Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Inhibiting the soluble epoxide hydrolase increases the EpFAs and ERK1/2 expression in the hippocampus of LiCl-pilocarpine post-status epilepticus rat model

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the enzyme activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and quantify its metabolic substrates, namely epoxygenated fatty acids (EpFAs), and products of sEH in the hippocampus after administering TPPU [1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl)urea], an inhibitor of sEH. Furthermore, it explored whether the extracellular signal-activated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) is involved in the anti-seizure effects of TPPU in the lithium chloride (LiCl)-pilocarpine induced post-status epilepticus (SE) rat model. MethodsThe rats were intraperitoneally (I.P.) injected with LiCl and pilocarpine to induce SE and then spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) were observed. Rats were randomly assigned into SRS + TPPU group (intragastrically administering 0.1 mg/kg/d TPPU), SRS + Vehicle group (administering the vehicle instead), and Control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western-blot analysis, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) were performed to measure the enzyme activity of sEH, the protein level of sEH and ERK1/2, and the concentration of TPPU and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) metabolisms in the hippocampus. ResultsThe frequency of SRS events of Racine stage 3 or higher ranged from 0 to 19 per week in the SRS + Vehicle group, compared to 0–5 per week in the SRS + TPPU group. sEH enzyme activity and protein levels were significantly elevated in the SRS + Vehicle group compared to the Control group. After TPPU administration, the hippocampal TPPU concentration reached 10.94 ± 4.37 nmol/kg. sEH enzyme activity was significantly reduced in the LiCl-pilocarpine-induced post-SE rat model, although sEH protein levels did not decrease significantly. The regioisomers 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EETs, total EETs, the EETs/DHETs ratio, other EpFAs including 16(17)-EpDPA, and the 19(20)-EpDPA/19,20-DiHDPA ratio in the hippocampus were significantly increased. Additionally, the p-ERK1/2 to ERK1/2 ratio in the hippocampus was significantly elevated following TPPU administration. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that inhibiting sEH with TPPU increases the levels of EETs, other EpFAs, and ERK1/2 expression in the hippocampus of a LiCl-pilocarpine-induced post-SE rat model. These findings suggest that the anti-seizure effect of TPPU may be mediated through the EETs-ERK1/2 pathway.

Replacement of fish meal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in diet of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): growth, flesh quality and transcriptome

Abstract This study evaluated the impacts of replacing fish meal (FM) with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) on the growth performance, flesh quality and transcriptome of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In a diet containing 560 g/kg FM, BSF was used to replace 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of dietary FM (BSF0, BSF20, BSF40, BSF60, BSF80 and BSF100). Thus, six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were prepared, and then fed to juvenile Pacific white shrimp (1.70 ± 0.10 g) for 60 days. In growth performance, the BSF20 group showed the similar FCR and WGR to the control group (), and the other four BSF groups presented significantly lower WGR and higher FCR than the BSF0 group (). The flesh chewiness and the contents of crude lipid, collagen and total amino acid in flesh were significantly decreased (), and flesh cooking loss, thawing loss was significantly increased when the replaced FM was ≥40% (). When the replaced FM reached 60%, the flesh hardness, heat-insoluble collagen content, shear force, body surface redness and the ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids were significantly lower (), while n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and total free amino acid content in flesh were significantly higher than those of the BSF0 group (). Hepopancreatic samples were used for transcriptomic analysis, and a total of 1,456 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the BSF groups and BSF0 group, which were mainly involved in growth-promoting, energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity key pathways and genes, including the cathepsin L, folate synthesis pathway, redox-related genes and glutathione metabolism pathway. In conclusion, in a diet containing 560 g/kg FM, BSF could successfully replace 20% of dietary FM, and higher FM replacement (≥40%) decreased the growth performance and flesh quality of Pacific white shrimp.

