1 with no detectable amount of calcium ions. The influence of eight electrolytic mixtures each containing five sodium electrolytes on fluoride leaching corroborated the highest leaching in mixtures containing phosphate followed by hydrogen carbonate/carbonate. Solutions of calcium and aluminium chloride and their mixture were used to measure the rate of leachable fluoride in solution. Furthermore, the fluoride leaching at different temperatures and acids was studied. Naturally occurring soils when blended with PBW were observed to immobilize fluoride and lessened the amount of leaching fluoride in water. Various characterization studies such as FTIR, Raman, FESEM (with EDS), XRD and XPS were carried out for PBW and its treated samples using different electrolytes. Fluoride leaching proportionate to the precipitation of carbonate and phosphate was recorded in the case of appropriate electrolyte and mixtures.

Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Groundwater Hydrochemistry in Dongzhi Tableland Area of the Loess Plateau of Eastern Gansu—A Case Study of Ning County Area, North China

Groundwater plays an irreplaceable role in all aspects of the Loess Plateau. In this study, the loess phreatic water (LPW) and bedrock phreatic water (BPW) in the Ning County area (NCA) were sampled and analyzed, and the characteristics and controlling factors of groundwater were determined by using statistical analysis, hydrochemical methods, and hydrogeochemical simulation. The results indicated that the groundwater in the NCA was alkaline as a whole, and the average pH values of LPW and BPW were 8.1 and 7.8, respectively. The mean values of TDS concentrations of LPW and BPW were 314.9 mg/L and 675.3 mg/L, and the mean values of TH contents were 194.6 mg/L and 286.6 mg/L, respectively, which were mainly divided into hard fresh water. The Piper diagram illustrated that the hydrochemical type of groundwater in the NCA was mainly the HCO3·Ca type. The main recharge source of groundwater was atmospheric precipitation, and it was affected by evaporation to a certain extent. The linear relationships of δ18O and δ2H of LPW and BPW were δ2H = 6.998δ18O − 3.802 (R2 = 0.98) and δ2H = 6.283δ18O − 10.536 (R2 = 0.96), respectively. Hydrochemical analysis indicated that the groundwater in the NCA was mainly controlled by rock weathering and cation exchange. BPW was affected by the dissolution of gypsum. The possible mineral phases were identified on the basis of the main soluble minerals in the aquifer, and hydrogeochemical reverse simulations were performed. The dissolution of calcite, illite, and hornblende, and the precipitation of dolomite, plagioclase, and microcline occurred on both the LPW and BPW pathways.

Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation suitability using multivariate statistical approach in a rapidly developing urban area, Tirunelveli, India.

The quantitative and qualitative stress on groundwater resources has been witnessed across the globe. The current study assesses the groundwater quality of Tirunelveli district which faces the hazard of groundwater contamination through seepage of toxins, considering the open dumping ofhuge volumes of solid waste. The findings from this study confirmed the presence of more than 20% samples in the "poor to very poor" quality with high concentrations of TDS, Cl-, and NO3-, unfit for drinking, and other domestic purposes. The spatial distribution of TDS and NO3- highlighted the potentialimpact of solid waste dumping in the nearby landfill sites. K-means hierarchical clustering and multivariate analysis suggested that salinization and nitrate pollution was highly influenced by anthropogenic sources in comparison to geogenic sources. Rock water interaction and evaporation processes emerged as the two major dominant natural mechanisms controlling the groundwater chemistry. Four hydro-chemical facies were identified in the order of Ca-HCO3 > Ca-Mg-Cl > Na-Cl > mixed Ca-Na-HCO3. Thus, this study creates an urgent need of mitigation measures towards curbing and management of solid waste disposal and hence, the potential hazard ofcontaminant seepage into the groundwater.

