Serum Malondialdehyde Concentrations Research Articles

Dietary phytochemical index is favorably associated with oxidative stress status and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with obesity

Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plant-based foods. Consumption of phytochemical-rich foods has been associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases prevention in various populations. To quantify the phytochemical content of the diet, dietary phytochemical index (DPI) was established which is defined as the proportion of daily energy intake derived from foods rich in phytochemicals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the DPI and oxidative stress markers and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adults. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 140 adults aged 20–60 years and body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 30 kg/m2 were included. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect information on dietary intakes. The DPI was calculated based on the following formula: DPI = [daily energy obtained from foods rich in phytochemicals (kcal)/total daily energy intake (kcal) × 100]. There was an inverse association between DPI and serum concentrations of Malondialdehyde (MDA) (P = 0.004), triglyceride (TG) (P-trend = 0.003), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P = 0.017), and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P = 0.024). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was positively associated with DPI score (P = 0.045). No significant relationship was found between the DPI score and fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total oxidant status (TOS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and anthropometric parameters as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The current study found that there was a significant inverse association between DPI and oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertriglyceridemia as cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in obese population. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Effects Of Ginkgo biloba Versus Celecoxib On The Levels Of Oxidative Stress And Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 In Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis

To investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and Celecoxib on the parameters of oxidative stress (OS) and matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) concentration and the markers of inflammation in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). To achieve the aim of this study, a randomized control trial(RCT) was adopted. A total of 80 patients with KOA were recruited and investigated for parameters of OS which included: malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and serum MMP-1 concentration, in addition to measuring the markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The patients were divided into 2 groups namely, the GB plus celecoxib group which consisted of 40 patients(with mean ± SD= 51.10 ± 9.78) and the Celecoxib group which consisted of 40 patients(with mean ± SD=51.47±6.26). The patient groups were followed- up for 8 weeks during which the parameters under study were measured before starting therapies and at the end of the follow-up period using commercially available kits. The patient groups were compared with a control group consisted of 40 apparently healthy subjects. By comparing the concentrations of MDA,TAS and MMP-1 in patients with KOA before and after therapy , there was a highly significant decrease (p<0.001) in serum MDA concentration and a significant decrease (p=0.02) in MMP-1 levels with a highly significant increase (p<0.001) in TAS values after two months use of GB plus celecoxib and celecoxib alone, but with results in favor of the former group. GB plus celecoxib seemed to produce a highly significant decrease (p<0.001) in CRP and ESR compared to celecoxib after two months of therapy. The use of GB plus celecoxib and Celecoxib alone for 8 weeks in KOA patients have beneficial effects on the parameters of OS, MMP-1 and inflammatory markers.

Ginger or Black Pepper Supplements Attenuate Oxidative stress and Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome-induced Wistar Rats

There has been an increasing occurrence of cardio-metabolic risk factors globally due to increasing consumption of fructosesweetened foods and drinks that cause excessive generation of free radicals. This research investigated the inclusion of ginger and black pepper in the diet as an easy and affordable means of managing oxidative stress and kidney damage in metabolic syndrome-induced rats. Fifteen metabolic syndrome-induced rats were divided into three groups and fed on diets supplemented with 2 % inclusions of ginger or black pepper. Serum activities of antioxidant enzymes and some indices of renal functions were determined. Compared with the normal control, there were significantly (p<0.05) lower activities of all the studied antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Catalase, and glutathione reductase) in the groups of metabolic syndrome induced-rats fed ginger or black pepper-supplemented diets which had significantly higher activities of these enzymes if compared with the group of metabolic syndrome- induced rats fed standard diets. The serum concentrations of malondialdehyde in all the groups of metabolic syndrome-induced rats fed the spices-supplemented diets did not significantly (p>0.05) differ from the concentration in the control group. The groups of metabolic-syndrome-induced rats fed ginger or black pepper-supplemented diets had significantly (p<0.05) higher concentrations of urea, uric acid, and creatinine in comparison with the normal control, but significantly (p<0.05) lower concentrations of these metabolites if compared with the metabolic syndrome-induced rats fed a standard diet. Similarly, the concentrations of serum electrolytes were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the groups of metabolic-syndrome-induced rats fed spices-supplemented diets compared with the normal control. From the findings, it is concluded that including ginger or black pepper in diets could be useful in managing oxidative stress and kidney dysfunction resulting from the consumption of metabolic syndrome-causing diets.

