Rhenium Concentration Research Articles

Rhenium and related valuable metals in the oil shales of the Volga basin

The results of study of the content of rhenium and other valuable metals in the oil shales of the Volga basin are presented. The new data on precise determination of Re, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, U and other metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have been published. The content of the studied metals were compared with clarks in carbonaceous shales. The association of metals with rhenium (Mo, U, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Sb) has been isolated in oil shales. The organic matter of oil shales acts as a rhenium concentrator, and apparently Mo, U. The preferred petrographic type of oil shales for the concentration of rhenium in them is the colloalginite-vitrinite-clay type. The rhenium-bearing and metalliferous content of the Volga shales is compared with the contents of rhenium and a number of other valuable metals in dictyonema shales of the Baltic sedimentary basin.

Hydrometallurgical Technology for Producing Rhenium(VII) and Cobalt(II) from Waste

This paper presents a method for obtaining cobalt(II) perrhenate from waste derived from two types of materials, i.e., Li-ion battery scrap, or more precisely, battery mass, and superalloy scrap. Both of the above-mentioned materials are a source of Co. However, a source of rhenium is perrhenic acid produced from ammonium perrhenate (recycled) by the ion exchange method using resins. Co(OH)2 can be precipitated from solutions resulting from the leaching of Li-ion battery mass, sludge from the Zn-Pb industry and superalloy scrap. The compound, after proper purification, can be used in a reaction with perrhenic acid to form Co(ReO4)2. The reaction should be conducted under the following conditions: time 1 h, room temperature, 30% excess of cobalt(II) hydroxide, and rhenium concentration in HReO4 from about 20 g/dm3 to 300 g/dm3. This work shows that with the use of Co(OH)2, obtained from waste, an anhydrous form of cobalt(II) perrhenate can be obtained, containing < 1000 ppm of the cumulative metal impurities.

Deuterium retention in displacement-damaged tungsten-rhenium alloys: Influence of rhenium concentration and irradiation temperature

Tungsten (W) samples containing 0, 1, 3, and 5 at.% rhenium (Re) were irradiated by 20 MeV W ions to 0.5 dpa at 290 K and to 0.3 dpa at 1350 K. An additional set of samples was irradiated to 0.5 dpa at 290 K and then annealed at 1350 K. The irradiated samples were exposed to a deuterium (D) plasma at 370 K. D concentration profiles in the samples were measured using D(He3,p)α nuclear reaction analysis. The D binding states in the defects were analysed using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). In the case of irradiation at 290 K, the trapped D concentration monotonically increases with increasing Re concentration: in W-5%Re it is 17% higher than in pure W. On the contrary, for irradiation at 1350 K the trapped D concentration monotonically decreases with increasing Re concentration: in W-5%Re it is 50 times smaller than in pure W. In the case of annealing at 1350 K of the samples irradiated at 290 K, the Re presence yields only up to three times reduction of trapped D concentration compared with pure W. TDS shows that the nature of D trapping sites is different for the irradiations at 290 K and 1350 K. We attribute the reduced D trapping in W-Re alloys irradiated at 1350 K to the reduction of cavity growth caused by the presence of Re.

Influence of Rhenium Concentration on Charge Doping and Defect Formation in MoS2

Influence of Rhenium Concentration on Charge Doping and Defect Formation in MoS₂

Hydrometallurgical Method of Producing Lithium Perrhenate from Solutions Obtained during the Processing of Li-Ion Battery Scrap

The work presents the research results regarding the development of an innovative technology for the production of lithium perrhenate. The new technology is based entirely on hydrometallurgical processes. The source of lithium was solutions created during the processing of Li-ion battery masses, and the source of rhenium was perrhenic acid, produced from the scraps of Ni-based superalloys. The research showed that with the use of lithium carbonate, obtained from post-leaching solutions of Li-ion battery waste and properly purified (by washing with water, alcohol, and cyclic purification with CO2), and perrhenic acid, lithium perrhenate can be obtained. The following conditions: room temperature, time 1 h, 30% excess of lithium carbonate, and rhenium concentration in the acid from 20 g/dm3 to 300 g/dm3, allowed to produce a compound containing a total of 1000 ppm of metal impurities. The developed technology is characterized by the management of all aqueous waste solutions and solid waste and the lack of loss of valuable metals such as rhenium and lithium after the initial precipitation step of lithium carbonate.

