Olive Oil Concentration Research Articles

Formulation Of Coenzyme Q10 Liquid Foundation With a Variations Olive Oil as The Oil Phase

Coenzyme Q10 contains antioxidants that can protect the skin from damage caused by harmful molecules, which are usually called free radicals. Moisturizer Liquid Foundation formulation with variations of olive oil as the oil phase can produce good physical stability of Moisturizer Liquid Foundation preparations during physical testing. The Moisturizer Liquid Foundation formulation was made using various concentrations of the olive oil phase, namely FI (3%), FII (5%), and FIII (7%). The Moisturizer Liquid Foundation formulation was made using the Emulsion evaporation method, and physical characteristics tests were carried out, including organoleptic tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, dispersibility tests, adhesion tests, and hedonic tests. The results showed that the organoleptic test of the three formulas had the same color and aroma, but the texture of the preparations was different due to variations in concentration. The higher the concentration of olive oil, the more viscosity will increase according to the data, namely F1:5200 Cpas, F2: 6400: Cpas, F3: 8400 Cpas. The higher the concentration of olive oil, the more acidic the pH value will be according to the data, namely F1: 6.17; F2: 6.11; and F3: 5.99. The results of the F1 dispersion test: 6,6; F2: 6.4; and F3: 6.2. The results of the F1 adhesion test: 6,11; F2: 6.25; and F3: 6.51. The most preferred hedonic test result is F2.

Combined Effect of Temperature and Oil and Salt Contents on the Variation of Dielectric Properties of a Tomato-Based Homogenate.

Tomato-based processed foods are a key component of modern diets, usually combined with salt and olive oil in different ratios. For the design of radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) heating processes of tomato-based products, it is of importance to know how the content of both ingredients will affect their dielectric properties. Three concentrations of olive oil and salt were studied in a tomato homogenate in triplicate. The dielectric properties were measured from 10 to 3000 MHz and from 10 to 90 °C. Interaction effects were studied using a general linear model. At RF frequencies, the dielectric constant decreased with increasing temperature in samples without added salt, but this tendency was reversed in samples with added salt. The addition of salt and oil increased the frequency at which this reversion occurred. At MW frequencies, the dielectric constant decreased with increasing temperature, salt, and oil content. The loss factor increased with increasing salt content and temperature, except in samples without added salt at 2450 MHz. Penetration depth decreased with increasing frequency and loss factor. Salt and oil contents have a significant effect on the dielectric properties of tomato homogenates and must be considered for the design of dielectric heating processes.

Optimization of nutrient medium composition for the production of lipase from waste cooking oil using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks

Lipases are a class of triacylglycerol hydrolases which have found a lot of applications as a result of their unique characteristics such as stability, specificity, economic attractiveness etc. This study examined the effect of some microbial stimulants (olive oil, MgSO4 and KH2PO4) on the production of lipase from waste cooking oil (WCO). The fermentation experiments were planned using a three-variable Box-Behnken design and the impact of the stimulants was optimized with response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The results revealed that intermediate concentrations of olive oil, MgSO4 and KH2PO4 were needed to maximize lipase activity. The ANN model predicted an optimal lipase activity of 177.19 U/mL and this was obtained at olive oil, MgSO4 and KH2PO4 concentration of 0.58, 0.04 and 0.22 w/w% respectively while the RSM model predicted an optimal lipase activity of 176.52 U/mL at olive oil, MgSO4 and KH2PO4 concentration of 0.63, 0.05 and 0.25 w/w% respectively. The ANN model was superior to the RSM model in predicting lipase production and this was reflected by better statistical metrics. Thus, biological stimulants can facilitate the fermentation process for optimal lipase production from WCO.

Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss. Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis by Inducing Autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K Signaling Pathway.

