Content Of Polyphenolic Compounds Research Articles

Study of phenolic content using LC–MS/MS technic in Saperavi grapevine shoots growing in Georgia

Georgia is one of the world's oldest wine areas. Interest to by-products of vine processing is rising because they may be exploited as source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes, rather than being discarded. The aim of the present research was to study polyphenolic compounds content in Saperavi grapevine shoots extract. Shoots of Saperavi grapevine were collected in Kakheti, Georgia. Extract was preliminary prepared and concentrated 4-fold. Polyphenols were extracted using Methanol and total phenolic content (TPC) was measured with Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent in terms of Gallic acid. The qualitative composition and content of phenolic compounds was studied with Liquid Chromatography - tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The identification was achieved by comparison of the retention times (tR) and spectra characteristics of individual compounds with those in data library. As a result, 14 different phenolic compounds were isolated. Received results demonstrated possibility of using Georgian Saperavi grapevine shoots as a source of biologically active ingredients, for which studies should be proceeded accordingly. This research № PHDF-21-1607 has been supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (SRNSFG).

Intestinal morphology and mucin composition in Japanese quails fed on olive cake

Olive cake, sometimes also called spent olive, is a low-energy nutrition source. It possesses various biological properties that are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral in property due to its rich polyphenolic compound content. Mucins can be found in the composition of the mucus that cover the surface of the gastrointestinal tract. Feed additives can influence the mucin composition, as well as the height and width of the villi, which are biological appendages tasked to increase the absorption surface in the small intestinal mucosa. The aim of the present study was to determine the histology of the small intestine in Japanese quails fed with olive cake. In the study, mixed-sex quails fed with rations containing different amounts of olive cake were used as the live material. Morphological measurements, Alcian blue/periodic acid–Schiff, and aldehyde fuchsin/Alcian blue histochemical stains were performed on stomach and small intestine tissues taken from quails. Significant increases in villus height, villus width, and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum, and ileal tissues were determined in control and experimental groups. The increase in crypt depth was greatest in the ileum. In the jejunal tissue, it was determined that the width of the villus decreased in groups 1 and 2 but increased in group 3. In the histochemical evaluation, it was determined that sulphate mucins were intense in the proventriculus, while carboxylic mucins were intense in all three parts of the small intestine. Considering the physiological functions of mucins, olive cake is thought to play an important role in the protection of the mucosa in quails.

Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content, Individual Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Sweet Rowanberry Cultivars.

Sweet rowanberry and its cultivars represent a less-known fruit species with significant antioxidant activity, mostly promoted by polyphenolic compounds. This paper examined seven Sorbus cultivars and evaluated their total polyphenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the content of individual polyphenolic compounds from the group of phenolic acids and flavonoids. It also determined their antioxidant activity using DPPH, ACW and ACL. Furthermore, to reflect the distribution of the contribution to antioxidant activity, correlations between antioxidant activity and the contents of ascorbic acid, vitamin E and individual phenolic compounds were established. The highest total phenolic content of 8307.4 mg kg-1 was determined in 'Granatina', with the main contribution of phenolic acid content of 7001.7 mg kg-1 and a significantly lower total flavonoid content of 1304.6 mg kg-1. Flavanols represented the most abundant group of flavonoids, with catechin being the second most frequent flavanol with the highest content of 633.67 mg kg-1 in 'Granatina'. Flavonols were represented by rutin and quercetin. 'Businka' displayed a significant vitamin E content of 4.77 mg kg-1, and 'Alaja Krupnaja' had the highest vitamin C level of 7.89 g kg-1. These results emphasize their potential health and nutritional benefits and, thus, their promising and valuable role in the food processing industry.

Cotinus coggygria Scop. Attenuates Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats by Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators.