Effects of oleoylethanolamide supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters of obese patients with NAFLD on a calorie-restricted diet: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Oxidative stress is considered a major factor in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). A growing body of evidence indicates that oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a bioactive lipid mediator, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This trial investigated the effects of OEA administration on inflammatory markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters of patients with NAFLD. Methods: The present randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 obese patients with NAFLD. The patients were treated with OEA (250mg/day) or placebo along with a low-calorie diet for 12 weeks. Inflammatory markers and oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters were evaluated pre-and post-intervention. Results: At the end of the study, neither the between-group changes, nor the within-group differences were significant for serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis-factor α (TNF-α). Serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased and serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) significantly decreased in the OEA group compared to placebo at study endpoint (p = 0.039, 0.018, 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Although, no significant between-group alterations were found in glutathione peroxidase and catalase. There were significant correlations between percent of changes in serum oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters with percent of changes in some anthropometric indices in the intervention group. Conclusion: OEA supplementation could improve some oxidative stress/antioxidant biomarkers without any significant effect on inflammation in NAFLD patients. Further clinical trials with longer follow-up periods are demanded to verify profitable effects of OEA in these patients. Clinical Trial Registration: www.irct.ir, Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20090609002017N32.

Impact of Long-Term Cyclamate and Saccharin Consumption on Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Individuals and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

Previous studies on saccharin and cyclamate were either limited to experimental animals or lacked evaluation of their long-term consumption effects in humans. This study evaluated the effect of chronic consumption of saccharin and cyclamate on biochemical parameters in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Healthy and diabetic individuals were classified into two groups based on whether they consumed sweeteners or not. The participants were classified according to the amount of sweetener consumed per day and duration of consumption. Serum catalase activity, peroxynitrite, ceruloplasmin, and malondialdehyde concentrations were determined. Glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, creatinine, alanine transaminase, and lipid profile were also evaluated. The results suggest that saccharin and cyclamate increased HbA1C (+11.16%), MDA (+52.38%), TG (+16.74%), LDL (+13.39%), and TC/HDL (+13.11%) in healthy volunteers. Diabetic patients consuming sweeteners showed increased FSG (+17.51%), ceruloplasmin (+13.17%), and MDA (+8.92%). Diabetic patients showed a positive correlation between the number of tablets consumed per day with FSG and serum creatinine. A positive correlation was found between the duration of sweetener consumption and FSG as well as TG. Consumption of saccharin and cyclamate affected biochemical parameters related to metabolic functions in a time and dose-dependent manner and appear to increase oxidative stress in healthy and diabetic type 2 patients.

Rev-erbα agonist SR9009 protects against cerebral ischemic injury through mechanisms involving Nrf2 pathway.

Backgrounds: The circadian clock protein Rev-erbα is a crucial regulator of circadian rhythms that affects multiple molecular, cellular, and physiology pathways that control susceptibility, injury, and recovery in the neurological disorders. Emerging evidence suggest that Rev-erbα plays a key role in the inflammation and oxidative stress, two pivotal mechanisms in the pathogenesis, progression, and recovery process of ischemic stroke. However, it remains inconclusive whether Rev-erbα activation is protective against ischemic brain damage. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, a master regulator of inflammatory and oxidative responses. Our study aimed to determine whether pharmacological activation of Rev-erbα by SR9009 protects against acute ischemic brain damage partly via Nrf2 pathway. Methods: Adult mice were pretreated with SR9009 or Nrf2 inhibitor all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) for 3days prior to Sham or middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) operation. After ischemia for 1h and reperfusion for 24h, the neurological function and cerebral infarction volume were determined, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity in serum were detected by kit. The mRNA and/or protein level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Period (Per)1, Brain and muscle arnt-like1 (Bmal1), Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock), Rev-erbα, Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in cerebral cortex were detected by q-PCR and Western blot. Results: We confirmed that SR9009 activated Rev-erbα gene in the cerebral cortex under basal condition. At 24h after reperfusion, SR9009 ameliorated acute neurological deficits, reduced infarct volume. Meanwhile, the inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and MDA content levels were significant decreased, SOD and GSH-PX activity were obviously increased, which were markedly blunted (or abolished) by ATRA. SR9009 enhanced the induction of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes HO-1 and NQO1 after ischemic insult. In addition, we found that SR9009 restored Rev-erbα, Bmal1, Clock, Per1 genes expression in the cerebral cortex under ischemic condition. Conclusion: Taken together, Rev-erbα activation by SR9009 protects against ischemic stroke damage, at least, partly through Nrf2 pathway.