Электрохимическая переработка отходов ренийсодержащих сплавов на основе вольфрама в аммиачно-карбонатных растворах

The electrochemical behavior of rhenium-containing tungsten alloys waste of the type WRe (wt. %: W — 80–95, Re — 5–20) in a solution of (NH4)2CO3 1,0 M was studied using the method of linear voltammetry in potentiodynamic mode and potentiostatic electrolysis. Separation of tungsten and rhenium from the resulting electrolyte was carried out by crystallization of ammonium paratungstate and concentration of rhenium in the mother liquor. A basic technological scheme for the processing of rhenium-containing tungsten alloys is proposed.

Mechanical properties of Mo-Re alloy based on first-principles and machine learning potential function

This study utilizes first principles calculations of density functional theory and Spectral Neighbor Analysis Potential (SNAP) machine learning potential to investigate the influence of rhenium concentration and temperature on the fundamental mechanical properties of Molybdenum-Rhenium alloy. The Mo1−xRex alloys (x = 0.0625–0.5) are constructed using a special quasi-random structure BCC model. The optimized geometries and lattices are used to calculate elastic constants and derivate mechanical parameters, including Bulk modulus, Young's modulus, Shear modulus, etc. The results show that with the increase of rhenium content, the mechanical properties of Mo1−xRex alloy are significantly improved, and higher than pure molybdenum, the best properties are reached at x(Re) = 0.3125. On the other hand, by analyzing the ratio of bulk modulus to shear modulus (B/G) and Poisson's ratio, the alloying of rhenium can also improve the ductility of molybdenum rhenium alloy. To address the challenge of calculating the high-temperature mechanical properties of Molybdenum-Rhenium alloy, a machine learning potential was developed within a training set called Spectral Neighbor Analysis Potential (SNAP). We accurately predicted the bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio of Molybdenum-Rhenium alloy over the temperature range of 300–1300 K. Additionally, we provided an accurate description of how temperature affects the mechanical properties and solubility of Molybdenum-Rhenium alloy. This approach aims to overcome the limitations associated with traditional methods and provide accurate predictions of the alloy's mechanical behavior at elevated temperatures.

Effect of concentration of rhenium and temperature on mechanical properties in tungsten-rhenium alloy: A molecular dynamics study

Effect of concentration of rhenium and temperature on mechanical properties in tungsten-rhenium alloy: A molecular dynamics study

Crystallographic texture and grain boundary character development of hot-press sintered tungsten heavy alloy: The effect of rhenium concentration

In this study, the effects of rhenium on the evolution of microstructure and texture in hot press sintered tungsten heavy alloy (93W-4.9Ni-2.1Cu) is examined. Rhenium is added (i.e., increased rhenium from 0 to 1 wt % with interval of 0.25 wt %) to a conventional tungsten heavy alloy while maintaining a constant Ni: Cu (7:3) ratio. The samples were prepared using a vacuum hot press sintering method with parameters including 50 MPa pressure, 10 °C/min heating rate, and 1450 °C temperature for a 20-min holding time. The impact of rhenium on densification, crystallographic texture development, and grain boundary features of Re alloyed WHA was studied using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The development of grain boundary texture was the result of a Ʃ3 CSL increase in sintered compact. The base alloy exhibits fibre texture in the (001) plane with the <111> direction and a higher proportion of low-angle grain boundaries. Reduced kinetics of grain growth during sintering led to a higher degree of densification and randomised weak fibre texture in rhenium-alloyed samples. The deterioration of texture in the (001) <111> direction in rhenium-added alloys was caused by recrystallization following recovery during sintering. Metallographic studies reveal that an increase in rhenium in the WHA's stoichiometry resulted in particle refinement during sintering, thereby enhancing the WHA's properties. Maximum micro-hardness (432 HV0.5), electrical conductivity (23.74 % of IACS), and relative density (99.90 %) were observed in a 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Cu (Re 1 wt% alloy).

Stabilization of the Nano-Sized 1T Phase through Rhenium Doping in the Metal-Organic CVD MoS2 Films.

