Positron Concentration Research Articles

Linear and non-linear propagation of electrostatic positron-acoustic waves and envelope solitons in 4-component quantum plasma containing relativistically degenerate electrons and positrons

A hydrodynamic model is employed to investigate the linear and non-linear propagation of electrostatic positron acoustic waves (EPAWs) in a 4-component relativistic-degenerate electron-positron-ion plasma. The plasma constituents are cold positrons, hot relativistic-degenerate electrons and positrons, and cold static ions in the background. The hot electrons and positrons are treated as inertialess, and the cold positrons provide the inertia while the restoring force comes from the hot species. A dispersion relation for low-frequency EPAWs is derived. It is observed that an increase in the relative density of hot positrons to cold positrons and relativistic effects tend to reduce the speed of the EPAWs. Employing the standard Reductive Perturbation Technique, a Korteweg de Vries (KdV)-type equation is derived, and the existence of KdV solitons is demonstrated. In this case, an increase in the relative density of hot to cold positrons and relativistic effects decreases both the amplitude and width of the solitons. Furthermore, a Non-Linear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is also derived. The variation in the group velocity shows less change with the wavenumber for the higher concentration of positrons and also with the stronger relativistic effects. The interchange in the behaviour of group velocity with the positron concentration is observed for values k > 1. The growth rate of modulation instability is derived, and its dependence on the positron concentration and relativistic effects are discussed. The relativistic effects reduce the stability region while the growth rate is enhanced while moving from weak-relativistic to ultra-relativistic cases. The hot positron concentration makes the wave modulationally stable for an extended region of the wavenumber k. The solution of the NLS equation admits the existence of both bright and dark envelope solitons. The profiles of the envelope solitons show inverse dependence on the positron concentration and on the relativistic effects.

Analytical study of effects of positron density and temperature anisotropy on electrostatic ion cyclotron instability

The effects of the positron concentration and ion temperature anisotropy on the electrostatic ion cyclotron instability are studied analytically, in a magnetized electron-positron-ion plasma with temperature anisotropy, using the linear kinetic theory. Positrons and electrons are supposed to drift either in the same direction or in opposite directions relative to singly ionized stationary ions and parallel to the magnetic field. The dispersion relation of the electrostatic ion cyclotron waves is derived, and then the conditions for exciting the instability of the waves are investigated. Moreover, the condition for the marginally stable state is also studied. It is found that as the positron concentration and perpendicular ion temperature increase, the growth rate of the electrostatic ion cyclotron instability decreases, whereas the critical drift velocity increases. It is also found that for the chosen set of parameters, with electrons and positrons drifting in the same direction, the instability in the plasma is stronger than when the electrons and positrons drift in opposite directions. In addition, a comparison is made to the normal electron-ion plasma.

Nonlinear density excitations in electron-positron-ion plasmas with trapping in a quantizing magnetic field

In the present work, we have investigated the effect of trapping as a microscopic phenomenon on the formation of solitary structures in the presence of a quantizing magnetic field in an electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma having degenerate electrons and positrons, whereas ions are taken to be classical and cold. We have found that positron concentration, quantizing magnetic field, and finite electron temperature effects not only affect the linear dispersion characteristics of the electrostatic waves under consideration but also have a significant bearing on the propagation of solitary structures in the nonlinear regime. Importantly, the system under consideration has been found to allow the formation of compressive solitary structures only. The work presented here may be beneficial to understand the propagation of nonlinear electrostatic structures in dense astrophysical environments and in intense-laser plasma interactions.

Nonlinear propagation of electrostatic travelling waves in degenerate dense magnetoplasmas

The electrostatic travelling wave structures have been investigated in degenerate dense magnetoplasmas consisting of relativistic degenerate inertialess electrons and positrons, as well as nondegenerate inertial cold ions. The well known reductive perturbation method has been applied in obtaining the nonlinear Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation. The formation of the electrostatic solitary waves and periodic travelling waves is carried out by the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical systems. The results demonstrate that the nonlinear electrostatic travelling waves strongly depend on the concentration of positrons, the ion cyclotron frequency, and the direction cosines of the wave vector. The obtained results here may be useful for better understanding of the structure of nonlinear electrostatic travelling wave in dense plasmas, such as the interior of massive white dwarfs.

Arbitrary amplitude dust ion acoustic solitons and double layers in the presence of nonthermal positrons and electrons

Existence of arbitrary amplitude solitons and double layers have been studied in collisionless unmagnetized multicomponent dusty plasmas with nonthermally distributed positrons and electrons by using Sagdeev's pseudopotential method. The linear dispersion relation is obtained for dust ion acoustic wave mode. The present model supports the coexistence of positive potential solitary waves and negative potential solitary waves and double layers. The criterion for the existence of solitary waves and double layers is derived in terms of Mach number limit. The effects of ion temperature and nonthermality of electrons and positrons are studied. Also the effects of positron and dust concentration on the wave propagation are observed.