Exploring the physicochemical properties, fatty acids composition, and nutritional quality indices of oil derived from Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus of different sizes: Impact of processing

Fish oil, known for its health benefits due to its abundant omega-3 fatty acids, can vary in quality and nutritional value depending on the size of the fish and the processing methods used. This study focused on oil derived from Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus of varying sizes, specifically smaller fish (about 12.0 cm) and larger fish (about 26.1 cm), processed through smoking, boiling, or roasting. It was found that larger fish contained more lipids (5.74 g/100 g fresh matter) than their smaller counterparts (2.67 g/100 g fresh matter). However, all processing methods led to a decrease in lipid content per dry matter (2.3–7.4 %), with smoking causing the most significant reduction. In terms of physicochemical properties, smoking had the most impact, followed by roasting, while boiling had the least. Oxidation levels, as indicated by thiobarbituric acid, peroxide, and anisidine values, increased across all processing methods compared to fresh samples (2.0–168.0 % for larger fish and 9.3–191.1 % for smaller fish). Conversely, iodine value decreased, ranging from 14.8 % to 27.4 % for larger fish and 10.8–39.9 % for smaller fish. Boiling exhibited the smallest variation in these values, while smoking showed the highest variation. Otherwise, infrared spectroscopy revealed a consistent oil structure across samples, but unsaturation and oxidation were altered by processing. Interestingly, larger fish yielded healthier oils with a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (26.40 %) compared to smaller fish (21.87 %). Smoking and roasting methods diminished these beneficial fatty acids, whereas boiling preserved the nutritional value. Understanding the relationship between fish size and processing methods is crucial to maintaining fish oil’s health benefits. Future research should explore these effects in different fish species, considering consumer preferences and environmental impacts.

Milk Production, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Nutrient Digestibility of Mehsana Goats Fed Sunflower (Helianthus annus) Oil

A study was conducted during the month of December, 2020 to January, 2021 at Livestock Research Station, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat (385506), India to evaluate the effect of dietary sunflower oil supplementation on milk yield, milk fatty acid profile and nutrient digestibility of Mehsana goats. Eighteen lactating Mehsana goats were randomly divided into three treatment groups, viz. Basal diet (control), Basal diet+25 g animal-1 day-1 of sunflower oil and Basal diet+50 g animal-1 day-1 of sunflower oil for a period of 60 days. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found in milk yield in terms of kg d-1, 4% fat corrected milk and energy corrected milk among the treatment groups. The milk constituents and their yields were not affected due to dietary inclusion of sunflower oil. Sunflower oil feeding at the dose of 50 g d-1 increased (p<0.05) concentration of milk short chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk of goats. The intake and digestibility of nitrogen free extract was increased in sunflower oil supplemented groups. The intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre were similar (p>0.05) among the treatment groups. it may be concluded that supplementation of sunflower oil at the dose rate of 25 and 50 g d-1 did not affect feed intake, milk yield, milk constituents and nutrient digestibility in lactating Mehsana goats. However, dietary 50 g d-1 of sunflower oil significantly increased concentration of milk short chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in goats.

Individual and combined effects of dietary chlorogenic acid and quercetin supplementation on the growth, lipid metabolism and flesh quality of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the individual and combined effects of dietary chlorogenic acid and quercetin supplementation on the growth, lipid metabolism and flesh quality of Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C. idellus). Fish (59.7 ± 0.3 g) were fed for 60 days with five diets, including a basal diet not added (CON) or added with chlorogenic acid (CGA, 400 mg/kg), quercetin (QC, 400 mg/kg), and their combinations (CGA:QC=1:1) with 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg (CGA:QC-400; CGA:QC-800). The weight gain was increased (+4.00 %, +4.41 %), and the feed conversion ratio was decreased (-0.07, -0.08) by individual supplementation with CGA and QC (P<0.05), but not by their combinations (P>0.05). In addition, dietary CGA and QC promoted the apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein and the activities of intestinal amylase and protease (P<0.05). The CGA, QC and CGA:QC-800 groups presented higher activities of flesh superoxide dismutase, flesh glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and serum GSH-Px, as well as lower contents of protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde (MDA) in flesh and MDA in serum than those of CON group (P<0.05). An increase in flesh hardness, water-holding capacity, and total collagen, heat-insoluble collagen and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids contents was observed in the CGA, QC and CGA:QC-800 groups (P<0.05). The four supplements reduced mesenteric lipid-somatic index, flesh n-3/n-6 ratio and serum triglycerides (P<0.05), and the CGA:QC-400 and CGA:QC-800 groups also showed lower lipid content in flesh than CON group (P<0.05). Taken together, the individual supplementation of dietary CGA and QC enhanced the growth performance, lipid metabolism and flesh quality of C. idellus, and their combination presented synergistic effect only on lipid metabolism.