In traditional medicine, many medicinal plants are used in the treatment of various diseases caused by inflammation. The objective of the present study is to elucidate for the first time the effects of Cotinus coggygria (CC) ethanol extract (CCE) on colonic structure and inflammation of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Colonic damage was assessed using disease activity index score, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Also, in vitro antioxidant activity of CCE was investigated by ABTS methods. Total phytochemical content of CCE was measured spectroscopically. Acetic acid caused colonic damage according to disease activity index and macroscopic scoring. CCE significantly reversed these damages. While the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TGF-1beta increased in tissue with UC, IL-10 level decreased. CCE increased inflammatory cytokine levels to values close to the sham group. At the same time, while markers indicating disease severity such as VEGF, COX-2, PGE2, and 8-OHdG indicated the disease in the colitis group, these values returned to normal with CCE. Histological research results support biochemical analysis. CCE exhibited significant antioxidant against ABTS radical. Also, CCE was found to have a high content of total polyphenolic compounds. These findings provide evidence that CCE might be benefit as a promising novel therapy in the treatment of UC in humans due to high polyphenol content and justify the use of CC in folkloric medicine for treatment of inflamed diseases.

Bioactive Ingredients with Health-Promoting Properties of Strawberry Fruit (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne).

Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne) belong to the berry group and are characterized primarily by delightful sensory properties. Due to their chemical composition, these fruits are a rich source of bioactive compounds that can modify the metabolic and physiological functions of the body. The aim of this work is to present the current state of research on bioactive ingredients found in these fruits in the context of their health-promoting properties. The paper presents compiled and reviewed data on the content of polyphenolic compounds, organic acids, and vitamins, especially vitamin C, in strawberries. The content of these compounds is influenced by many different factors that are discussed in the paper. It also draws attention to the presence of oxalates and allergenic compounds, which are classified as anti-nutritional compounds of strawberries.

Green Tea and Benign Gynecologic Disorders: A New Trick for An Old Beverage?

Green tea is harvested from the tea plant Camellia sinensis and is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide. It is richer in antioxidants than other forms of tea and has a uniquely high content of polyphenolic compounds known as catechins. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major green tea catechin, has been studied for its potential therapeutic role in many disease contexts, including pathologies of the female reproductive system. As both a prooxidant and antioxidant, EGCG can modulate many cellular pathways important to disease pathogenesis and thus has clinical benefits. This review provides a synopsis of the current knowledge on the beneficial effects of green tea in benign gynecological disorders. Green tea alleviates symptom severity in uterine fibroids and improves endometriosis through anti-fibrotic, anti-angiogenic, and pro-apoptotic mechanisms. Additionally, it can reduce uterine contractility and improve the generalized hyperalgesia associated with dysmenorrhea and adenomyosis. Although its role in infertility is controversial, EGCG can be used as a symptomatic treatment for menopause, where it decreases weight gain and osteoporosis, as well as for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Extraction of Phenolic Total Compound and Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Cocoa Leaves Extracted Using Various Solvents

In the cultivation of cocoa plants there are by-products, one of which is cocoa leaves. This by-product comes from periodic pruning of cocoa plants which has not been utilized optimally. Phenolic compounds contained in the cocoa leaves are known as bioactive compounds which also have a role as antioxidants. The content of bioactive compounds in cocoa leaves can be extracted from plant tissues by extraction method. The objective of this research was to achieve cocoa leaf extract with the highest antioxidant content using the maceration method. Extraction by maceration on old cocoa leaves with a variety of solvents, namely methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The results showed that the extract of old cocoa leaves with methanol as a solvent showed the highest content of polyphenolic compounds. A yield of 7,129% was attained from old cocoa leaves with total phenolic content of 349,952 ± 0,051 mg EAG/g sample, EC 50 antioxidant value of 287,958 ± 0.144, and antioxidant activity of 86,928 % RSA. The yield of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity contained in cocoa leaf extract (sequentially from the highest) were obtained with methanol solvent, followed by acetone and ethyl acetate solvents. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Bioactive, Cocoa leaf, Methanol solvent, Yield