Aquatic Environmental Analysis of the Hematological Profile of Barbonymus altus in the Brantas River, Jombang, East Java

The Brantas River is the longest in East Java. One of the areas included in the flow of the Brantas River is the Jombang Regency. The Jombang Brantas River is used by the community to meet their daily needs in agriculture, plantations, industry, and fishing grounds. The input of waste generated from several community activities will result in the survival of fish in the waters. Fish as a biomarker agent is quite significant in estimating the level of heavy metal pollution. Red Bader Fish (Barbonymus altus) is often found and lives around the Jombang Brantas River. This study aims to determine the condition of the aquatic environment by observing the health of the fish through hematological observations of the Red Bader Fish (B. altus). Sampling was carried out at three stations with three replications every two weeks, which was carried out in February – March 2022 in the Jombang Brantas River. Data analysis used the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) method as an analytical method to determine the correlation between the dependent variable (hematological profile) and the independent variable (water quality conditions). In this study, the results showed that the water quality at Station 1 and Station 2 was classified as normal, while at Station 3, it was classified as polluted. Data analysis showed that erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit had a relationship with temperature, pH, DO, BOD, ammonia, TSS, and TDS in low concentrations. Meanwhile, leukocytes and micronuclei showed a relationship with high concentrations of ammonia, BOD, TDS, and TSS.

Kelayakan Air Yang Diminum Siswa-Siswi Di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 35 Jakarta

Examination of the quality content of trademark AMDK by testing 16 trademarks of mineral and demineral water from canteens and shops or stalls located in the neighborhood around MTs.N 35 West Jakarta. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling by using testing 3 times per one selected AMDK brand which has a bottle of 500 – 600 ml with several criteria so that the results can be in accordance with the research objectives. The examination method is with a digital water quality test measuring device that has a multifunctionality for testing the content of pH, TDS, Temperature and Salt. The test results obtained the best 3 water TDS, namely the AMDK trademark with test sample code 09. 06, and 02. Test samples 10, 14, and 01 have the lowest TDS large 3 content. In the TDS test, 1 demineral water with TDS 3 content was obtained with a test sample code of 16. Mineral Water with a pH value which sequentially has the highest pH value is owned by the amdk trademark mineral water with test sample codes 15, 09, 13 and 06. the AMDK 16 trademark has a low pH value of 6.53 where this trademark is a demineral AMDK. Salt tests on 16 AMDK trademarks still meet the standard with a range of 0.02-0.04%.

ASSESSMENT OF SUPPLY WATER QUALITY OF KHULNA CITY CORPORATION, KHULNA, BANGLADESH

In order to determine the water quality of Khulna City Corporation, the ground (198-323 m depth; at Nirala, Sonadanga, Khalishpur, Mujgunni, Tutpara, Ferighat and Rupsa) and surface water (at Hadispark) from production well and from the tap of corresponding household (500 meter away from production well) were collected from different locations of Khulna City Corporation and their different physico-chemical properties viz., color, odor, temperature, turbidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, total hardness, Chloride and Iron content and coliform count (number/100 ml; both from faecal and nonfaecal origin) were measured. Most of the water samples were found alkaline (pH>7). in most cases from production well to households the pH, Turbidity and total hardness increases whereas EC value, TDS, chloride and iron content decreases. all the observed values are within the permissible limits of Bangladesh and WHO standards for potable purpose but two exceptional cases were found for turbidity 7 JTU at Sonadanga and chloride content 351 ppm at Ferighat. it was observed that production well water at Nirala, Sonadanga and Hadispark contaminated with coliform were 23, 23, and >4800 respectively both from faecal and nonfaecal origin, but at Khalishpur, Mujgunni and Rupsa were free from coliform. water of corresponding households at Nirala, Rupsa and Hadispark had the coliform 09/100 ml, all from faecal origin and the total coliform at Nirala, Sonadanga, Rupsa and Hadispark were 23, 93, 23 and 460 respectively. So it is evident that the supply water at Nirala, Sonadanga, Rupsa and Hadispark does not meet the potable standard.

Assessment and Removal of Heavy Metals and Other Ions from the Industrial Wastewater of Faisalabad, Pakistan

The contamination of surface and groundwater is of major concern around the globe due to the fast industrialization and urbanization. The groundwater and water quality of rivers, Ravi and Chenab in Faisalabad, Pakistan are contaminated due to the industrial wastewater. The aim of this study was the assessment of the physiochemical contaminants of Faisalabad’s industrial wastewater area and the adsorptive removal of ions present in high concentrations following the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for the municipal and industrial liquid effluents of Pakistan. One of the two samples was collected from a drain carrying wastewater from different industries and other from the outlet of a drain discharging wastewater into river Chenab. The analysis results obtained indicate that most of the contaminants were below the acceptable limit of industrial wastewater NEQS, Pakistan. However, contaminants like sulfate ions (714 mg/L), total dissolved solids (33,951–34,620 mg/L) and barium ions (11–15 mg/L) were found to be higher than the allowable level of NEQS for the municipal and industrial liquid effluents for Pakistan. A novel biosorbent synthesized indigenously from Monotheca buxifolia seeds was used for the removal of sulfate, barium and TDS from the wastewater effluent samples. This biosorbent successfully reduced the sulfate ion concentration in the wastewater sample from 714 to 420 mg/L at pH 6 in 1 h. Similarly, the concentration of TDS reduced to 33,951 from 6295 mg/L at pH 4, whereas barium ions were removed from 15 to 1 mg/L at pH 10 in 1 h. Treatment of wastewater through the synthesized biosorbent efficiently removed the high concentration ions and could potentially be applied to reduce the toxic effects of these contaminants on local public health.