To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-hepatic fibrosis activity of ethyl acetate fraction Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss. (EDC) in human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro and in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis mouse model in vivo. For in vitro study, HSCs were pre-treated with platelet-derived growth factor (10 ng/mL) for 2 h to ensure activation and treated with EDC for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The effect of EDC on HSCs was assessed using cell counting kit-8 assay, EdU staining, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot, respectively. For in vivo experiments, mice were intraperitoneally injected with CCl4 (2 ° L/g, adjusted to a 25% concentration in olive oil), 3 times per week for 6 weeks, to develop a hepatic fibrosis model. Forty 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups using a random number table (n=10), including control, model, positive control and EDC treatment groups. Mice in the EDC and colchicine groups were intragastrically administered EDC (0.5 g/kg) or colchicine (0.2 mg/kg) once per day for 6 weeks. Mice in the control and model groups received an equal volume of saline. Biochemical assays and histological examinations were used to assess liver damage. Protein expression levels of α -smooth muscle actin (α -SMA) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) were measured by Western blot. EDC reduced pathological damage associated with liver fibrosis, downregulated the expression of α -SMA and upregulated the expression of LC3B (P<0.05), both in HSCs and the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model. The intervention of bafilomycin A1 and rapamycin in HSCs strongly supported the notion that inhibition of autophagy enhanced α -SMA protein expression levels (P<0.01). The results also found that the levels of phosphoinositide (PI3K), p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, and p-p70S6K all decreased after EDC treatment (P<0.05). EDC has anti-hepatic fibrosis activity by inducing autophagy and might be a potential drug to be further developed for human liver fibrosis therapy.

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI MINYAK ZAITUN (OLIVE OIL) TERHADAP KELEMBUTAN SABUN CAIR

Zaitun tree (Olea europaea) comes from the Middle East and widely grown in Asia. The fruit and oil extraction widely used as food and medicine. The oil derived from olives is known as olive oil. Olive oil can be used for skin emolient. The aims of this study was to determine olive oil variation concentration to liquid soap softness. The soap was made with varying olive oil concentration (20% known as F1, 30% known as F2 and 40% known as F3). True experimental design with The Posttest Only Experiment was used as the study design. Evaluation of the soap including organoleptic test, pH, spesific gravity, free alkali assay, and responden emolient test. Responden emolient test was taken from 20 responden who has given questioner. The data from emolient test study was calculate by Kruskal Wallis test. The organoleptic test result showed that all formula showed liquid green, homogen, and jasmine odor. pH from F1, F2 and F3 were 10,39; 9,75 dan 9,34 respectively. The spesicic gravity from F1, F2 and F3 were 1,648%; 1,441% dan 0,863 % respectively. The free alkali from F1, F2 and F3 were 0,032%; 0,08% dan 0,064% respectively. The responden emolient test showed that F1 was soft, F2 was midle soft and F3 was very soft.Keywords: oilive oil, soap, softness

Screening of Amazonian bacillus strains for lipase production using glycerol as substrate

The industrial application of lipolytic enzymes has been studied mainly due to the ability of these enzymes in catalyze reactions of synthesis and their stability in various organic solvents. One possibility is the use of lipase the organic synthesis, taking advantage as the generation of waste and difficult recovery of sub bioproducts. In this work, we carried out a selection of eighty-four isolates of Bacillus amazonian for lipase production, of which 30 strains showed lipolytic activity. The study of the culture conditions was performed through a Plackett-Burman experimental design using the strain that presented the highest lipolytic activity in a culture medium using glycerol as substrate. The studied conditions were: concentration of soybean oil, olive oil, triton X-100, gum arabic, glycerol, and (NH4)2SO4, pH, temperature and concentration of inoculums. The best result obtained were 27 U/L in 48 h of cultivation by Bacillus circulans BL53. This work shows that the search and selection of microorganism with lipolytic activities can facilitate the discovery of new lipases, with potential use as by-product surplus.

