Na-CMC Concentration Research Articles

Optimization of Snail (Achatina fulica) Mucus Gel Formula with CMC-Na as a Gelling Agent Healing Periodontitis

The content of snail (Achatina fulica) mucus chemical compounds that have been tested by researchers quantitatively are: Heparan Sulfate 16.45 mg/100 g, Acharan Sulfate 21.33 mg/100 mg, Acahtin isolate 36.06 mg/100 mg, Ca2+ Ion 86.12 mg/100 g, Beta Agglutinin 58.22 mg/100 g, Achasin Protein 102.22 mg/100 g, Glycokonyugat 8.86 mg/100 g, qualitatively snail mucus gel contains chemical substances contained in snail mucus gel are: Allantoin, Collagen, Elastin, Glicolic, Vit A and and C, Antibiotic peptide, Protein, Enzyme, Hyaluronic Acid, Copper Peptide, Antimicrobial peptide, Iron, Zinc, Proteoglycans. The purpose of this study was to obtain the optimal concentration of Na CMC as a gelling agent in the manufacture of snail mucus gel, obtain the optimal formula from the optimal formula variation, make a snail mucus gel preparation that serves as a cure drug for periodontitis, test snail mucus gel with optimum concentration in rats for the treatment of periodontitis. Research methods: true experimental laboratorium, determination, preparation of snail mucus chemical compounds, optimization and determination of Na CMC, optimization and determination of glycerin, optimization and determination of sodium lauryl sulfate and snail mucus preparation formula. The results of the study obtained optimization of gel preparations with three kinds of concentrations, namely 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, obtained the results of the stability test of the preparation declared stable, tasteless organoleptical viscous liquid, pH 6.75; 6.81; 6.88; 6.79; 6.79; 6.84 evenly distributed 5.6; 6.1; 6.5; 6.79; 6.79; 6.84; adhesion 12.45g/cm2; 15.80: g/cm2 ; 17.20; 12.50; 12.50;17.50; 17.20; 20.40; 15.40; 15.40; 20.05 viscosity 17.50; 17.20; 20.40; 15.40; 15.40; 20.05 cp and turbulent flow type (4050 Reynold), 4100; 4095; 4050; 4050; 4080. The conclusion of this research is the optimal concentration of Na CMC as a gelling agent in the manufacture of snail mucus gel is 10%.

Influence the diphenhydramine hydrochloride–sodium carboxymethyl cellulose complex for nanoaggregate formation

This study aimed to create nanoaggregates that improve the synergistic interaction between the opposing charges in drug-polyelectrolyte complexes. In this study, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) polyelectrolytes and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPC) drug molecules were used to form the nanoaggregate. The aggregation behaviour of NaCMC-DPC complexes was determined by using conductivity methods. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of NaCMC were reduced from 0.737 to 0.337 g/l in the aqueous and 29.18 mg/l in the DPC. The modified Corrin and Harkins (CH) and Frahm's approaches evaluated the binding efficiency of the NaCMC-DPC interaction. NaCMC-DPC complexes were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques to conform to the formation of bilayer vesicles. Furthermore, we prepared the silver nanoparticles by using NaCMC-DPC complex mixtures. We demonstrated how NaCMC-DPC mixtures might influence the self-assembly of silver nanochain designs that differed from open "end-to-end" networks. The results indicated that the assembly of silver nanochains was regulated by a variation of electrostatic interactions inside the NaCMC-DPC components, which organized themselves around anisotropic nanochains surfaces. Among the optical properties altered by the linear assembly, the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance band at 624 nm has an enhanced redshift.

Sodium carboxymethyl celluloses as a cryoprotectant for survival improvement of lactic acid bacterial strains subjected to freeze-drying

This study investigated the possibility of sodium carboxymethyl celluloses (Na-CMC) in protecting the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against freeze-drying stress. 1 % concentration of Na-CMC with a 0.7 substitution degree and viscosity of 1500 to 3100 (MPa.s) was found to protect Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CICC 6098 best, giving a high survival rate of 23.19 ± 0.88 %, high key enzymatic activities, and 28-day storage stability. Additionally, Na-CMC as cryoprotectant provided good protection for other 7 lactic acid bacterial strains subjected to freeze-drying. The highest survival rate was 48.79 ± 0.20 U/mg for β-GAL, 2.75 ± 0.15 U/mg for Na+-K+-ATPase, and 2.73 ± 0.41 U/mg for Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase as 48.48 ± 0.46 % for freeze-dried Pediococcus pentosaceus CICC 22228. It was Interesting to note that the presence of Na-CMC reduced the freezable water content of the lyophilized powders containing the tested strains through its hydroxyl group, and supplied micro-holes and fibers for protecting the integrated structure of LAB cell membrane and wall against the freezing damage. It is clear that addition of Na-CMC should be promising as a new cryoprotective agent available for processing the lyophilized stater cultures of LAB strains.