Impacto del filtrado del agua de bebida sobre el rendimiento productivo de ovinos en finalización

Twenty-four Pelibuey × Katahdin lambs were used under a randomized complete block design to evaluate the impact of filtering drinking water on growth-performance. Treatments consisted of ad libitum supply of filtered dam water (FILT; 256 ppm TDS) and unfiltered dam water (RAW; 776 ppm TDS). The experiment lasted 89 days. Based on TDS content, both FILT and RAW qualify as "safe drinking water" for livestock. However, water intake was 10% higher in lambs receiving FILT. Moreover, FILT consumption improved daily weight gain (8%, P = 0.03) and dietary energy utilization efficiency (2.9% P = 0.04). The results of this study indicate that filtering the water qualified as "safe" improves the productive performance of finishing lambs.

A unified multivariate statistical approach for the assessment of deep groundwater quality of rapidly growing city of Maharashtra Province, India, with potential health risk.

The main aim of this research is to assess the consequences of natural and anthropogenic processes on the groundwater quality of 65 deep aquifers of Nagpur city, Maharashtra Province, India, using a unified multivariate statistical approach. The dominant groundwater type recognized is Ca-HCO3 (recharge waters) in 43.1 and 38.5% of groundwater samples of pre- and post-monsoon seasons, followed by mixed water types. The seasonal distribution of physicochemical parameters shows increase in the concentration of EC, TDS, TH, Mg2+, SO42-, and NO3- signifying the high mineralization and anthropogenic loading from pre- and post-monsoon season respectively. The entropy-weight water quality index categorizes the 84.6% and 75.4% of total samples from pre- and post-monsoon seasons into moderate quality. The multiple linear regression and PCA analysis reveal the masking of rock weathering mechanism by anthropogenic activities. The % of PCA Variance varies from 79 to 83.7% from pre- to post-monsoon season. The high contributions of EC (0.76, 0.72), TDS (0.79, 0.73), TH (0.97, 0.962), Ca2+ (0.84, 0.78), Mg2+ (0.79, 0.83), Cl- (0.73, 0.75), and NO3- (0.78, 0.68) in PC1 components expose high salinity and hardness in urban groundwater that signifies the consequences of urbanization on the groundwater regime. About 55.4 and 70.8% of children population as compared to the adult female (53.8%, 69.2%) and male (32.3%, 46.1%) population in PRM and POM respectively were at high non-carcinogenic health threat of NO3--enriched groundwater. The study is beneficial for understanding the variation in groundwater composition due to unplanned urbanization and is very useful for protecting groundwater resources in urban areas.

Analisa Air Sungai Cibanten sebagai Sumber Air Baku Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum

Determining the source of raw water at a Regional Drinking Water Company is the first step in determining the location or place to fulfill raw water for clean water treatment purposes. One alternative that can be used as a source of raw water is river water. The purpose of this study is for initial analysis of a water source to be used as an alternative source of raw water for clean water treatment. In determining the selection of source water, there are 3 parameters that must be met for a water source, namely: Quantity, Continuity, and Quality. This research uses a quantitative analysis method in the form of field data measurements of population and population growth projections in the distribution area, by analyzing the quality test of the Cibanten River. Based on the results of data processing, the total average clean water needs of Serang District and Kasemen District is 697.06 liters/second, the water discharge capacity of the Cibanten River in 2020 has an average of 3,690 liters/second so that the Cibanten river discharge is suitable as a source of raw water. for the quantity and continuity parameters. For testing the water quality of the Cibanten River with parameters BOD, COD, TSS, TDS and pH, the value of the content of TDS and pH meets the environmental quality standards, for the values of TSS, TDS and BOD the results exceed the environmental quality standards. It needs to be treated first before being used as clean water and drinking water.