Peroxides and Bisphenols Detection in Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) by Plasmonic Nanodomes Transducers

Large-area nanostructured transducer for absorption opto-plasmonic measurements in the ultraviolet visible UV-VIS spectral range have been realized by colloidal lithography. The design and simulation performed guarantee the optical behaviour of the nanostructured transducers. Morphological characterization by AFM microscopy evidences the nanodome structure of the object realized in array configuration. A microfluidic device was optimized to perform measurements in real time. Qualitative evaluation of the peroxides’ and bisphenols’ concentration in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) have been obtained by following the variation in the plasmonic resonance monitoring of a suitable array nanodome structure deposited onto a glass substrate. Comparison of the obtained results with laboratory-standard methodologies gives us guaranteed support of the potential of the realized technology.

Enhancement of Spirulina platensis Growth Using Humic Acid for Soap Production

Spirulina is a pure and natural whole food, containing no synthetic ingredients or preservatives, consumed as Single Cell Proteins (SCP) by human beings and animals. This study focused on the use of Spirulina. Influence of Humic acid (HA) along with the medium was studied in this paper for the enhanced production of Spirulina platensis for soap production. Spirulina platensis was cultivated with an optimum concentration of humic acid. This study used Spirulina for manufacturing natural soap with various components such as Olive oil, Aloe vera, and NaOH by employing RSM (Response surface methodology) –CCD (Central composite design). Optimization of soap production from Spirulina is done using different concentrations of Olive oil, Aloe vera, and NaOH, which included (30th trail). The TFM (Total fatty matter) of soap is 80%, and its alkalinity is 9.0 ± 0.5, respectively. The present study suggests that Spirulina plantensis grown in OFERR medium with 0.9% of humic acid was found to produce maximum biomass. The ideal composition for the improvement of soap was Spirulina - 3.75gm, Olive oil - 37.5ml, Aloe vera gel - 15gm, and NaOH - 2gm with Spirulina being the key component.

Near infrared spectroscopic determination of olive oil adulteration with sunflower and corn oil

Determination of authenticity of extra virgin olive oils has become very important in recent years due to the increasing public concerns about possible adulterations with relatively cheap vegetable oils such as sunflower oil. This study was focused on the application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate calibration to identify the adulteration of olive oils. NIR transmittance measurements were made on pure olive oil and olive oil adulterated with varying concentrations (4-96%, v/v) of sunflower and corn oil in two sets of 26 binary and ternary mixtures. Multivariate calibration models were generated using genetic inverse least squares (GILS) method and used to predict the concentration of adulterants along with the concentration of olive oil in the samples. Over all, standard error of predictions ranged between 2.49 and 2.88% (v/v) for the binary mixtures of olive and sunflower oil and between 1.42 and 6.38% (v/v) for the ternary mixtures of olive, sunflower and corn oil.

Anticancer molecular mechanisms of oleocanthal.

Cancer is among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Current cancer therapies are associated with serious side effects, which further damage patients' health. Therefore, the search for new anticancer agents with no toxic effects on normal and healthy cells is of great interest. Recently, we and other groups have demonstrated that oleocanthal (OLC), a phenolic compound from extra virgin olive oil, exhibits antitumor activity in various tumor models. However, the underlying mechanisms and intracellular targets of OLC remain to be completely elucidated. This review summarizes the current advancers concerning the anticancer activity of OLC, with particular emphasis on the molecular signaling pathways modulated by this compound in different tumor cell types. The major mechanisms of action of OLC include modulation of the apoptotic pathway, the HGF/c-Met pathway, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway, among others. Furthermore, OLC has synergistic effects with anticancer drugs in vitro. Also discussed are OLC bioavailability and its concentration in olive oil. Data summarized here will represent a database for more extensive studies aimed at providing information on molecular mechanisms against cancer induced by OLC.