Serum N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and heart rate- corrected QT and JT intervals

Serum N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and heart rate- corrected QT and JT intervals

Protective Effect of Endogenous ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Against Cisplatin Induced Myelosuppression

To investigate the protective effect of endogenous ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) against cisplatin-induced myelosuppression and the mechanism of reducing apoptosis in bone marrow nucleated cells using mfat-1 transgenic mice. The experimental animals were divided into 4 groups: wild-type mice normal control group, mfat-1 transgenic mice normal control group, wild-type mice model group and mfat-1 transgenic mice model group. The mice in the model group were injected intraperitoneally with 7.5 mg/kg cisplatin on day 0 and day 7 to construct a myelosuppression model, while the mice in the normal control group were injected intraperitoneally with an equal amount of saline, and their status was observed and their body weight was measured daily. Peripheral blood was taken after 14 day for routine blood analysis, and the content and proportion of PUFA in peripheral blood were detected using gas chromatography. Bone marrow nucleated cells in the femur of mice were counted. The histopathological changes in bone marrow were observed by histopathological staining. The apoptosis of nucleated cells and the expression level changes of apoptosis-related genes in the bone marrow of mice were detected by flow cytometry and fluorescence quantitative PCR. Compared with wild-type mice, mfat-1 transgenic mice showed significantly increased levels of ω-3 PUFA in peripheral blood and greater tolerance to cisplatin. Peripheral blood analysis showed that endogenous ω-3 PUFA promoted the recovery of leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets and haemoglobin in peripheral blood of myelosuppressed mice. The results of HE staining showed that endogenous ω-3 PUFA significantly improved the structural damage of bone marrow tissue induced by cisplatin. Flow cytometry and PCR showed that, compared with wild-type mice model group, the apoptosis rate of bone marrow nucleated cells in mfat-1 transgenic mice was significantly reduced ( P < 0.001), and the expression of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 mRNA was significantly increased ( P < 0.01), while the expressions of pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak mRNA were significantly reduced ( P < 0.001, P < 0.05). Endogenous ω-3 PUFA can reduce cisplatin-induced apoptosis in bone marrow nucleated cells, increase the number of peripheral blood cells and exert a protective effect against cisplatin-induced myelosuppression by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes.

Impact of formulation and home storage conditions on the content of furan and derivatives in powdered infant formula

While autoxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) is a potential source of furan and its derivatives, the regulatory obligation to enrich powdered infant formulae (PIF) with some of these compounds might raise safety issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of formulation and home storage conditions on the generation of furan and its derivatives in PIF. Furan, 2-methylfuran (2-MF) and 3-methylfuran (3-MF) were monitored by a validated SHS-GC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap MS method in six PIF formulated with high or low concentrations of different PUFAs (ALA, ARA, DHA), pro-oxidants (iron) and anti-oxidants (vitamins) and stored for 21 days under more or less oxidizing home storage conditions, including temperature (19 °C or 40 °C) and oxygen exposure (protected or not from ambient air). For the three compounds, the quality of the measurements in PIF was first confirmed with suitable linearity, limits of quantification, precision and recoveries. In a second step, the impact of the formulation was evaluated on six PIF commercial samples differing significantly in their composition in ALA, ARA, DHA, iron and/or vitamin E and C. While furan was quantifiable (2.8 µg/kg) in only one PIF with high content of DHA and iron and low level of vitamins, 2-MF was only quantifiable in two other PIF which were distinguished by a 15 to 20 % higher ALA content and 3-MF was not detected in any of the six PIF studied.. In a third step, the effect of storage conditions was studied on the six PIFs and the increase in storage temperature to 40 °C led to an increase of up to 33 % in the 2-MF concentration in the two PIF formulations where it was quantifiable. Nevertheless, the estimation of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) showed that the risk related to furan and its derivatives could be ruled out regardless of the formulation or storage conditions. Finally, in order to explore other derivatives and to investigate the mechanisms involved in the generation of furan compounds in PIF, a suspect screening approach was implemented on the SHS-GC-Q Exactive Orbitrap MS data. It made it possible on the one hand to point out two additional furan derivatives in PIF, 2-ethylfuran and 2-pentylfuran. On the other hand, it enabled to discuss the oxidation pathways involved in the generation of furan compounds in PIF from profiling of known PUFA oxidation markers also detected in the samples.

Cholic acid-based inhibition of SVCV replication by modulating polyunsaturated fatty acid content

Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV) is a highly pathogenic pathogen that infects carp fish, and SVCV infection frequently causes a severe inflammatory response in the affected fish. The viral infection is extremely lethal in carp larvae, often leading to heavy economic losses. Cholic acid (CA) is a primary bile acid synthesized directly from cholesterol in the liver and has been found to have an inhibitory effect on viral infections. To substantiate this antiviral potential, 500 μM CA was tested against SVCV replication in vitro and showed a significant inhibitory effect on viral replication. Further experimental tests demonstrated that CA exerted antiviral effects during its replication phase but not at viral adsorption and entry stages. In vivo experiments demonstrated that CA increased the survival rate of SVCV-infected zebrafish by 40 %, reduced viral load in tissues and reduced histopathological lesions. Comparison of the liver transcriptome of zebrafish between CA treatment and control (NC) groups revealed that CA treatment was able to promote the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the most significant changes in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Inhibition assay on fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2), the first rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid, showed that the antiviral effect of CA on SVCV disappeared. These new findings suggest that CA may exert its antiviral effects by regulating the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid. In addition, this study also verified that DHA has antiviral activity against SVCV. In conclusion, CA shows promise as a potential anti-SVCV drug or feed additive that could help mitigate SVCV outbreaks in aquaculture.

A review of antioxidant strategies to improve reproduction in aging male broiler breeders.

As only 10% of the broiler breeder flock is roosters, their fertility is very important. The rooster sperm plasma membrane has high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are sensitive to oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation can change membrane structure, permeability, and fluidity, adversely affecting the acrosome reaction and fertility. Aging roosters have decreases in sexual behavior, serum androgen concentrations, sperm quantity and quality, and fertility. Low fertility in aging roosters is attributed to an imbalanced testicular oxidant-antioxidant system, with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) damaging spermatogenic epithelium. However, antioxidant components can enhance antioxidant defenses in aging broiler breeder roosters. Protection against oxidative damage, particularly in the testes, improves reproductive hormone concentrations, testicular histology, sperm membrane function, and mitochondrial activity and thereby improves semen volume, sperm concentration, viability, motility, and sperm polyunsaturated fatty acid content, sperm-egg penetration, fertility, and reproductive performance. This review summarizes antioxidants that could improve fertility and reproductive performance and delay or prevent age-related declines in broiler breeder roosters, with benefits for poultry production.