Heterogeneous nanostructures composed of metastable tetragonal 1T-MoS2 and stable hexagonal 2H-MoS2 phases are highly promising for a wide range of applications, including catalysis and ion batteries, due to the high electrical conductivity and catalytic activity of the 1T phase. However, a controllable synthesis of stabilized 1T-MoS2 films over the wafer-scale area is challenging. In this work, a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition process allowing us to obtain ultrathin MoS2 films containing both 1T and 2H phases and control their ratio through rhenium doping was suggested. As a result, Mo1-xRexS2 films with a 1T-MoS2 fraction up to ≈30% were obtained, which were relatively stable under normal conditions for a long time. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy also indicated that the 1T-MoS2 phase fraction increased with rhenium concentration increase saturating at Re concentrations above 5 at. %. Also, its concentration was found to significantly affect the film resistivity. Thus, the resistivity of the film containing approximately 30% of the 1T phase was about 130 times lower than that of the film without the 1T phase.

Rhenium recovery from highly concentrated sulfuric media using AMR anionite in column mode

The paper deals with the study of rhenium recovery by AMR anionite from model high-acidic sulfuric solution as well as its desorption by ammonia solution in column experiments. Total dynamic exchange capacity was calculated. Experimental data were processed using the Thomas, Yoon-Nelson and Bed Depth Service Time models, basic parameters were calculated. It was found that total dynamic exchange capacity calculated by Thomas fit was the closest to the experimental value. Rhenium desorption was examined using ammonia solution. Rhenium recovery degree and concentration factor were calculated. The elution curve featured a clear peak that allows producing eluate with high rhenium concentration. The presented results may be used when designing technologies for rhenium sorption from different process solutions and during recycling rhenium-containing alloy wastes.

Determination of resistance against the transmission of charged particles of Rhenium-Boron (Re-B) based alloys

In this study, the resistance of the Rhenium-Boron (Re-B) based alloys against the transmission of charged particles such as electron, proton, alpha, carbon and oxygen was investigated using the stopping power as the characterizing quantity. For this, the collision, radiative/nuclear, total stopping powers and projected range of the charged particles in the Re40-B60, Re50-B50, Re58-B42 and Re60-B40 alloys were calculated using the ESTAR, and the the Stopping and Range of Ions in Materials (SRIM) Monte Carlo code. It was found that the stopping powers of the heavy charged particles tended to decrease with increasing the rhenium concentration. These results suggest that the boron element is more suitable for heavy charged particle shielding materials compared to rhenium element.

Precipitation of Topologically Closed Packed Phases during the Heat-Treatment of Rhenium Containing Single Crystal Ni-Based Superalloys

Continual development of nickel-based superalloys for single-crystal turbine applications has pushed their operating temperatures higher and higher, most notably through the addition of rhenium. However, this has left them susceptible to the precipitation of topologically closed packed phases (TCPs), which are widely considered detrimental. Whilst these have long been reported as an end-of-life phenomenon in in-service components, they have more recently been observed during the manufacture of turbine blades. Several rhenium-containing alloys (CMSX-4, CMSX-10K, and CMSX-10N) were cast into single-crystal test bars and studied at different times along their solution heat-treatment process to discern if, when, and where these TCPs precipitated. It was seen that all alloys were susceptible to TCPs at some point along the process, with the higher rhenium-containing alloy CMSX-10N being the most prone. They occurred at the earliest stages of the solution process; this was attributed to aluminium diffusion from the segregated interdendritic regions into the dendrite core, causing the concentration of rhenium into the ɣ-matrixes until sufficient potential was achieved for TCP precipitation. As the samples became more homogeneous, fewer TCPs were observed; however, in the case of CMSX-10N, this took longer than the typical 24-h solution time used in industry, leading to components entering service with TCPs still present.

Efficient extraction of rhenium through demulsification of imidazolium ionic liquid-based microemulsions from aqueous solution

Rhenium has important applications in metallurgy, military, aviation, chemical, and petrochemical industries and related fields. Because the average concentration of rhenium in the Earth’s crust is just one part per billion (ppb), it is necessary to research the separation and extraction of rhenium from its associated minerals or related solutions. In this study, rhenium extraction through demulsification of an alkyl imidazolium ionic liquid-based microemulsion was explored. Alkyl chain length, components of microemulsion, temperature, acid concentration, and competitive ions affecting rhenium extraction were thoroughly considered. The components of the microemulsion had a significant effect on the extraction process. Extraction efficiency improved with the increase in the alkyl chain length, but it decreased with the rising concentration of nitric acid. The concentration of alkyl imidazole cations in the continuous phase had obvious effects on extraction efficiency. Thermodynamic studies showed the process was endothermic and spontaneous. The extraction mechanisms were an anion exchange and electrostatic attraction between the two N atoms of the imidazole ring and water (H2O) or perthenate (ReO4−) forming the complex ([Omim]ReO4)•(HReO4). Thus, the extraction efficiency of the microemulsion system was about 1.6 times greater than that of the performance of ionic liquids alone. A microemulsion system can be damaged by a strong electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance effect between the adjacent imidazole rings on the interface of the microemulsion droplet after rhenium extraction. The extraction system is a potential application for the selective separation and extraction of rhenium from simulated radionuclide liquid waste through adjustments to the acidity concentration. Findings of this study provide some basic data regarding the technology for separating and extracting rhenium in future.