COST EFFECTIVE MECHANISM TO TREAT WASTE WATER

Cost effective mechanism is the treatment of waste water to use treated water further for irrigation purpose and also to increase ground water level. That means, to reduce the concentration of TDS, BOD, COD, DO of waste water. Waste water includes plastic, sludge, and solid waste which directly and indirectly affect human health, underground water, and agriculture. In primary treatment, Screens are used for separating the solid waste and sludge flowing with waste water. We can use this separated sludge as a fertilizer for agriculture purpose. Purification of the waste water is done by aeration and sedimentation processes by providing porous bandhara, solid bandhara, & porous gravel filter. In further process a horizontal constructed wetlands are used. Constructed wetlands are shallow extensively vegetated water bodies that use enhanced sedimentation; fine filtration and pollutant absorb process to remove pollutants from waste water. This technology is using a natural way to effectively treating the waste water where no external energy is required as well as having low maintenance cost. This method is beneficial in draught areas to increase ground water level.

Multivariate statistics and hydrogeochemistry of deep groundwater at southwestern part of Bangladesh

Multivariate statistics and GIS alone with geochemical modeling were applied to investigate the hydro-geochemical characteristics of groundwater and their spatial distribution in the deep aquifer system of Bagherpara Upazila, Bangladesh. This Upazila consists of an area of 308.3 km2 and local people mostly rely on groundwater to meet the drinking water requirements. Water samples from one hundred randomly selected deep tube wells (152–198 m) were collected and analyzed for 14 water quality parameters to characterize the hydro-geochemical properties. The groundwater shows slight alkaline in nature throughout the study area. Most of the water samples were turbid and 68% of them failed to meet the drinking water quality standard prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). TDS concentration ranges between 280 mg/L and 1040 mg/L, with a mean value of 446.20 (±122.19) mg/L. The general order of cation and anion along the study area were Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+ and HCO3->Cl−>PO43->SO42->NO3- respectively. Carbonate weathering is the dominant process for releasing ions in groundwater. Besides, the ion exchange process is active in the study area, which leads to the reduction of Na+ ions. Gibb's plot suggests a rock dominance inheritance controls the dissolution and precipitation of minerals along with the ion-exchange process, and ultimately dictates the groundwater chemistry. Besides, the Piper diagram showed that Ca2+-Mg2+-SO42- is the dominant water type in 65% of the samples followed by Ca2+-Mg2+–HCO3- water type (35%). The abundance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions and the alkaline nature of groundwater indicate mixed geochemical facies and reverse exchange reactions. The principal component analysis (PCA) reveals that weathering and leaching of host rocks was the main natural source, while municipal solid waste dumping, sewage discharge, and fertilizer application could be other anthropogenic factors that affect the groundwater geochemistry. In fine, the chemical characteristics of groundwater were acquired through rock dissolution, percolation, and reverse exchange process.

Occurrence, controlling factors and noncarcinogenic risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulation of fluoride in mid-layer groundwater of Huaibei mining area, North China

Fluoride groundwater pollution is a major challenge to ensuring a safe groundwater supply for the global community. This study emphasized mid-layer groundwater (MG) as the main water supply source in the Huaibei mining area, North China. A total of 74 groundwater samples were taken to determine the hydrochemistry, source provenance, driving forces of high-fluoride groundwater, and associated probabilistic health risk using Monte Carlo simulation. The fluoride concentration in 55.56 % of the MG samples exceeded the Chinese drinking water permissible limit of 1 mg/L. In addition, MG is characterized by the hydrochemical faces of HCO3− type and Na+ type, lower Ca2+ and higher TDS concentration. Fluoride enrichment was predominantly controlled by the geogenic sources of fluorite dissolution, silicate weathering and lateral supply from the Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation limestone aquifer (CLA). In addition, the driving forces of high-fluoride groundwater were an alkaline environment, low Ca2+ concentration, high Na+ and HCO3− concentration, cation exchange between Ca2+ and Na+ on the surface of clay minerals, and competitive adsorption of HCO3−. The health risk assessment of F− for noncarcinogenic risk showed that the HQ values of 28.16 % of groundwater samples exceeded the safety limit of 1 for infants, followed by 2.1 % for children and 0 % for both adult females and males. Infants and children are more prone to the impact of excessive F−. The findings of this study will provide new insights into the geochemical behavior of F− and the safety of drinking water.