Ocean conditions influence the quality of recruiting benthic marine invertebrate larvae—Insights from fatty acids

AbstractMany marine benthic invertebrates have a pelagic life stage, during which larvae need to accumulate enough reserves to complete metamorphosis to a settled benthic juvenile. Currently, very little is known about how ocean conditions affect quality of the larvae. We studied this for three settlement seasons (2017–2019) by collecting returning Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) megalopae at the Oregon coast and analyzing them for fatty acid biomarkers. We found that the larvae are omnivorous and have versatile diets. The daily larval abundance was positively correlated with larval quality. Despite the relatively high day‐to‐day variation, we found pronounced seasonal and inter‐annual differences in the body condition (size and total fatty acid content) and biomarker composition of megalopae. Especially, the early season recruits of 2017 had lower content of lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids known to be beneficial to crustaceans. This is likely related to lingering effects of the eastern Pacific marine heat wave (2014–2016) on pelagic communities. The larvae were rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with lower levels in benthic juveniles, indicating an ontogenetic diet shift and likely lower availability of DHA and EPA in the benthic environment. The pulsed megalopa recruitment may provide substantial carbon and lipid inputs to the nearshore ecosystem as a form of pelagic subsidy. Our results reveal that ocean conditions may have an effect on the quality of returning larvae, which likely influence their recruitment performance and early juvenile success, and thus potentially also the population size and commercial catch 4 yr later.

Biochemical and nutritional profiling of selected tropical green seaweeds

The nutritional composition and anti-inflammatory properties of six tropical green seaweeds viz., Ulva lactuca, Ulva linza, Halimeda macroloba, Halimeda gracilis, Chaetomorpha antennina and Chaetomorpha linum were evaluated. U. lactuca exhibited the highest carbohydrate content (66.1%), while U. linza (12.89%) and U. lactuca (12.06%) showed the highest protein content, indicating their potential as plant-based protein sources. H. gracilis contained the highest ash content (35.12%), highlighting its mineral richness, particularly calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Lipid content was low across all species, but U. linza exhibited the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content (22.94%), with α-linolenic acid (13.72%) which could support cardiovascular health. Mineral analysis revealed high calcium levels in C. linum (18.99 mg 100 g-1), contributing to bone health. Pigment analysis showedU. linza contained the highest chlorophyll-a (7.60 μg ml-1) and total carotenoids (0.30 μg ml-1), adding antioxidant potential to its bioactivity. Chaetomorpha linum exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 1.60 mg ml-1), with bioactivity correlating to the favorable n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio. Amino acid analysis identified U. linza as the richest source of essential amino acids, particularly methionine (6.37 mg g-1) and valine (6.30 mg g-1), making it an excellent candidate for dietary supplements. The results of the study suggest that green seaweeds belonging to the family Ulvaceae could be a potential non-conventional source for dietary products and functional food supplements. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activities, Chlorophyta seaweeds, Essential amino acid, Non-conventional nutritional sources, Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Enhancement of Bioactive Compounds and Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus Grown in the Omega-6, -7 Riched Cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a probiotic commonly used in aquaculture to enhance the growth and immune system of aquatic species through the synthesis of various enzymes, and antimicrobial compounds like lactic acid. Traditional method of growing L. acidophilus involes using the De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) medium. However, L. acidophilus belongs to a non-spore forming group, which make it vulnerable to stress conditions, especially during the usage process. Therefore, the present study aimed to improve the survival rate, antibacterial activity, and enrich the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content of L. acidophilus LB when cultured in an algae-supplemented medium, thus increasing its benefits in aquaculture applications. Using different algae biomass species as an alternative to MRS medium for the growth of L. acidophilus LB, the results showed that Spirulina platensis promoted the highest density of L. acidophilus LB. When grown in (S. platensis + glucose) medium, L. acidophilus LB produced the highest lactic acid concentration of 18.24 ± 2.43mg/mL and survived in extreme conditions such as 4% NaCl, pH 1.0-2.0, and 50ºC, and inhibited 99.82 ± 0.24% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus population after 2days of treatment. Additionally, it was observed that the PUFAs content, specifically omega-6, and -7, also increased in the fermentation mixture as compared to the control sample. These findings highlighted the potential of utilizing the cyanobacteria S. platensis as an alternative, eco-friendly growth substance for L. acidophilus LB to enhance its bioactivity and viability under extreme conditions.