Cigarette smoking and the oxidative stress induced biochemical changes

An investigation was carried out to assess the health status of cigarette smokers, oxidative stress induced changes and prevalence of smoking among smokers of different age groups in Thiruvananthapuram city, situated in the southern part of Kerala, India. The 52 male volunteers, aged between 20 and 70 years who are residents in Ulloor ward of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation in Kerala state were selected for the study. Among these 52 subjects, 36 were current smokers and 16 were non-smokers. The body weight, height and duplicate blood pressure measurements at rest were taken. Fasting blood samples were collected to determine the changes in serum biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, malondialdehyde, sodium, potassium and selected heavy metals in smokers and non-smokers. Analysis of the results show that among the total participants, 69 % were smokers and of these smokers, 41.7 % were in the age group 36- 50 years. The body weight of the smokers was found to be less than that of the nonsmokers in the same age group. The BMI of 72.2% smokers were found to be less than that of the non-smokers. 77.8 % of the smokers in the study population were hypertensive and the blood pressure increases with age. Serum total cholesterol levels in smokers were found to be higher than that of non-smokers and this excess cholesterol may get deposited in the blood vessels and causes atherosclerosis. The smokers with BMI less than 25 recorded highest cholesterol levels. Serum sodium and potassium levels in smokers were higher than that of non-smokers. The increase in serum sodium content in smokers was highly significant compared to non-smokers. Concentrations of serum malondialdehyde, the lipid peroxidation product and the heavy metals like Cu and Cd were also found to be significantly high in smokers. The studyproves that smoking enhances free radical production which results in the formation of lipid peroxidation products and degradation of macromolecules, which may lead to cell damage or death. Results of this study also indicate that there is a positive correlation between mean cadmium content and blood pressure of smokers.

Comparison of the effect of quercetin and daidzein on production performance, anti-oxidation, hormones, and cecal microflora in laying hens during the late laying period

This study aims to compare the effect of quercetin and daidzein on production performance, anti-oxidation, hormones, and cecal microflora in laying hens during the late laying period. A total of 360 53-week-old healthy Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into 3 groups (control, 0.05% quercetin, and 0.003% daidzein). Diets were fed for 10 wk, afterwards 1 bird per replicate (6 replicates) were euthanized for sampling blood, liver and cecal digesta. Compared with the control, quercetin significantly increased laying rate and decreased feed-to-egg weight ratio from wk 1 to 4, wk 5 to 10, and wk 1 to 10 (P < 0.05). Quercetin significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum and liver (P < 0.05) and increased content of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver (P < 0.05). Quercetin increased content of estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in serum (P < 0.05). Quercetin significantly decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides (P < 0.01) and significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) at family and genus levels in cecum. Daidzein did not significantly influence production performance from wk 1 to 10. Daidzein significantly increased SOD activity and decreased CAT activity and MDA content in serum and liver (P < 0.05), and increased T-AOC content in liver (P < 0.05). Daidzein increased content of FSH, IGF-1, T3 in serum (P < 0.05). Daidzein increased the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group at genus level in cecum (P < 0.05). Quercetin increased economic efficiency by 137.59% and 8.77%, respectively, compared with daidzein and control. In conclusion, quercetin improved production performance through enhancing antioxidant state, hormone levels, and regulating cecal microflora in laying hens during the late laying period. Quercetin was more effective than daidzein in improving economic efficiency.

Replacing Fish Meal with Hydrolyzed Collagen Derived from Fish By-Products Improved Muscle Quality and Glycolipid Metabolism of Triploid Crucian Carp.