Screening of anticandidal activity of Vaccinium corymbosum shoots’ extracts and content of polyphenolic compounds during seasonal variation

Background. A comprehensive analysis of polyphenols (flavonoids and proanthocyanidins) content of aqueous and hydroethanolic shoots’ extracts of Vaccinium corymbosum L. (highbush blueberry) (HB) cv. Elliott was performed. Materials and Methods. In this study, water and various concentrations of aqueous-ethanol (AE) were used as extragents, and plant material – the shoots of V. corymbosum harvested at stages of flowering (I), fruiting (II), after fruiting (III), and at the beginning of winter dormancy (IV). The anticandidal activity of aqueous (A) and AE extracts was studied with five strains of fungi: Candida pseudotropicalis (Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 4922=VKM Y-922), C. curvata (Cutaneotrichosporon curvatus ATCC 10567=VKM Y-2230), C. kefyr (Kluyveromyces marxianus VKM Y-459), C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019=UKM Y-73т=VKM Y-58 and C. tenuis ATCC 10573=UKM Y-1525т (Yamadazyma tenuis ATCC 10573=VKM Y-70). These strains were treated with extracts to investigate their effect on the growth of these microorganisms in vitro and compare with commercially available herbal medicinal extracts and antiseptic drugs. Anticandidal activity has been compared with the content of total phenolic compounds (flavonoids and proanthocyanidins). Results. Our results reveal that phenolic compounds concentration of V. corymbosum shoots’ extracts were significantly dependent on extragents and the stage of growth. The total content of phenolic compounds in aqueous-ethanol extracts was generally higher than aqueous and depended on the concentration of aqueous-ethanol. The highest extraction yield of total phenolic compounds was obtained using 40–80%-AE at all investigated stages. The highest content of flavonoids (105–123 mg·g-1 DW in quercetin equivalent) was observed at the stage of winter dormancy (IV). The content of proanthocyanidins was the highest at stages II and IV, and with 40–96% AEs as solvents; their contents varied within 178–239 mg·g-1 DW in catechin equivalent. Extracts prepared with 40–80% AE have pronounced inhibitory activities against all investigated Candida spp., but the maximum inhibition zone of a single strain may vary. High correlations indicate the determining effect of proanthocyanidins on the anticandidal activity of the extract. Conclusions. The study results indicate that V. corymbosum shoots may have promising properties in supporting therapy as anticandidal drugs.

Investigations on Kaempferol, Quercetin and Other Flavonoids in Aquatic Plants of Iraqi Marshlands-I

Aquatic plants are versatile source of phytochemicals that are of significant biological influences particularly, the flavonoids and their glycosidic derivatives distributed in different plant parts including fruits, seeds, leaves, flowers, stem, roots and rhizomes. Most of the reported biological influences are reported to be expressed by quercetin, kaempferol, isorhmnatin, and their glycosidic derivatives, particularly, rutin. In this survey, we summarized the reported flavonoids types, content and factors affecting their extracts contents of three aquatic plants Nuphar, Najas and Nymphoides detected in the Iraqi central marshlands, in provenance of Thi-Qar. Surveying the phytochemical investigations regarding Nuphar species of reported abundance of polyphenolic compounds content including identified and quantified phenolic acids, flavonoids like flavonols and flavonones, particularly, in their leaves. However, flavonoids/their derivatives types and quantities in various parts extracts are not reported to the extent of our knowledge although they are presumed to contribute to the reported biological influence of the plant on one hand. On the other hands, regarding Najas species, few reports have identified the existence of flavonoids as well as other phenolic compounds, although, total quantification to the phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins are reported rather than identifying the individual flavonoid in the plant extracts. Only single report demonstrates the total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin contents of ethyl acetate extract of Najar minor according to our survey. Regarding Nymphoides species, the extraction level flavonoids as lipophilic compounds as well as their much polar glycosidic derivatives is depending on the solvent polarities. In general, in most of Nymphoides species the ethanolic extract querectin, methylquercetin and kaempferol flvonoides/their derivatives are identified individual flavonoids/quantified to be more than one fold of that in the aqueous extracts. Finally, the manner/position of glycosylation as well as glycosides sugar resides acylation vary among the Nymphoides species. In general, single 3-O- or di 3,4’-O- glycosylation pattern is noticed in kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin. The multiply diverse glycosylation, methylation as well as acylation pattern of Nymphoides species flavonoids may explains their identification in various plant part/extracts besides the variation in their biological activities potentials. 

Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Properties of Morus nigra L.

The framework of this study was a comprehensive investigation of Morus nigra L. extracts, with the aim to establish the correlation between chemical composition and antioxidant/hepatoprotective activity of a series of black mulberry extracts obtained from aerial parts of the plant. Black mulberry leaf (MLEE), bark (MBEE), juice (MJ) and fresh fruit (MFEE) extracts were obtained using the conventional Soxhlet extraction, while the supercritical CO2 extraction procedure was employed for preparation of the seed oil (MSO). Analysis of the chemical composition was performed using spectrophotometric, HPLC and GC methods. For the evaluation of antioxidant activity, in vitro FRAP and DPPH assays were applied. In Haan strain NMRI mice with streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress, in vivo antioxidant activity and liver tissue integrity were examined. The content of polyphenolic compounds was the highest in MBEE (68.3 ± 0.7 mgGAE/g) with the most abundant compounds being polyphenolic acids, followed by MLEE (23.4 ± 0.5 mgGAE/g) with the flavonoids isoquercetin and rutin being present in a significant amount. An analysis of MSO revealed a high content of γ-linoleic acid. The highest antioxidant activity in vitro (FRAP and DPPH) was observed for MLEE, MBEE and MSO. Beneficial effects were confirmed in vivo, with lower values of hepatosomatic index, potentiation of the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, a lower rate of lipid peroxidation and reduced positivity for the P450 enzyme in animals treated with MLEE, MBEE and MSO. Black mulberry leaf and bark extracts as well as seed oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Apart from the confirmed biological properties of the fruit and leaf extracts, the observed activities of black mulberry seed oil and bark extract imply its importance as a sustainable source of phytochemicals.

Trichoderma pubescens Elicit Induced Systemic Resistance in Tomato Challenged by Rhizoctonia solani.

Rhizoctonia solani causes severe diseases in many plant species, particularly root rot in tomato plants. For the first time, Trichoderma pubescens effectively controls R. solani in vitro and in vivo. R. solani strain R11 was identified using the ITS region (OP456527); meanwhile, T. pubescens strain Tp21 was characterized by the ITS region (OP456528) and two genes (tef-1 and rpb2). The antagonistic dual culture method revealed that T. pubescens had a high activity of 76.93% in vitro. A substantial increase in root length, plant height, shoot fresh and dry, and root fresh and dry weight was indicated after applying T. pubescens to tomato plants in vivo. Additionally, it significantly increased the chlorophyll content and total phenolic compounds. The treatment with T. pubescens exhibited a low disease index (DI, 16.00%) without significant differences with Uniform® fungicide at a concentration of 1 ppm (14.67%), while the R. solani-infected plants showed a DI of 78.67%. At 15 days after inoculation, promising increases in the relative expression levels of three defense-related genes (PAL, CHS, and HQT) were observed in all T. pubescens treated plants compared with the non-treated plants. Plants treated with T. pubescens alone showed the highest expression value, with relative transcriptional levels of PAL, CHS, and HQT that were 2.72-, 4.44-, and 3.72-fold higher in comparison with control plants, respectively. The two treatments of T. pubescens exhibited increasing antioxidant enzyme production (POX, SOD, PPO, and CAT), while high MDA and H2O2 levels were observed in the infected plants. The HPLC results of the leaf extract showed a fluctuation in polyphenolic compound content. T. pubescens application alone or for treating plant pathogen infection showed elevated phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and coumaric acids. Therefore, the ability of T. pubescens to inhibit the growth of R. solani, enhance the development of tomato plants, and induce systemic resistance supports the application of T. pubescens as a potential bioagent for managing root rot disease and productivity increase of crops.