Extraction of Rhenium and Osmium from Lead Technogenic Raw Materials of Copper Production.

Lead sludge from copper production is a source of rare metals, such as rhenium and osmium, whose content reaches 0.06–0.08% and 0.0025–0.0050%, respectively. The base of the sludge consists of lead sulfate. A method of reductive smelting of lead sludge from copper smelting production at 1000–1100 °C has been developed. Coke was used as a reducing agent and sodium sulfate as a slag-forming material. Optimal conditions for selective extraction of rare metals in smelting products were found: osmium in the form of metallic form into raw lead and rhenium in the form of perrhenate compound Na5ReO6 into sodium-sulfate slag. The developed technology makes it possible to extract rhenium with a high degree of extraction in the form of water-soluble compounds for the subsequent production of commercial salts of rhenium by the known hydrometallurgical methods. The content of rhenium in the slag phase is 0.18–0.25%, with its initial content in the slime of 0.06–0.08%. The degree of rhenium concentration at the first stage of processing is 3–3.2 times in the form of water-soluble perrhenate. Osmium and lead do not form solid solutions; osmium in crude lead is mainly concentrated in the lower zones of lead. A method of obtaining a concentrate containing 53–67% osmium from raw lead with an initial content of 0.0025–0.0050% in the slurry and a concentration number of 13,000–21,000 times has been proposed.

Sorption of rhenium on synthetic cyclohexylamine anion exchange resin LSC‐436

AbstractA new organic synthetic anion exchange resin (LSC‐436) containing cyclohexylamine group was prepared for the sorption of rhenium. The traditional batch tests were applied to investigate the mechanism of sorption for rhenium on LSC‐436 with respect to contact time, initial rhenium concentration, the value of pH and the amount of resin. The experimental data obtained from batch tests were modeled using the Langmuir/Freundlich isotherms and pseudo‐first‐kinetic and pseudo‐second‐kinetic models to obtain key dynamic parameters for investigating the mechanism of sorption of rhenium. The LSC‐436 resin was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM‐EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques to further study the sorption mechanism.

Determination of rhenium in igneous rock by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with prior electrochemical concentration

This paper describes a technique for determining rhenium in igneous rock. The technique involves electrochemical concentration of rhenium into solid phase followed by its determination by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Compounds of rhenium and other metals were converted into a solution as a result of processing of igneous rock samples with a mixture of nitric and chloric acids. After the resulting solutions had been neutralized, rhenium was electrochemically concentrated by electrodeposition on a cathode. Due to the presence of a considerable amount of iron group metals in the studied samples, it was possible to use induced electroreduction with regard to rhenium, molybdenum and tungsten compounds. As a result, the refractory metals converted into a cathode deposit and thus were effectively concentrated into solid phase. The detection limit for rhenium in the solution is ~2 mcg/L. Considering the complex chemical composition of the analyzed samples, spike test appears to be the best solution for quantitative determination of rhenium. The developed technique allows to determine the concentration of rhenium with the concentration of molybdenum being ten times in excess. The latter is typical of igneous rock samples. More than 100 samples taken from Kudryavy volcano were analyzed in the study: the concentration of rhenium in the samples was within 0.5 to 50 g/t. For the sake of verification, the obtained data were compared against the results of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The comparison showed a good convergence. At the same time, lower values would be systematically obtained when using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES). The developed technique can be used to determine rhenium and molybdenum in rock. The authors would like to thank O. A. Nabelkin, a research fellow at the Institute of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and the Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements, for his help with the adoption of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and R. G. Chumakov, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, a senior researcher at the National Research Centre Kurchatov University, for his help with the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies.This research was carried out using the funds assigned to D. Mendeleev&nbsp;University of Chemical Technology of Russia (Х-2020-011).