Ion acoustic shock and periodic waves through Burgers equation in weakly and highly relativistic plasmas with nonextensivity

A comparative study is carried out for the nonlinear propagation of ion acoustic shock waves both for the weakly and highly relativistic plasmas consisting of relativistic ions and q-distributed electrons and positions. The Burgers equation is derived to reveal the physical phenomena using the well known reductive perturbation technique. The integration of the Burgers equation is performed by the method. The effects of positron concentration, ion–electron temperature ratio, electron–positron temperature ratio, ion viscosity coefficient, relativistic streaming factor and the strength of the electron and positron nonextensivity on the nonlinear propagation of ion acoustic shock and periodic waves are presented graphically and the relevant physical explanations are provided.

Numerical analysis of electrostatic ion cyclotron instability in an electron-positron-ion plasma

This paper presents a theoretical study of the effects of positron density on the electrostatic ion cyclotron instability in an electron-positron-ion plasma using the kinetic theory approach. It is supposed that positrons and electrons can drift parallel to the magnetic field either in the same or the opposite directions. The dispersion relation for the electrostatic ion cyclotron waves in an electron-positron-ion plasma is derived, and the numerical results are investigated. It is found that an increase in positron concentration increases the critical drift velocity for excitation of the instability in both configurations. It is also found that as the positron concentration increases the growth rate of instability decreases. In addition, it is shown that at low velocities the maximum instability growth rate for the unidirectional case is higher than the counter-streaming case; however, after a certain velocity, the maximum growth rate in the counter-streaming case dominates that of the unidirectional case.

Dust ion acoustic solitary structures in presence of nonthermal electrons and isothermal positrons

The Sagdeev potential technique has been employed to study the dust ion acoustic solitary waves and double layers in an unmagnetized collisionless dusty plasma consisting of negatively charged static dust grains, adiabatic warm ions, and isothermally distributed electrons and positrons. A computational scheme has been developed to draw the qualitatively different compositional parameter spaces or solution spaces showing the nature of existence of different solitary structures with respect to any parameter of the present plasma system. The qualitatively distinct solution spaces give the overall scenario regarding the existence of different solitary structures. The present system supports both positive and negative potential double layers. The negative potential double layer always restricts the occurrence of negative potential solitary waves, i.e., any sequence of negative potential solitary waves having monotonically increasing amplitude converges to a negative potential double layer. However, there exists a parameter regime for which the positive potential double layer is unable to restrict the occurrence of positive potential solitary waves. As a result, in this region of the parameter space, there exist solitary waves after the formation of positive potential double layer, i.e., positive potential supersolitons have been observed. But the amplitudes of these supersolitons are bounded. A general theory for the existence of bounded supersolitons has been discussed analytically by imposing the restrictions on the Mach number. For any small value of positron concentration, there is no effect of very hot positrons on the dust ion acoustic solitary structures. The qualitatively different solution spaces are capable of producing new results for the formation of solitary structures.

Ion-acoustic Gardner Solitons in electron-positron-ion plasma with two-electron temperature distributions

The ion–acoustic solitons in collisionless plasma consisting of warm adiabatic ions, isothermal positrons, and two temperature distribution of electrons have been studied. Using reductive perturbation method, Korteweg-de Vries (K-dV), the modified K-dV (m-KdV), and Gardner equations are derived for the system. The soliton solution of the Gardner equation is discussed in detail. It is found that for a given set of parameter values, there exists a critical value of β=Tc/Th, (ratio of cold to hot electron temperature) below which only rarefactive KdV solitons exist and above it compressive KdV solitons exist. At the critical value of β, both compressive and rarefactive m-KdV solitons co-exist. We have also investigated the soliton in the parametric regime where the KdV equation is not valid to study soliton solution. In this region, it is found that below the critical concentration the system supports rarefactive Gardner solitons and above it compressive Gardner solitons are found. The effects of temperature ratio of two-electron species, cold electron concentration, positron concentration on the characteristics of solitons are also discussed.

Amplitude modulation of ion-acoustic waves in magnetized electron-positron-ion plasma with q-nonextensive electrons and positrons

Using a standard reductive perturbation technique, a nonlinear Schrödinger equation has been derived that describes the nonlinear evolution of ion-acoustic waves in magnetized electron-positron-ion plasma with electrons and positrons following q-nonextensive distribution. It is shown that excitation of both bright and dark envelope solitary structures is possible in the model plasma under consideration. The conditions for the excitation and structure of these envelope solitary waves are shown to depend sensitively on the strength of the external magnetic field, obliqueness of wave propagation relative to the external magnetic field, and other plasma parameters such as the q-nonextensivity of plasma species, positron concentration, and electron-positron temperature ratio.

Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Propagation of Ion Acoustic Waves through KPB and KP Equations in Weakly Relativistic Plasmas

Two-dimensional three-component plasma system consisting of nonextensive electrons, positrons, and relativistic thermal ions is considered. The well-known Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Burgers and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations are derived to study the basic characteristics of small but finite amplitude ion acoustic waves of the plasmas by using the reductive perturbation method. The influences of positron concentration, electron-positron and ion-electron temperature ratios, strength of electron and positrons nonextensivity, and relativistic streaming factor on the propagation of ion acoustic waves in the plasmas are investigated. It is revealed that the electrostatic compressive and rarefactive ion acoustic waves are obtained for superthermal electrons and positrons, but only compressive ion acoustic waves are found and the potential profiles become steeper in case of subthermal positrons and electrons.

Propagation of Ion Solitary Pulses in Dense Astrophysical Electron-Positron-Ion Magnetoplasmas

In this paper, we theoretically investigate the existence and propagation of low amplitude nonlinear ion waves in a dense plasma under the influence of a strong magnetic field. The plasma consists of ultra-relativistic and degenerate electrons and positrons and non-degenerate cold ions. Firstly, the appearance of two distinct linear modes and their evolution is studied by deriving a dispersion equation with the aid of Fourier analysis. Secondly, the dynamics of low amplitude ion solitary structures is investigated via a Korteweg-de Vries equation derived by employing a reductive perturbation method. The effects of various plasma parameters like positron concentration, strength of magnetic field, obliqueness of field, etc., are discussed in detail. At the end, analytical results are supplemented through numerical analysis by using typical representative parameters consistent with degenerate and ultra-relativistic magnetoplasmas of astrophysical regimes.

Modified Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation for a non-uniform electron–positron–ion magnetoplasma with kappa-distributed electrons

We investigate the low-frequency (by comparison with the ion Larmor frequency) electrostatic solitary structures in a spatially non-uniform electron–positron–ion (e–p–i) magnetoplasma with non-Maxwellian electrons. A linear dispersion relation for the obliquely propagating ion acoustic drift wave is derived and it is shown that the non-Maxwellian electron population modifies the dispersion characteristics of the wave under consideration. We also carry out a nonlinear analysis and derive the modified Zakharov–Kuznetsov (MZK) equation for the coupled drift acoustic wave in a non-uniform magnetized plasma. We highlight the differences between the MZK equation and its homogeneous counterpart. We also find the solution of the MZK equation using the tangent hyperbolic method. It is observed that the electron spectral index ${\it\kappa}$, positron concentration, and propagation angle ${\it\alpha}$ alter the structure of the ion acoustic drift solitary waves. The results obtained in this paper may be beneficial to understanding the propagation characteristics of electrostatic drift solitary structures in the interstellar medium and in laboratory experiments where electron–positron plasmas have recently been created by impinging ultra-intense laser pulses on a solid density target at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).

Electrostatic wave structures and their stability analysis in nonextensive magnetised electron-positron-ion plasma

A rigorous theoretical study based on Zakharov Kuznetsov (ZK) equation of ion-acoustic solitary waves (IASWs), their stability analysis in a magnetized e-p-i plasma is presented. The plasma model consists of inertial ions, magnetic field, electrons and positrons obeying q-nonextensive velocity distribution. Reductive perturbation method is used to derive ZK equation. The solitary wave structures are dependent on chosen plasma model, whose parameters influence the solitary characteristics. Particularly, nonextensivity, proportion of positron concentration, magnetic field and difference between electron and positron temperatures play crucial role in the solitary structures. The present work is also extended to give stability analysis and parametric ranges for the existence of stable and unstable solitons. This research work may be useful to understand the physics of nonlinear electrostatic excitations in different astrophysical and cosmic scenarios like stellar polytropes, hadron matter and quark-gluon plasma.

Amplitude modulation of quantum-ion-acoustic wavepackets in electron-positron-ion plasmas: Modulational instability, envelope modes, extreme waves

A semirelativistic fluid model is employed to describe the nonlinear amplitude modulation of low-frequency (ionic scale) electrostatic waves in an unmagnetized electron-positron-ion plasma. Electrons and positrons are assumed to be degenerated and inertialess, whereas ions are warm and classical. A multiscale perturbation method is used to derive a nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the envelope amplitude, based on which the occurrence of modulational instability is investigated in detail. Various types of localized ion acoustic excitations are shown to exist, in the form of either bright type envelope solitons (envelope pulses) or dark-type envelope solitons (voids, holes). The plasma configurational parameters (namely, the relativistic degeneracy parameter, the positron concentration, and the ionic temperature) are shown to affect the conditions for modulational instability significantly, in fact modifying the associated threshold as well as the instability growth rate. In particular, the relativistic degeneracy parameter leads to an enhancement of the modulational instability mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of different relevant plasma parameters on the characteristics (amplitude, width) of these envelope solitary structures is also presented in detail. Finally, the occurrence of extreme amplitude excitation (rogue waves) is also discussed briefly. Our results aim at elucidating the formation and dynamics of nonlinear electrostatic excitations in superdense astrophysical regimes.