The Influence of the Use of Different Polysaccharide Coatings on the Stability of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Chokeberry Hydrogel Microcapsules Obtained by Indirect Extrusion.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the use of different polysaccharides and their mixtures on the structure of chokeberry hydrogel microcapsules and the stability of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity during one month of refrigerated storage. As a coating material, alginate and its mixtures with pectin, carrageenan, and chitosan were used, while chokeberry juice and preparation of polyphenolic compounds were used as a core. In non-stored capsules, the addition of carrageenan, pectin, and chitosan to alginate increased the content of total polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. When compared to non-encapsulated juice, the capsules had a greater decrease in antioxidant capacity during storage. The coating variant composed of alginate and carrageenan was found to be the most beneficial for the preservation of the capsules' phenolic compounds. The findings revealed that proper polysaccharide coating selection is critical for the proper course of the microencapsulation process, the polyphenolic content of chokeberry capsules, and their antioxidant properties.

Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Morphological Parts of Herbs

The aim of the study was to provide an analytical evaluation of the proximate composition, the total content of polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity, of 27 selected plant materials collected in Poland (West Pomeranian). The basic chemical composition was determined in the ground samples according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. Antioxidant activity was tested using free radical methods ABTS•+, DPPH•+ and the FRAP method. The lowest concentration of dry matter (DM) was measured in black chokeberry (88.82 g/100 g) and the highest was found in milk thistle (94.65 g/100 g) as well as black cumin (95.09 g/100 g). The content of total polyphenols, assessed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, ranged from 291.832–7565.426 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent (CGA)/100 g of DM. Antioxidant activity measured sequentially against the radical ABTS•+, DPPH•+ and using the FRAP method was 26.334–1912.016 µM Trolox/g DM, 9.475–1061.068 µM Trolox/g DM and 26.252–1769.766 µM Trolox/g DM, respectively. The methanolic extract from milk thistle fruit in most assays was characterized by the lowest antioxidant activity and the lowest total content of polyphenolic compounds. Methanol extracts prepared from garlic, stinging nettle and cleavers showed the highest content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity among the tested plant materials. The parts of plants with the highest antioxidant potential can be a source of new bioactive compounds, but further research is required to describe the profile of compounds harmful to human health.

Polyphenol-Rich Extract of Fermented Chili Pepper Alleviates Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells via Regulating INSR, PTP1B, PPAR-γ, and AMPK Pathways

Fermented Capsicum frutescens L. is a well-known traditional food ingredient in China with a variety of potential nutritional functions due to the increased content of polyphenolic compounds during the fermentation process. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of fermented chili peppers (FCP) on insulin resistance and the potential mechanism of action. HepG2 cells were treated with 5 × 10−6 mol/L insulin for 12 h to establish the insulin resistance model. The results showed that the ethanol extract of FCP (1 mg/mL), rather than non-FCP extract, significantly increased glucose consumption in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, which was at least partly attributed to an increase in polyphenolic compounds after fermentation, including kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, caffeic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, luteolin, and apigenin. Molecular docking analysis suggested that these five significantly increased polyphenolic compounds in FCP could partially and effectively interact with the key amino acid residues of four key insulin resistance-related receptors (INSR, PTP1B, PPAR-γ, and AMPK). In conclusion, the fermentation process enhanced or even conferred a pronounced anti-insulin resistance effect on chili peppers, and the increased polyphenolic compounds in chili pepper had synergistic effects in modulating the INSR, PTP1B, PPAR-γ, and AMPK pathways to regulate the destruction of glucose consumption.