Fish by-products are rich in collagen. Hydrolyzed collagen derived from fish by-products was used to replace fish meal to evaluate the effects on muscle quality and glycolipid metabolism of juvenile triploid crucian carp. A total of 240 juvenile fish with body weight of 10.01 ± 0.02 g were divided into four groups and fed four diets for 66 days: fish meal (FM) replaced with hydrolyzed collagen (HC) in 0% (Control), 2% (2% HC), 4% (4% HC), and 6% (6% HC), respectively. The results were as follows: The increased proportion of fish meal replaced with hydrolyzed collagen linearly and quadratically decreased the specific growth rate (SGR) of triploid crucian carp (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the SGR and intestinal α-amylase, trypsin and lipase activities in the 4% and 6% HC groups significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the control and 2% HC groups (p > 0.05). Total umami amino acids content, chewiness and myofiber density of muscle in the 4% and 6% HC groups, as well as the essential fatty acids content in all HC groups increased significantly (p < 0.05). All HC groups significantly increased the serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and decreased the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content (p < 0.05). When the replacement amount reached 4%, the serum glucose and liver glycogen content, the liver and serum triglyceride (TG) content, and serum total cholesterol (T-CHO) content were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) of the liver in all HC groups and lipolysis-related genes (lipoprotein lipase (LPL), carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT 1) and hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH)) of the liver in the 6% of HC group increased significantly (p < 0.05), and the expression levels of lipogenesis-related genes (fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP 1)) of the liver in the 4% HC and 6% HC groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the replacement of 2% fish meal with hydrolyzed collagen had no negative effects on the growth of triploid crucian carp, while the replacement of 4% fish meal with hydrolyzed collagen decreased SGR, but improved the muscle quality and decreased glycolipid levels. The maximum proportion of hydrolyzed collagen replacing fish meal should not exceed 4%.

Dietary supplementation of coated sodium butyrate improves growth performance of laying ducks by regulating intestinal health and immunological performance.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of coated sodium butyrate (CSB) on the growth performance, serum antioxidant, immune performance, and intestinal microbiota of laying ducks. A total of 120 48-week-old laying ducks were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups: the control group (group C fed a basal diet) and the CSB-treated group (group CSB fed the basal diet + 250 g/t of CSB). Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates, with 10 ducks per replicate, and the trial was conducted for 60 days. Compared with the group C, the group CSB showed a significant increase in the laying rate (p<0.05) of the 53-56 week-old ducks. Additionally, the serum total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity and immunoglobulin G level were significantly higher (p<0.05), while the serum malondialdehyde content and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a level were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the serum of the group CSB compared to the group C. Moreover, the expression of IL-1b and TNF-a in the spleen of the group CSB was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to that of the group C. In addition, compared with the group C, the expression of Occludin in the ileum and the villus height in the jejunum were significantly higher in the group CSB (p<0.05). Furthermore, Chao1, Shannon, and Pielou-e indices were higher in the group CSB compared to the group C (p<0.05). The abundance of Bacteroidetes in the group CSB was lower than that in the group C (p<0.05), while the abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were higher in the group CSB compared to the group C (p<0.05). Our results suggest that the dietary supplementation of CSB can alleviate egg-laying stress in laying ducks by enhancing immunity and maintaining the intestinal health of the ducks.

A196 CROHN’S DISEASE PATIENT DERIVED MACROPHAGES ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO HYDROGEN PEROXIDE INDUCED CELL DEATH

Abstract Background Crohn’s disease (CD) is characterized by intestinal inflammation due to the interplay between immunity, genetics, and environmental factors such as diet. Selenium (Se) deficiency is common in patients with CD due to malabsorption or high enteric losses. Selenium is used in the synthesis of selenoproteins that have antioxidant properties (e.g. glutathione peroxidases (GPx)) and are highly expressed in macrophages. However, how Se deficiency affects immune system function in patients with CD is unknown. We hypothesize that characterizing Se status, selenoprotein expression and subsequently macrophage function will advance knowledge of mucosal immunity and provide novel insight into CD. Purpose To determine if patients with active CD and healthy controls differ in Se dietary intake and status, oxidative stress, and macrophage cytotoxicity in response to oxidative stress. Method Blood was collected from healthy volunteers and patients diagnosed with ileal, ileocolonic or colonic CD (age ≥18 years, with mild or moderate endoscopic disease activity or fecal calprotectin ≥250 µg/g, and Harvey Bradshaw index &amp;lt;16, stable medications including biologics for at least 8-weeks prior to recruitment). Serum was analyzed for GPx activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Monocytes were isolated by plastic adherence and treated with M-CSF (10 ng/ml, 7d) to derive macrophages. mRNA expression of GPx1, GPx4 and SelenoP was determined by qPCR. Lactate dehydrogenase release was measured in macrophages treated with 500 µM H2O2 for 2h. Result(s) Samples and/or dietary intake data were collected from 9 patients with CD (3 female, 6 male, mean age=36.8 years) and 13 controls (7 female, 6 male, mean age=27.7 years). Dietary Se intake did not differ between patients with CD and controls (126.1 ± 23.2 vs. 123.3 ± 19.8 µg/day). GPx activity was greater in the serum of patients with CD compared to controls (369 ± 49 vs. 169 ± 27 mU/mL, n=6-8, p&amp;lt;0.005). Patients with CD and controls did not differ in serum MDA concentration (7.80 ± 0.57 vs. 6.53 ± 1.1 µM). CRP levels correlated with serum MDA concentration in patients with CD (r=0.95, n=5, p&amp;lt;0.05) but not GPx activity. Macrophages from patients with CD (n=6) and controls (n=7) did not differ in expression of GPx1 and GPx4 mRNA, whereas SelenoP mRNA was ~200-fold lower in macrophages from patients with CD. Macrophages derived from patients with CD were more susceptible to H2O2-evoked cell death (10.3 ± 1.1 vs. 4.7 ± 0.7 % n=2-3 p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion(s) Despite adequate dietary Se intake our findings suggest altered Se metabolism in patients with active CD, with increases in serum GPx potentially indicative of the need for antioxidant activity to counter oxidative stress. The increased sensitivity of macrophages from patients with CD to H2O2 emphasizes the role of oxidative stress and redox balance in IBD. Defining how micronutrients, in this instance Se, impacts innate immunity may provide new approaches to the management of CD. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Chrysin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in rats