Structural and physico-mechanical properties of potato starch-olive oil edible films reinforced with zein nanoparticles

In this study, bio-composite films were developed by casting film-forming emulsions based on potato starch-glycerol-olive oil containing dispersed zein nanoparticles (ZNP). This paper studied the effect of the combined use of olive oil and different concentrations of zein nanoparticles on the structural and physico-mechanical properties of plasticized potato starch films. The water vapor permeability decreased with oil addition. Barrier properties were further improved with increasing ZNP content. It was discovered that the tensile strength increased as the ZNP content increased, but decreased with incorporation of the oil. Contact angle increased with ZNP and olive oil addition. Apparent color and UV transmittance of potato starch-glycerol film were impressed with the use of ZNP and olive oil. The microstructure and morphologies of films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Dynamic mechanical thermal test revealed that the storage modulus decreased with incorporation of olive oil, however was improved by increasing nanoparticles content.

Measurement of squalene in olive oil by fractional crystallization or headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography

ABSTRACT Squalene is the most abundant component in the unsaponifiable fraction of olive oil with strong antioxidant properties. Its concentration in olive oils varies between 0.2 and 16.2 g/kg depending on the cultivar(s) used. The propose of this work was to determine the effectiveness of two different extraction methods for squalene determination by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) or to mass spectrometry (MS). In a first approach, oil samples were dissolved in methanol/acetone mixture 7:3 (v/v) and triglycerides separated by fractional crystallization at −20°C. The organic layer was removed, reduced to dryness and the residue reconstituted in n-heptane (containing squalane as external standard) and analyzed by GC-FID. A headspace (HS) solid phase microextraction (SPME) GC-MS method has been also developed in order to have an environmentally friendly (i.e. solventless) extraction procedure. The linear range investigated with both methods was 1.0-10 g/kg. Within-day and between days precision values, expressed as RSD%, were 4 and 7% (GC-FID), and 3 and 6% (GC-MS), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3 were 0.019 (GC-FID) and 0.003 (GC-MS) g/kg; the limit of quantification (LOQ) calculated at S/N = 10 were 0.063 (GC-FID) and 0.008 (GC-MS) g/kg, well below the typical squalene concentration levels found in olive oils. The obtained percentage recoveries were 70 ± 2 (GC-FID) and 98 ± 3 (GC-MS), and were not concentration dependent. The potential of the method has been demonstrated by the analysis of several different olive oil samples produced from different cultivars and different locations.

A Simple Screening Method for Extra Virgin Olive Oil Adulteration by Determining Squalene and Tyrosol.

A simple screening method for discrimination between commercial extra virgin olive oils and their blends with other vegetable oils was developed. Squalene, which was contained relatively high amounts in virgin olive oil, was determined by HPLC after a simple pretreatment that was carried out by dilution of oil samples with 2-propanol. Tyrosol, which was contained at relatively high concentration in virgin olive oil among phenolic compounds, was determined by HPLC after a simple liquid-liquid extraction. When using squalene and tyrosol contents as axes, extra virgin olive oils could be discriminated from pure olive oils, blended oils (extra virgin olive oils with sunflower oil or grapeseed oil) and other vegetable oils. These results suggest that determining squalene and tyrosol in seed oil samples could be useful in distinguishing between extra virgin olive oil and blended oils as a screening method.

The function of nanoemulsion on preservation of rainbow trout fillet.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of nanoemulsions prepared with various concentrations of olive oil on the sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout fillets. The results showed that the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets were determined as 10days for the control, 12days for tween 80 group, 14days for the 15% olive oil nanoemulsion group (O15) and 16days for both 30% (O30) and 45% olive oil nanoemulsion groups (O45). It was determined that the use of olive oil suppressed the fish smell and improved the organoleptic quality of fish fillets, extending shelf life. Best sensory results were obtained from O30 and O45 treatment groups. The use of nanoemulsion had a positive effect on the biochemical parameters (TVB-N, PV, FFA, TBARs and pH), as well as inhibiting bacterial growth compared to the control group. Among nanoemulsion groups, the lowest bacteria content was found in O45 group. As a result, O30 and O45 treatment groups can be recommended for the preservation of fish fillets.