Oleogels loaded with lycopene structured using Zein/EGCG/Ca2+ complexes: Preparation, characterization and potential application

Oleogels have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent viscoelasticity and high content of polyunsaturated fatty acid. This study explored the potential of Zein/(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate/Ca2+ complexes oleogels loaded with lycopene as potential substitute for solid fats in biscuit formulations. Utilizing an emulsion-templated method, oleogels were prepared and characterized for visual appearance, droplet size, microstructure, and rheological properties. The incorporation of lycopene indicated a dose-dependent effect on these characteristics, achieving optimal properties at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL. At this concentration, oleogels exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency (> 90 %), lower oil loss (< 2 %), and denser network structures. Rheological analysis highlighted the shear-thinning behavior, gel-like structure, and thixotropic recovery of oleogels. Substituting of margarine with lycopene-loaded oleogels in biscuits yielded products with regular appearance, uniform color, and potential health benefits, demonstrating the viability of these oleogels as a healthier alternative to traditional solid fats in baking.

Dietary lecithin attenuates adverse effects of high fat diet on growth performance, lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress and antioxidant capacity in the intestine of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid and lecithin levels on growth performance, lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress and antioxidant capacity in intestinal tissues of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Five experimental diets include the control (10.67 % lipid, normal dietary lipid without extra lecithin addition), 1.0 g/kg lecithin diet with normal dietary lipid level (Lec diet, 10.94 % lipid), high fat diet without extra lecithin addition (HFD, 18.65 % lipid), and HFD supplemented with 1.0 g/kg and 2.0 g/kg lecithin (HFD + Lec1 and HFD + Lec2 diets, respectively). Largemouth bass (initial body weight: 5.39 ± 0.04 g/fish) were fed five diets for 10 weeks. Dietary lecithin alleviated the growth retardation and intestinal damage induced by HFD. HFD-induced increase of whole body and intestinal crude lipid contents and decline of intestinal poly-unsaturated fatty acids content were also alleviated by dietary lecithin addition. Dietary lecithin alleviated the increase of TG content, activities of lipogenic enzymes (G6PD, 6PGD, ME, ICDH and FAS), mRNA expression of lipogenic genes (g6pd, 6pgd, fas, accα, dgat1, dgat2 and srebp1) and protein expression of Srebp1, and downregulation of mRNA expression of lipolytic gene cpt1) and protein expression of Pparα induced by HFD. Lecithin addition mitigated the up-regulation of mRNA expression of lipid absorption genes (fabp2, fatp4, sr-1b and npc1l1), and the down-regulation of mRNA expression of chylomicron assembly- and secretion-relevant genes (mttp and acat2) and proteins (Mttp, Apob and Sar1b), chylomicron components (TG, phosphatidylcholine and apolipoprotein) and MTTP activity induced by HFD. Compared with HFD, HFD + Lec1 diet significantly decreased the mRNA expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes (grp94, grp78, calr, chop, ire1α and xbp1) and Grp78 protein expression. Compared with HFD, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, T-SOD and GPx) and mRNA expression of genes (sod1, cat, gpx1 and nrf2) were significantly increased but MDA content and keap1 mRNA expression were significantly decreased in HFD supplemented with 1.0 g/kg and 2.0 g/kg lecithin. These results indicated that dietary lecithin supplementation increased growth rate, improved lipid metabolism, relieved ER stress, and enhanced antioxidant capacity, thereby alleviating negative effects of HFD on the function and health of intestinal tract of largemouth bass. Statement of relevanceOur results found that dietary addition of lecithin has obvious merits in alleviating negative effects of HFD on the intestinal function and health, which provided good basis for lecithin addition in aquafeeds.