Hermetia illucens frass improves the physiological state of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its nutritional value under drought.

To counterbalance the growing human population and its increasing demands from the ecosystem, and the impacts on it, new strategies are needed. Use of organic fertilizers boosted the agricultural production, but further increased the ecological burden posed by this indispensable activity. One possible solution to this conundrum is the development and application of more environmentally neutral biofertilizers. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two doses of Hermetia illucens frass (HI frass) with the commercial cattle manure in the cultivation of basil under drought. Soil without the addition of any organic fertilizer was used as a baseline control substrate for basil cultivation. Plants were grown with cattle manure (10 g/L of the pot volume) or HI frass at two doses (10 and 12.5 g/L). The health and physiological condition of plants were assessed based on the photosynthetic activity and the efficiency of photosystem II (chlorophyll fluorescence). Gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere were also assessed to verify the effect of fertilizer on soil condition. In addition, the mineral profile of basil and its antioxidant activity were assessed, along with the determination of the main polyphenolic compounds content. Biofertilizers improved the fresh mass yield and physiological condition of plants, both under optimal watering and drought, in comparison with the non-fertilized controls. Use of cattle manure in both water regimes resulted in a comparably lower yield and a stronger physiological response to drought. As a result, using HI frass is a superior strategy to boost output and reduce the effects of drought on basil production.

ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ОТРИМАННЯ ОЛІЄ-ПРЯНИХ СУМІШЕЙ

One of the key areas of work is the creation of a product with a balanced fatty acid composition and enriched with biologically active substances that exhibit antioxidant and antibiotic properties at the same time, with a pleasant taste andaromatic properties and with an extended shelf life.The quality indicators of experimental oil samples were experimentally confirmed, and their fatty acid composition was investigated by the chromatographic method.A blend of oils was developed according to the ratio of PUFA and MUFA: first cold-pressed high-oleic sunflower oil 25%, first cold-pressed rye oil 50%, refined sesame oil 25%. It was established that the mixture of oils contains fatty acids, in particular oleic - 43.9%; linoleic – 22.3%; linolenic - 10.5%. The totalcontent of unsaturated fatty acids is 76.7%, of which 32.8% are polyunsaturated, which made it possible to bring the fatty acid composition of the blend as close as possible to the ideal fat formula and achieve the ratio ω-6:ω-3 = 2:1.The chemical composition of spices was studied, namely the content of carotenoids, essential oils and polyphenolic com-pounds. It was found that among the samples of the selected spices, the largest amount of essential oil is contained in cloveseeds, which is 18.1%, the content of carotenoids and polyphenolic compounds is the highest in dill inflorescences, which is 12% and 18%, respectively.A composition of spices was chosen, which includes clove seeds 33%, clary sage 33%, coriander seeds 17% and dill inflorescences 17%. A method of obtaining an oil-spice mixture by the method of vacuum extraction has been developed. It was established that the oil-spice mixture was obtained by vacuum extraction has a long shelf life, as it does not come into contact with air oxygen.The consumption of the developed oil-spice mixture is recommended to be used for various segments of the population for preventive purposes.

The influence of technogenic pollution on the Pinus sylvestris pollen chemical composition

The elemental, fatty acid composition and content of polyphenols in the Pinus sylvestris L pollen, growing within the territory of Ulan-Ude and the Republic of Buryatia background territories, were determined. It is shown that with technogenic pollution in pollen, the content of iron, nickel, lead, cadmium and mercury increases, and the content of manganese decreases. In the fatty acid composition under stress conditions, an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids, and in particular, trans- and cis-forms of oleic acid, is observed. A decrease in the content of polyphenolic compounds in samples from contaminated areas was noted. Thus, the chemical composition of pine pollen can be used as an indicator of anthropogenic (technogenic) impact and early diagnosis of the stress state of the forest during forest pathological monitoring.