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether chrysin reduces cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI) by inhi-biting ferroptosis in rats. Male SD rats were randomly divided into a sham group, a model group, high-, medium-, and low-dose chrysin groups(200, 100, and 50 mg·kg~(-1)), and a positive drug group(Ginaton, 21.6 mg·kg~(-1)). The CIRI model was induced in rats by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion(tMCAO). The indexes were evaluated and the samples were taken 24 h after the operation. The neurological deficit score was used to detect neurological function. The 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride(TTC) staining was used to detect the cerebral infarction area. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the morphological structure of brain tissues. Prussian blue staining was used to observe the iron accumulation in the brain. Total iron, lipid pero-xide, and malondialdehyde in serum and brain tissues were detected by biochemical reagents. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of solute carrier fa-mily 7 member 11(SLC7A11), transferrin receptor 1(TFR1), glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4(ACSL4), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2) in brain tissues. Compared with the model group, the groups with drug intervention showed restored neurological function, decreased cerebral infarction rate, and alleviated pathological changes. The low-dose chrysin group was selected as the optimal dosing group. Compared with the model group, the chrysin groups showed reduced content of total iron, lipid peroxide, and malondialdehyde in brain tissues and serum, increased mRNA and protein expression levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4, and decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of TFR1, PTGS2, and ACSL4. Chrysin may regulate iron metabolism via regulating the related targets of ferroptosis and inhibit neuronal ferroptosis induced by CIRI.

The Role of the Superoxide Radical in the Regulation of the K&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;-Channels Function in the Coronary Vessels Following Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

The purpose of the research was to study the contribution of the superoxide radical (\({\text{O}}_{2}^{{\centerdot - }}\)) to the mechanisms of the coronary KV-channels functional activity impairment in rats with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study was performed on 117 outbred white male rats (Rattus, Muridae weighing 210–240 g). To reproduce the experimental analogue of PTSD, the modified model of “a predator presence imitation” was applied (contact with cats’ excrements for 10 days, 15 minutes daily). The PTSD development was confirmed by behavioral changes of affected animals in the “Open Field” test. The coronary vessels’ tone was studied on the isolated by the Langendorf’s method isotonically contracted hearts, which were perfused under constant flow with Krebs–Henseleit solution. The contribution of \({\text{O}}_{2}^{{\centerdot - }}\) to the coronary vascular tone regulation was studied by infusion of the superoxide radical “scavenger” Tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid) in the perfusion solution. The functional activity of KV-channels was assessed by the degree of increase in the coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) in response to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a blocker of KV-channels. To elucidate the role of \({\text{O}}_{2}^{{\centerdot - }}\) in the KV‑channels functional activity of coronary vessels, Tiron and 4-AP were infused in the perfusion solution. The concentration of diene conjugates (DCs), malondialdehyde (MDA), C‑reactive protein (C-RP) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) as well as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were detected in the blood serum of experimental animals. The CPP in the isolated rats’ hearts after PTSD was 30% lower at coronary flow rate 10 mL/min compared to the control group. Under the influence of 4-AP, CPP increased by 70% and by 24% in the “Control” and “PTSD” groups, respectively. Under influence of Tiron, the CPP in the “PTSD” group at coronary flow rate 10 mL/min was 52% lower than in the control. In the “PTSD + Tiron + 4-AP” group the CPP augmentation (71.5%) was comparable to that in the hearts of the “Control” group after 4-AP exposure. The IL-1β, C-RP, DCs and MDA concentration in the blood serum of rats with PTSD was 3, 1.6, 3.3 and 3.6 times higher than in the control rats’ blood serum, while SOD and CAT activity was by 27 and 59% lower, compared to control, respectively. In the course of the investigation, it was found that \({\text{O}}_{2}^{{\centerdot - }}\) overproduction due to oxidative stress might be an important mechanism of a poststressor “channelopathy”, which is characterized by the decreased functional activity of the KV-channels of coronary vessels following PTSD.