Effect of chitosan films containing clove essential oil-loaded microemulsions combined with deep learning on pork preservation and freshness monitoring

In this study, chitosan (CS) films with different concentrations of clove essential oil (CEO) microemulsions were prepared. The composite film with a 0.8% microemulsion concentration exhibited the highest DPPH free radical clearance (77.44 ± 1.10%). When applied to six types of pork with different n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content stored at 4 °C, the composite films with 0.6% and 0.8% CEO microemulsions effectively preserved the pork and extended its shelf life by 9 days. Additionally, the deep-learning model successfully monitored the freshness levels of different n-3 pork samples. The CS/CEO microemulsion composite films, in conjunction with deep learning, demonstrate significant potential for pork preservation and freshness monitoring.

Effect of in ovo feeding with a multi-strain probiotic containing effective microorganisms and Zn-Gly chelate on the fatty acid profile, lipid profile, and malondialdehyde level in the serum and tissues of newly-hatched chickens

Modern poultry production strives to ensure the safety of food products by constantly improving the health parameters of birds. Multi-strain probiotics containing effective microorganisms and microelements, especially zinc in chelated form, currently play an important role in poultry feeding. We hypothesized that supplementation of chicken embryos with a multi-strain probiotic and glycine-zinc chelate may influence lipid metabolism in the serum and tissues of newly hatched chicks, leading to an increase in the body's antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the lipid profile, fatty acid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the serum and tissues of newly hatched chickens supplemented in ovo with a multi-strain probiotic and zinc glycine chelate. The experiment was conducted on 1,500 fertilized hatching eggs obtained from 36-week-old commercial broilers (Ross x Ross 308). A multi-strain probiotic and zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly) were administered on the 17th day of incubation. Samples of peripheral blood and tissues of the liver, small intestine (ileum), pectoral muscle, thigh muscle and yolk sac, collected on the day of hatch and at 7 days post-hatch, were used to analyse biochemical parameters and determine the malondialdehyde level and fatty acid profile. The results indicate that in ovo supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate on the 17th day of incubation affects fat metabolism. Simultaneous administration of a multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate did not increase the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the muscles. In birds treated with Zn-Gly chelate, the PUFA concentration was increased in the muscle tissue in the period up to 7 days post-hatch, i.e. during the development of the chicks. Moreover, the analysis of the results confirmed that in ovo supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate stimulates the synthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), mainly stearic, palmitic and myristic acids, and improves the ratio of PUFAs to SFAs. The multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate administered in ovo did not cause excessive MDA synthesis in the tissues, suggesting that these preparations reduce oxidative stress in the developing embryo and newly hatched chick.

Brazil Nut Semi-Defatted Flour Oil: Impact of Extraction Using Pressurized Solvents on Lipid Profile, Bioactive Compounds Composition, and Oxidative Stability.

Brazilian nuts are native to the Amazon rainforest and are considered a non-timber forest-product of extreme economic importance to local populations. This study evaluated the lipid profile, bioactive compounds, and oxidative stability of semi-defatted Brazilian nut flour oil (BNSDFO) obtained using pressurized fluids (n-propane at 40 °C and 2, 4, and 8 MPa or a CO2/n-propane mixture at 40 °C and 12 MPa). A Brazilian nut kernel oil (BNKO) processed by conventional cold pressing was also obtained. The BNKO showed a higher concentration of total phenolic compounds and saturated fatty acids, higher antioxidant activity, and the presence of gallic acid derivatives. The oils extracted using pressurized fluids showed a higher concentration of linoleic acid, β-sitosterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The utilization of pressurized n-propane resulted in higher yields (13.7 wt%), and at intermediate pressures (4 MPa), the product showed myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside and higher oxidative stability (OSI, 12 h) than at lower pressures (2 MPa). The CO2/n-propane mixture of pressurized solvents resulted in higher concentrations of squalene (4.5 times), the presence of different phenolic compounds, and a high OSI (12 h) but lower yield (2.2 wt%). In conclusion, oils with better fatty acid profiles (oleic e linoleic acids), phytosterol composition, and suitable radical scavenging activity may be obtained using pressurized fluids and Brazilian nut flour, a byproduct of oil extraction. The mixture of solvents may improve the concentration of squalene, whereas using only n-propane may increase oil yield.