Влияние экстракта зеленого чая на процесс молочнокислого брожения и органолептические показатели ферментированного напитка на основе яблочного сока

We investigated the influence of adding green tea extract to apple juice on the lactic acid fermentation process induced by a starter culture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus bulgaricus and the organoleptic characteristics of the resulting fermented beverage. The juice was obtained from Simirenko apples harvested in 2022 in the Krasnodar Region (Russia). To increase juice yield, the apple pulp underwent fermentative treatment with the Vegazym M enzyme preparation. The content of polyphenolic compounds in the aqueous extract of Green Spirals green tea (China), was determined spectrometrically using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and amounted to 20 mg/dm3. The extract was added to the juice at volumes of 5, 10, and 15 cm3/100 cm3. The rate of utilization of raw material components by LAB during fermentation was assessed by changes in the mass concentrations of dry substances, sugars, and titratable acids over the period from 0 to 24 hours and from 24 to 48 hours of fermentation. It was shown that treatment of apple pulp with Vegazym M at a concentration of 0.09% increased juice yield by more than 14%. It was found that as the concentration of green tea extract in the fermentable apple juice increased the activity of lactic acid bacteria also increased. The highest rate of utilization of apple juice components and the rate of accumulation of titratable acids by LAB were observed at a concentration of 15 cm3 of green tea extract per 100 cm3 of juice. The highest rate of metabolic processes during fermentation by LAB of apple juice with green tea extract was observed in the first 24 hours of the fermentation process. It was demonstrated that adding green tea extract to apple juice enhances the aroma and taste of the fermented beverage. The fermented beverage from apple juice with the addition of 10 cm3 of green tea extract per 100 cm3 exhibited the best organoleptic characteristics.

Applications of pulsed electric fields in winemaking

Wineries can take advantage of the ability of pulsed electric fields (PEF) to electroporate the cell membranes of grape skins and microbial cells to improve several kind of processes. The PEF permeabilization of red grape skin cells permits winemakers to reduce the duration of maceration and/or to improve a wine’s color and concentration of polyphenolic compounds without impairing its sensorial attributes. The capability of PEF to inactivate spoilage microorganisms while preserving the physicochemical and sensorial properties of must and wines may help enhance wine quality by guaranteeing reproducible fermentations and reducing or replacing the use of SO2 for wine stabilization. It has been also demonstrated that PEF triggers yeast autolysis thereby accelerating the release of mannoproteins from cell walls and decreasing the duration of aging on lees.

EIGHT OLD CULTIVARS OF APPLE TREES – AN EVALUATION OF THEIR POTENTIAL FOR USE BY THE PROCESSING INDUSTRY

Background. Fruit of old cultivars may contain more micro- and macronutrients and polyphenols than modern tree cultivars. This paper presents the results of a study on eight old cultivars of apple trees. The fruit was gathered in the Wolin National Park (Woliński Park Narodowy) from old uncultivated trees. Results and conclusions. Despite the lack of tree care, the fruit of all the cultivars studied contained small amounts of harmful heavy metals and nitrates. Different criteria are used to evaluate fruit by consumers and the processing industry. For consumers, taste is important, and a low sugar-to-acid ratio makes fruit much tastier. The Roter Herbstkalvill cultivar, despite containing the least sugar of all the cultivars tested, has the lowest sugar-to-acid ratio (3.3). The highest content of health-promoting polyphenolic compounds was found in the fruit of the following cultivars: Roter Herbstkalvill (734 mg/100 g DM) and Kaiser Alexander (701 mg/100 g DM). Due to their high dry matter content, the Geflammter Kardinal and Boikenapfel cultivars will be the best choice for the processing industry. Whereas cultivars with a low sugar content, which caramelizes at high temperatures - Roter Herbstkalvill and Weisser Winterkalvill - will be useful for flour production and baking.