Isolation and Identification of Magnusiomyces capitatus as a Lipase-Producing Yeast from Olive Mill Wastewater

Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) are effluents originated from olive oil extraction. As an oil-rich residue, OMW is a potential source of lipase-producing microorganisms and a complex medium potentially suitable for lipase production. The aim of the present study was to isolate yeasts with the ability to produce extracellular lipases from OMW. Thirty-two yeast isolates were obtained and screening for esterase/lipase activity using rapid plate detection methods allowed the selection of five isolates. Subsequently, extracellular lipolytic activity was determined in shake-flasks, and the best activity was found in the isolate JT5 (0.85 U/mL). This isolate was identified as Magnusiomyces capitatus by DNA sequencing. Growth and lypolytic activities by M. capitatus JT5 were assessed in undiluted OMW, and optimization of lipase production was achieved by a positive interaction of two factors (oxygen availability and nitrogen concentration). The highest lipase activity (1.4 U/mL) was obtained at NH4Cl concentration of 2.8 g/L and kLa of 0.65 min−1. The growth of M. capitatus JT5 in a stirred tank bioreactor, using undiluted OMW, allowed the improvement of lipase production (up to 3.96 U/mL) by increasing olive oil concentration in the medium, under the selected conditions of nitrogen concentration and oxygen availability. This study highlighted the isolate M. capitatus JT5 as a lipase-producing microorganism that is able to grow in undiluted OMW under controlled conditions. Results obtained in shake-flasks have been reproduced satisfactorily in the stirred tank bioreactor.

Fifth- and third- order nonlinear optical responses of olive oil blended with natural turmeric dye using z-scan technique

In this study, nonlinear optical responses of olive oil as a pure material and also blended with turmeric powder at different concentrations are demonstrated using z-scan technique. This material is found to be a novel natural nonlinear medium with large nonlinear refractive index. The modified Newton-Raphson method was used to solve the formula obtained from Gaussian Decomposition method for transmission of beam light in z-scan technique. It shows a negative third order nonlinear refractive index (n2) on the order of 10−7cm2/w under irradiation of maximum 50 mw continuous wave (CW) He-Ne laser at 632.8 nm wavelength. The third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3) of olive oil was calculated on the order of 10−5 (esu). The fifth order nonlinear refractive index (n4) of this oil was calculated positive and on the order of 10−9cm4w2 for the first time according to the authors' knowledge. It is worth noting that the fifth order nonlinear susceptibility occurs at lower intensity with regards to other nonlinear materials. The thermal nonlinear refractive index of the olive oil is also calculated for pure olive oil and different concentrations of olive oil blended with turmeric.

Ultrasonic/sonochemical synthesis and evaluation of nanostructured oil in water emulsions for topical delivery of protein drugs

Delivery of drugs and active agents to human skin by formulation containing nanosystems have shown remarkable advance in recent nanotechnology research. The aim of current investigation is to study protein drug, extracted from medicinal leech tissue and evaluate an isotropic and kinetically stable nanoemulsion formulation, with least surfactant and co-surfactant concentrations also with optimal solubility and stability, for topical delivery. It is a fact that physical properties of oil phase has an impact on nanoemulsion formation and stabilization. In this research, various factors, such as oil types (olive oil and sesame oil) and oil content for their effects on particle size and stability of protein nanoemulsion were first investigated. Secondly, optimized formulation of protein nanoemulsion was characterized by droplet size and zeta potential analysis, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), viscosity, pH, and refractive index. Thirdly, stability studies were done to select the best formulation. The results of our experiments showed that an increase in the concentration of olive oil and sesame oil led to a nanoemulsion with smaller size of droplets and with higher stability, respectively. However; slight variations in droplet size were observed in case of nanoemulsion with olive oil. As a result of various experiments, a Nanoemulsion with 25% olive oil was selected as optimized formulation owing to its much smaller droplet size (143.1 nm), lower polydispersity index, higher zeta potential (−33.3 mV). No considerable changes in droplet size, viscosity and pH occurred during a 30-day storage period at 4 °C. This procedure also suggested that our selected nanoemulsion was physically stable. Additionally, TEM revealed that particles were morphologically spherical. In conclusion, our analyses of the experiments proved the fact that nanoemulsions are promising novel formulations for protein drugs and can greatly enhance stability of protein drugs.