Dust-ion acoustic shock waves for nonplanar geometry with nonthermal electrons and adiabatic dusty plasma

The nonplanar Burgers' equation for dust-ion-acousti shock waves was derived for unmagnetized adiabatic dusty plasmas, comprising static negatively charged dust uid, nonthermal distributed electrons, and Boltzmann dis- tributed positron and adiabatic ion uid, by employing the standard reductive perturbation method. The solution of the modied Burgers' equation for nonplanar geometry is numerically analyzed. The dependence of dust-ion-acousti shock waves on some plasma parameters is explored. It is observed that inclusion of the nonthermal electron distribution mod- ies the shock wave prole signicantly. Likewise, it is found that the nonplanar geometry effects have an important role on the establishment of shock waves. It is also found that an increasing positron concentration decreases the amplitude of the dust-ion-acousti shock waves.

ION ACOUSTIC SOLITONS IN DENSE MAGNETIZED PLASMAS WITH NONRELATIVISTIC AND ULTRARELATIVISTIC DEGENERATE ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS

The propagation of electrostatic waves in a dense magnetized electron-positron-ion (EPI) plasma with nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic degenerate electrons and positrons is investigated. The linear dispersion relation is obtained for slow and fast electrostatic waves in the EPI plasma. The limiting cases for ion acoustic wave (slow) and ion cyclotron wave (fast) are also discussed. Using the reductive perturbation method, two-dimensional propagation of ion acoustic solitons is found for both the nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic degenerate electrons and positrons. The effects of positron concentration, magnetic field, and mass of ions on ion acoustic solitons are shown in numerical plots. The proper form of Fermi temperature for nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic degenerate electrons and positrons is employed, which has not been used in earlier published work. The present investigation is useful for the understanding of linear and nonlinear electrostatic wave propagation in the dense magnetized EPI plasma of compact stars. For illustration purposes, we have applied our results to a pulsar magnetosphere.

Pressure anisotropy effects on nonlinear electrostatic excitations in magnetized electron-positron-ion plasmas

The propagation of linear and nonlinear electrostatic waves is investigated in a magnetized anisotropic electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons. A two-dimensional plasma geometry is assumed. The ions are assumed to be warm and anisotropic due to an external magnetic field. The anisotropic ion pressure is defined using the double adiabatic Chew-Golberger-Low (CGL) theory. In the linear regime, two normal modes are predicted, whose characteristics are investigated parametrically, focusing on the effect of superthermality of electrons and positrons, ion pressure anisotropy, positron concentration and magnetic field strength. A Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) type equation is derived for the electrostatic potential (disturbance) via a reductive perturbation method. The parametric role of superthermality, positron content, ion pressure anisotropy and magnetic field strength on the characteristics of solitary wave structures is investigated. Following Allen and Rowlands [J. Plasma Phys. 53, 63 (1995)], we have shown that the pulse soliton solution of the ZK equation is unstable to oblique perturbations, and have analytically traced the dependence of the instability growth rate on superthermality and ion pressure anisotropy.

Coupled ion acoustic and drift waves in magnetized superthermal electron-positron-ion plasmas

Linear and nonlinear coupled drift-ion acoustic waves are investigated in a nonuniform magnetoplasma having kappa distributed electrons and positrons. In the linear regime, the role of kappa distribution and positron content on the dispersion relation has been highlighted; it is found that strong superthermality (low value of κ) and addition of positrons lowers the phase velocity via decreasing the fundamental scalelengths of the plasmas. In the nonlinear regime, first, coherent nonlinear structure in the form of dipoles and monopoles are obtained and the boundary conditions (boundedness) in the context of superthermality and positron concentrations are discussed. Second, in case of scalar nonlinearity, a Korteweg–de Vries-type equation is obtained, which admit solitary wave solution. It is found that both compressive and rarefactive solitons are formed in the present model. The present work may be useful to understand the low frequency electrostatic modes in inhomogeneous electron positron ion plasmas, which exist in astrophysical plasma situations such as those found in the pulsar magnetosphere.

Modulation Instability of Ion-Acoustic Waves in Plasma with Nonthermal Electrons

Modulational instability of ion-acoustic waves has been theoretically investigated in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma with nonthermal electrons, Boltzmann positrons, and warm positive ions. To describe the nonlinear evolution of the wave amplitude a nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation has been derived by using multiple scale perturbation technique. The nonthermal parameter, positron concentration, and ion temperature are shown to play significant role in the modulational instability of ion-acoustic waves and the formation of envelope solitons.