Radio-adaptive Response Induced by Low-dose Ionizing Radiation in Innate Immunity for Radiotherapy.

Radio-adaptive response (RAR) is a mechanism by which low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) protect cells from subsequent high doses. This study aimed to compare the immuno-radiological effects of 0.25, 0.5, and 5 Gy to 0.25 or 0.5 Gy as priming and 5 Gy as challenging doses. Thirty-five rats were irradiated whole-body with 0.25 and 0.5 Gy followed by 5 Gy, and the same single IR doses with non-irradiated animals serving as controls. Serum interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured 4 d post both priming and challenge doses. A 0.25-Gy priming dose significantly (P < 0.05) reduced serum TNF-α, MDA, and NO levels compared to all single-irradiated groups. Surprisingly, there was no difference in IFN-γ serum levels between the RAR-induced and non-irradiated groups (P ≥ 0.05). Compared to the same low priming dose (0.25 and 0.5 Gy), the effect of the challenging dose (5 Gy) remains unchanged or decreases. Serum IFN-γ, MDA, and NO concentrations, on the other hand, were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the 0.5 Gy pre-challenging dose, whereas IL1β had no effect (P ≥ 0.05) compared to 5 Gy alone. The post-RAR group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower oxidative stress indicators than the other irradiation groups. The findings suggested that priming with low IR could help mitigate the negative effects on the hematopoietic system. Finally, RAR has significantly impacted endogenous cytokines, oxidative stress biomarkers, and lipid peroxidation parameters. RAR can improve patients' radiological safety profiles by mitigating adverse radiotherapy effects.

Effects of heat exposure and vitamin C intervention on oxidative stress and blood pressure changes in treadmill rats

Objective: To investigate the effect of oxidative stress caused by heat exposure on the blood pressure increase of treadmill rats and the intervention of antioxidants. Methods: In June 2021, Twenty-four healthy SD male rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal temperature feeding, normal temperature treadmill, high temperature treadmill and high temperature treadmill supplementation with vitamin C groups, 6 rats in each group. The rats run on the platform in normal temperature or heat exposure environment for 30 min in the morning and in the afternoon daily, 6 days per week. The daily vitamin C supplement dose of high temperature treadmill supplementation with vitamin C group was 10 mg/kg. BP recordings were done at the end of the week. The rat vascular lipofuscin (LF) was detected by ELISA, the rat serum nitric oxide (NO) was detected by nitrate reductase method, the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected by thibabituric acid method, the serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by chemiluminescence method, and the serum catalase (CAT) was detected by ammonium molybdate method. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of serum was measured by iron reduction/antioxidant capacity method, and the content of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in vascular tissue was measured by Western blot. The intra-group mean was compared by repeated measurement analysis of variance, and the inter-group mean was compared by single-factor analysis of variance and post-event LSD-t test. Results: Compared with the previous time point, the systolic BP and diastolic BP of the high temperature treadmill group were significantly increased at 7, 14 and 21 d, and decreased at 28 d which were higher than the initial level (P<0.05), and the systolic BP and diastolic BP values at each experimental time point were significantly higher than those of normal temperature treadmill group (P<0.001). The changes of thickening of the artery wall, no smoothing of the endodermis and irregular arrangement of muscle cells in high temperature treadmill group were observed. Compared with the normal temperature treadmill group, the content of MDA in serum, and LF in vascular tissue were significantly increased, the activities of SOD, CAT, T-AOC, the content of NO in serum, and the expression of Nrf2 in vascular tissue were significantly decreased in high temperature treadmill group (P<0.05). Compared with the high temperature treadmill group, the systolic BP and diastolic BP values at 7, 14, 21 and 28 d, the content of serum MDA and LF in vascular tissue were significantly decreased, the activities of CAT and T-AOC, and the expression of Nrf2 in vascular tissue significantly increased (P<0.05), the histopathological changes of the artery wall improved in high temperature treadmill supplementation with vitamin C group. Conclusion: Heat exposure has effect on oxidative stress, which may be related to the increase of BP. Vitamin C as an anti-oxidative enhancer can prevent those negative effects, which could alleviate the pathological changes of vessel intima in heat-exposed rats. And the Nrf2 may be a regulated factor to vascular protection.