The Use of Horse and Donkey Meat to Enhance the Quality of the Traditional Meat Product (Kaddid): Analysis of Physico-Chemical Traits.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of horse and donkey meat in the production of kaddid-a traditional dish typically not made with these meats-from a physical and chemical perspective. The results showed that both meats exhibit similar water retention during cooking, contributing to comparable tenderness and juiciness, with no significant differences in pH values, indicating similar quality (p > 0.05). However, their amino acid profiles differ: horse meat contains lower levels of glutamate (p < 0.05), methionine (p < 0.01), isoleucine (p < 0.05), and leucine (p < 0.05), but higher levels of proline (p < 0.05), histidine (p < 0.01), and lysine (p < 0.001) compared to donkey meat. Both meats provide essential amino acids. Horse meat is richer in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (32.44% and 39.58%, respectively), while donkey meat has a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (31.51%), with a more favorable PUFA/SFA ratio, suggesting better cardiovascular health benefits. In terms of dried meat, donkey kaddid has a higher protein (17.45 g/100 g) and lower fat content (2.1 g/100 g) compared to horse kaddid (16.7 g/100 g, and 3.5 g/100 g, respectively) (p < 0.05). These findings inform consumer choices and production practices, promoting the use of horse and donkey meat for kaddid production.

The influence of planting density on the oil and fatty acids content of soybean in hydroponic and soil conditions of the Ararat Valley

Background: Plant seed oils are major renewable resources from nature that can be used in multiple applications. Oils and fats are a vital component of human diets. About 1/3 of the daily energy requirements of a healthy diet come from fats. Each branch of the food industry has its own demands for the fatty acid composition of seed oils. High amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are a requirement of healthy diets. However, food manufacturers need highly saturated fatty acids because they need oil that is resistant to high temperatures and oxidation. Soybean oil is second only behind palm oil as the most commercially abundant plant oil globally. Soybean has been recognized for its agricultural importance and their various positive effects on human health. Objective: to identify the quantitative changes of soybean fatty acids depending on the planting density and growing conditions in the Ararat Valley of Armenia. Methods: Soybean was grown in hydroponic and soil conditions of the Ararat Valley. The seeds were sown in the middle of April. Experiments were carried out in hydroponic equipment and soil with different planting densities (30, 50, 70 and 90 plants/m2). The oil content was measured by using the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance method. The composition of fatty acids in seed oil was analyzed by chromatographic method on "Chromatec Crystal 5000" GC. Results: Oil content ranged from 19.6% to 24.4% in all variants. The maximum content was registered in soil with 30 plant/m2 planting density. Linoleic acid content ranged from 46.35 to 51.28% of the total fatty acid content, regardless of planting density and growing media. The content of linolenic acid ranged from 4.13 to 5.11% in all variants. The maximum content of ω-3 and the minimal content of ω-9 was recorded in hydroponics at 30 plants/m2 planting density. The highest percentage of stearic acid was observed in the soil variant with a planting density of 30 plants/m2. Interestingly, the variants did not differ in the total content of the 5 main fatty acids (98.84-98.95%). Growing medium had no significant effect on the total saturated fatty acids content; in all variants it ranged from 14.29% to 14.83%. Total unsaturated fatty acids content ranged from 85.2% to 85.7%. The hydroponic variant with a planting density of 30 plants/m2 had the lowest ratio of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids (10:1). Conclusion: Planting density and growing media had a significant influence on the content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Under hydroponic conditions the lowest content of monounsaturated and the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed at the lowest planting density (30 plants/m2), which can be used as a functional food for daily consumption. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soilless culture, ω-3, ω-6, ω-9, saturated acids.