Prospects for selective-and-advanced recovery of rhenium from pregnant solutions of in-situ leaching of uranium ores at Dobrovolnoye deposit

Analysis of exploration materials and market conditions showed that by-product recovery of rhenium, one of the rarest strategic elements of the periodic system, was not always effective in processing the whole volume of pregnant uranium-bearing solutions. The main goal of the research was to develop an effective method for recovery rhenium from pregnant solutions in in-situ uranium leaching. The objectives of the research were as follows: evaluation of the possibility of selective-and-advanced recovery of rhenium from ores by in-situ leaching method and comparison of the technological advantages of the new proposed method with the known ones. The study involved the analysis of historical geological, mineralogical and geochemical information on the Dobrovolnoye deposit and analysis of technological aspects of by-product recovery of rhenium in the world practice. A selective-and-advanced scheme of rhenium recovery from pregnant uranium-bearing sulfate (sulfuric acid) solutions of the Dobrovolnoye deposit ISL (Russia) using mobile installations was proposed. The process has the following features: zoning of production blocks when constructing injection and extraction (pumping) wells; piping of selective extraction wells into a separate collecting pipe; implementation of advanced rhenium sorption. The process implementation makes it possible to obtain rhenium from economically viable areas of the uranium deposit. The mobile installation includes the following main units: a filter for purification (aftertreatment) to remove suspension, a chain of sorption apparatuses (sorption filters or columns), connecting fittings, control and measuring instruments. The sorption apparatuses are filled with rhenium-selective ionite (ion exchanger). As a selective sorbent for the primary concentration of rhenium from sulfate solutions (pH 2), weakly basic nitrogen-bearing ionites containing amine functional groups of various types can be used. If further concentration of rhenium is required, in order to unify the equipment used, materials with a mobile extractant phase (so-called TVEXs (solid extractants or Levextrel resins in English literature) and so-called “impregnated” or “impregnates”), such as TVEX-DIDA containing diisododecyl amine, or TAA-impregnate containing trialkylamine, can be used. Rhenium desorption from these materials is carried out by an ammonia solution, which allows producing rough ammonium perrhenate from the eluate. Economic aspects of the rhenium selective-andadvanced technology were evaluated. Implementation of the recovery selective-and-advanced technology allows obtaining rhenium from economically-viable areas of the uranium deposit.

STUDY OF SORPTION OF RHENIUM IONS ON SOLID EXTRAGENTS

In this work, the aim is to study the possibility of extracting rhenium from sulfuric acid solutions by sorption of impregnated sorbents based on polystyrene-divinylbenzene (MN202) and an organic reagent MAB (2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole).New sorbent based on MN202 (Purolite) impregnated with organic reagents have been obtained and investigated. The sorbent characteristics determined using SEM, XRD and FTIR methods. The optimal conditions for the sorption of rhenium (VII) ions for the "element-sorbent" systems have been established. Under static conditions, the sorption of rhenium on impregnated sorbents in a sulfuric acid solution was studied in the periodic system with respect to the contact time, sulfuric acid concentration, the ratio of the solid phase to liquid, and the initial concentration of rhenium. For the first time, the kinetics of sorption of rhenium (VII) ions with the obtained solid extractants has been studied. The kinetic parameters of the chemical reaction on the surface of the impregnate have been determined. Based on the processing of the integral kinetic curves of sorption, it was found that the sorption process proceeds in accordance with second-order models.

Treatment of Rhenium-Containing Effluents Using Environmentally Friendly Sorbent, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biomass.

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass was applied for rhenium and accompanying elements (copper and molybdenum) removal from single- and multi-component systems (Re, Re-Mo, Re-Cu, and Re-Mo-Cu). Yeast biomass was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of biosorption experimental parameters such as solution pH (2.0–6.0), rhenium concentration (10–100 mg/L), time of interaction (5–120 min), and temperature (20–50 °C) have been discussed in detail. Maximum removal of rhenium (75–84%) and molybdenum (85%) was attained at pH 2.0, while pH 3.0–5.0 was more favorable for copper ions removal (53–68%). The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium sorption of rhenium on yeast biomass. Langmuir isotherm shows the maximum yeast adsorption capacities toward rhenium ions ranged between 7.7 and 33 mg/g. Several kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich) were applied to define the best correlation for each metal. Biosorption of metal ions was well-fitted by Elovich and pseudo-first-order models. The negative free energy reflected the feasibility and spontaneous nature of the biosorption process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass can be considered as a perspective biosorbent for metal removal.