Effects of emulsifier, betaine, and L-carnitine on growth performance, immune response, gut morphology, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens exposed to cyclic heat stress

ABSTRACT 1. This experiment investigated the efficacy of varying doses of an emulsifier blend (EB; 0 and 1 g/kg of diet), betaine (BT; 0 and 1 g/kg of diet) and L-carnitine (CT; 0 and 0.5 g/kg of diet) in broilers subjected to circular heat stress (HS) conditions. A total of 1080 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of nine treatment groups (six pens/treatment with 20 birds/pen) according to a completely randomised design. The thermoneutral control broiler chickens were housed at a comfortable temperature and fed a standard diet (no additives). The other eight groups were exposed to cyclic HS conditions (34°C) for 8 h (10:00-18:00). 2. There were EB × BT × CT interactions for body weight (BW) at 24 d (P = 0.038) and average daily gain (ADG) during the 10–24 d period (P = 0.049), with the greatest values found with concurrent supplementation of three supplements. 3. Inclusion of EB resulted in greater (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, European performance index, uniformity rate, primary antibody titres against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), duodenal villus height (VH) and villus surface area, digestible energy (DE) and the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of dry matter, crude protein, and fat However, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio were lower (P < 0.05). 4. Dietary BT supplementation improved (P < 0.05) all performance indicators, primary antibody titres against SRBC and Newcastle disease virus, serum total antioxidant capacity, duodenal VH, Jejunal VH/crypt depth and the CAID of dry matter and crude protein. The effect of dietary supplementation with CT was limited to an increase (P < 0.05) in ADG (d 10–24) and a decrease (P < 0.05) in serum malondialdehyde concentration (42 d) and jejunal crypt depth (42 d). 5. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of either EB or BT alone or in combination ameliorated some of the detrimental effects of HS on growth performance, immunity and intestinal health in broilers, while a minor positive effect on performance and antioxidant status was observed with CT supplementation.

Anisodamine combined with lidocaine improves healing of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Purpose: To study the effects of anisodamine (Ad) combined with lidocaine (Ldc) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) in rats, and its correlation with PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Methods: A total of 70 healthy rats were randomly divided into S group, M group, Ad group, Ldc group, Ad + Ldc group, Ad + Ldc + LY group, and LY group. The cardiac hemodynamic indices in each group were determined, and the area of myocardial infarction measured. Serum biochemical indices were also determined. Furthermore, the protein expressions of p-Akt, T-Akt, Bcl-2, and Bax in myocardial cells were determined by Western blotting.Results: Compared with those in M group, Ad group, Ldc group, Ad + Ldc + LY group, and LY group, cardiac hemodynamic indices significantly improved, while the area of myocardial infarction was significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration but the activities of CK, CK-MB, TNF-α, and IL-6 declined, while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT and GSH-Px rose in Ad + Ldc group (p &lt; 0.01). In Ad + Ldc group, p-Akt, T-Akt, and Bcl-2 increased, while Bax significantly decreased. Through comparison LY294002 significantly inhibited the protective effect of Ad combined with Ldc against MIRI in rats (p &lt; 0.01).Conclusion: Anisodamine combination with lidocaine has a protective effect against MIRI in rats via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thus indicating that it is a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.

Effects of moxibustion on acupoints at "opening" time on testicular tissue apoptosis in aging rats