A Rapid, Univariate FT-NIR Procedure to Determine Moisture Concentration in Olive Oil.

We recently observed that the weak near-infrared (NIR) band near 5260 cm-1 was relatively more intense for extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) than for refined olive oil (ROO). We also observed that its intensity was diminished upon heating and erroneously presumed that it may be attributed to volatile carbonyl components in EVOO. In the present study we demonstrate for the first time that this band is primarily attributed to a water O-H combination band. To accurately determine the intensity of this weak band, observed on a shifted and sloping baseline, we measured the peak-to-peak (p-p) height of its first derivative. An exponential calibration curve for p-p height versus gravimetrically-determined concentration of spiked water was satisfactorily generated. The calibration curve was first evaluated by using independent sets of gravimetrically prepared test samples. Subsequently, it was used to determine the moisture content, a quality parameter, for a limited set of authenticated reference olive oils whose quality and purity were confirmed by official methods. These concentrations, 0.098-0.12% H2O (w/w) for EVOO, 0.022-0.030% H2O (w/w) for ROO, and 0.028-0.054% H2O (w/w) for pomace olive oil (POO), were consistent with those reported in the literature. For 88 commercial products investigated, the moisture levels fell in the range from 0.026% to 0.13% (w/w). The correlation between moisture content and other olive oil quality parameters has been reported in the literature and has yet to be further investigated.

Fruit growth, yield and oil quality changes induced by deficit irrigation at different stages of olive fruit development

Experiments were performed in a high-density olive orchard to compare the effect of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at two different phenological stages with fully-irrigated trees (FI) over two years. Stress was imposed either prior to pit hardening (RDI 1) or after endocarp sclerification during the initial phase of oil accumulation (RDI 2). Fully irrigated trees received 2277 and 1648 m3 ha−1 in 2012 and 2013, respectively, RDI 1 ones 76 and 53% of those volumes in 2012 and 2013, respectively (RDI 2 trees 48 and 67%). There were no differences in fruit set or return bloom due to the irrigation regime. At harvest differences in fruit size between FI and RDI treatments were significant only in the first year. The fruit yields of RDI 1 and RDI 2 trees were 70 and 81% of FI ones, respectively (means of two years), but the yield efficiency was similar across all treatments. The phenolic concentration in RDI 1 fruits was higher than that in fruits from trees subjected to the other water regimes. Verbascoside, 3–4 DHPEA-EDA, and oleuropein of RDI 1 fruits were higher in 2012 (only verbascoside in 2013). Oleuropein and 3–4 DHPEA-EDA of RDI treatments were higher than those of FI in 2013. Higher concentrations of biophenols were measured in oils from RDI 1 trees in both years, whereas FI and RDI 2 showed similar values. An early water stress was more effective to increase the phenolic concentration of olive oil compared with a late deficit or full irrigation.

Optimization of Olive Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Preparation for Intravenous Drug Delivery.

A seven-factor Box-Behnken design was used for the optimized development of an olive oil-based nanoemulsion (NE) intended for intravenous drug delivery. The independent variables of olive oil concentration, tween 80 concentration, span 80 concentration, rate of adding of oil in aqueous phase, homogenization speed, homogenization time, and preparation temperature, were used as inputs of the factorial design. The response variables were mean droplet diameter, zeta potential (ZP), and polydispersity index (PDI). A quadratic, linear and 2FI model was established to predict the responses based on the multivariate model developed. The obtained experimental responses were in good agreement with predicted values from expert design, showing residual standard error (RSE) less than 10 %. TEM revealed that the optimized nanoemulsions were almost spherical with mean diameter about 40 nm. The developed formulation showed only about 4.6% of hemolysis and was safe for intravenous delivery. As well, the other in vitro characterization of the optimal nanoemulsion such as viscosity, percent transmittance, physical stability, and solubility study revealed it to be promising as an intravenous drug delivery system.