To observe the effect of "lingguibafa" moxibustion at "opening" time on the level of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA), the protein expressions of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) in aging model rats. SD rats were randomly divided into blank control, model and lingguibafa groups, with 8 rats in each group. The aging model was established by daily intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (500 mg/kg) for 42 consecutive days. After successful modeling, moxibustion intervention was applied at"lingguibafa" acupoints, 3 moxa-cone for each acupoint, once a day for 28 consecutive days. The contents of SOD and MDA in serum were detected by ELISA. Morphological changes of testicular tissue and the number of Leydig cells were observed after HE staining. Apoptosis rate of testicular cells was detected by TUNEL staining. The protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in testis were detected by Western blot. Compared with the blank control group, the SOD content in the serum, the number of testicular Leydig cells, the expression level of Bcl-2 protein in testis were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the model group, while the MDA content in the serum, the apoptosis rate of testicular cells and the expression level of Bax protein in testis were significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the SOD content in serum, the number of testicular Leydig cells, the Bcl-2 protein expression in testis were significantly increased (P<0.01), while the MDA content in serum, the apoptosis rate of testicular cells, the expression level of Bax protein in testis were significantly decreased(P<0.01) in the lingguibafa group. Moxibustion on acupoints at "opening" time can delay testicular aging, and the mechanism may be related to balancing the metabolism of free radicals, reducing oxidative damage, and inhibiting the apoptosis of testicular cells.

Effects of different levels of dietary chlorogenic acid supplementation on growth performance, intestinal integrity, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens at an early age

This study was conducted to investigate effects of graded levels of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal integrity, and antioxidant capacity of broilers at an early age. Two hundred and forty one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were assigned to five groups with six replicates of eight birds each, and were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control group), 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg CGA for 14 days, respectively. The CGA administration linearly and quadratically increased body weight and weight gain and quadratically reduced feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05), and these effects were more pronounced when its dosage was 500 mg/kg (P < 0.05). The CGA supplementation especially at a level of 500 mg/kg linearly increased glucose concentration and quadratically lowered serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels (P < 0.05). Dietary CGA administration linearly and quadratically reduced plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate concentration (P < 0.05), and these effects were more prominent in 500 mg/kg CGA-supplemented group (P < 0.05). The CGA supplementation linearly increased the ratio between duodenal villus height and crypt depth and ileal villus height (P < 0.05). Moreover, supplementing 500 mg/kg CGA elevated the ratio of jejunal villus height and crypt depth when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The CGA administration linearly and/or quadratically increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione level, and decreased malondialdehyde concentration in serum, duodenum, and jejunum (except T-AOC activity and glutathione level in jejunum) (P < 0.05). Moreover, an addition of CGA linearly or quadratically increased T-AOC activity and glutathione level and reduced malondialdehyde concentration in ileum (P < 0.05). The beneficial effects of CGA on the antioxidant capacity in serum and intestinal mucosa were more apparent when its supplemental level was 500 mg/kg. The results suggested that CGA could improve growth performance, intestinal integrity, and antioxidant status of broilers at an early age, with its recommended dosage being 500 mg/kg.

The Importance of Fatty Acid Precision Nutrition: Effects of Dietary Fatty Acid Composition on Growth, Hepatic Metabolite, and Intestinal Microbiota in Marine Teleost Trachinotus ovatus.

Our recent study demonstrated that diet with blend oil (named BO1) as lipid, which is designed on the base of essential fatty acid requirement of Trachinotus ovatus, achieved good performance. Here, to confirm its effect and investigate the mechanism, three isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipidic (13%) diets (D1-D3) only differing in dietary lipids, which were, respectively, fish oil (FO), BO1, and blend oil 2 (BO2) consisting of FO and soybean oil at 2 : 3, were formulated and used to feed the T. ovatus juveniles (average initial weight: 7.65 g) for 9 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain rate of fish fed D2 was higher than that of fish fed D3 (P < 0.05) and had no significant difference from that of fish fed D1 (P > 0.05). Correspondingly, compared with the D3 group, fish of the D2 group exhibited better oxidative stress parameters such as lower serum malondialdehyde content and inflammatory indexes in the liver such as the lower expression level of genes encoding four interleukin proteins and tumor necrosis factor α, as well as higher hepatic immune-related metabolites such as valine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, tyramine, l-targinine, p-synephrine, and butyric acid (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the intestinal probiotic (Bacillus) proportion was significantly higher, while the pathogenic bacteria (Mycoplasma) proportion was significantly lower in the D2 group than that in the D3 group (P < 0.05). The main differential fatty acids of diet D2 were close to those of D1, while the levels of linoleic acid and n-6 PUFA, as well as the ratio of DHA/EPA of D3, were higher than those of D1 and D2. These results indicated that the better performance of D2 such as enhancing growth, reducing oxidative stress, and improving immune responses and intestinal microbial communities in T. ovatus may be mainly due to the good fatty acid composition of BO1, which indicated the importance of fatty acid precision nutrition.