Stability and rheological properties of firefighting foams with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and hydrocarbon/silicone surfactants

Firefighting foam stability is a critical aspect in determining fire extinguishing efficiency. The stability and rheological properties of environmental firefighting foams are investigated in this work. The results show that increasing NaCMC polymer concentration decreases the equilibrium surface tension of CTAB/501W surfactants, while enhancing the viscosity and conductivity. And the yield strain and yield stress of the foam improve. However, when the NaCMC concentration is enhanced to 0.8 wt.%, the NaCMC concentration has less effect on the change in rheological characteristics. Slight NaCMC concentration addition enhances the foaming ability of CTAB/501W surfactant solutions, but further addition of NaCMC concentration decreases its foaming ability. Increasing NaCMC cocentration reduces the height decay of the foam produced by CTAB/501W surfactant solutions, retarding the bubble coarsening and liquid drainage process, and leading to foam stability enahncement, where the stability turning point occurs when NaCMC concentration is 0.5 wt.%. This is mainly attributed to the interaction between NaCMC polymer and CTAB molecule, and the increased viscosity.

The optimization of gelling agent and humectant in antioxidant gel formula with Carica papaya Linn. leaf extract based on simplex lattice design method

Papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) have very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value 21.08 ppm. C. papaya L. leaf can be formulated in gel preparation. The physical properties of gel and its effectiveness as an antioxidant can be affected by excipients, so it is necessary to optimize the formula. The aims of this research were to find the concentration of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as gelling agent and glycerin as humectant to get optimal formula with the best physical properties and measure its antioxidant activity. Simplex lattice design (SLD) method was chosen for formula optimization with Na-CMC range 0.5-4% and glycerin 10-13.5%. The optimal formula was determined based on pH value, spreadability, stickiness and viscosity then determined for antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results of this research were optimal formula with Na-CMC concentration 1.853% and glycerin 12.147%. The antioxidant activity of the optimal formula was decreased from the extract activity, with an IC50 value 21.08 ppm (very strong) to 61.70 ppm (strong). It can be concluded that the optimal formula for papaya leaf (C. papaya L.) extract gel preparation can be obtained with combination of Na-CMC and glycerin using the SLD method with strong antioxidant value.

Research by choice of excipients ingredients of the gel for the therapy of radiation lesions of the skin based on rheological studies

The aim of this work is to conduct a research analysis of changes in the structural and mechanical properties of the gel from the addition of active substances and surfactants.
 Materials and methods. In the presented work, model samples of the gel with active substances were studied: freshly obtained stonecrop juice, sea buckthorn oil, rosehip oil, St. John's wort oil and quercetin. As substances for the manufacture of bases hydrocolloids of cellulose derivatives were used: sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) with a surfactant Lanette SX.
 A study of the rheological properties of the samples was performed using a rheoviscometer Rheolab QC (Anton Paar, Austria) using a system of coaxial cylinders C-CC27 / SS. The Rheolab QC rheometer is equipped with RheoPlus software, which allows you to set the necessary experimental conditions (shear rate gradient range, number of measuring points and measurement time of one point).
 Results. The rheological properties of model samples of NaCMC and HEC gels, depending on the used concentration, were studied. With increasing concentrations of both NaCMC and HEC thixotropy of dispersed systems decreases. The change of structural and mechanical parameters of hydrogels from the addition of active ingredients and surfactant is analyzed, and established that adding them into the hydrogels increases the structural and mechanical parameters of model samples.
 A study of gels with a constant concentration of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose and different content of surfactant Lanette SX established that as the surfactant concentration increases, the area of the hysteresis loop and the resistance of the dispersed system to the applied mechanical fracture increase.
 Conclusions. According to the results of the obtained structural and mechanical parameters and rheograms of the studied model samples of gels, it is rational to use in further studies of sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose (1.5 %) and hydroxyethylcellulose (1.25 %) stabilized Lannete SX in concentrations of 4-5 % and 3-5 % respectively

THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE ON THE SEDIMENTATION BEHAVIOUR OF NICKEL PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATE AT VARYING TEMPERATURES

The sedimentation data of nickel phosphate precipitate formed with or without a modifier - sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) biopolymer were studied under controlled conditions of temperature. The main objective was to access the influence of Na-CMC and temperature on On-set Sedimentation Rate (OSR) and Sedimentation Volume Ratio (SVR) of nickel phosphate. Na-CMC at different concentrations (200ppm - 2000ppm) was mixed with constant volume of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution in a graduating measuring cylinder. On mixing the resulting solution with constant volume of nickel chloride solution, a precipitate was formed, stirred for 1 min and placed in the sedimentation measurement device - PreSed Meter. The settling of the precipitate was monitored and recorded at different temperatures (30oC, 40oC and 50oC). Blank sedimentation (0ppm Na-CMC) was also run at various temperatures by adding 10ml of deionized water (instead of 10ml of Na-CMC solution). A plot of precipitate displacement per settling time established a logarithmic curve which flattened with time. Regression analyses of OSR (0.71 ≤ R2 ≥ 0.94) and SVR (0.51 ≤ R2 ≥ 0.93) indicated the dependence of sedimentation on concentration of Na-CMC thus implying chemical interaction between the chemical species.

Decoration of sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel microspheres with modified lignin to enhanced methylene blue removal

The introduction of active groups from biomass is currently the most promising alternative method for increasing the adsorption effect of dyes. In this study, modified aminated lignin (MAL) rich in phenolic hydroxyl and amine groups was prepared by amination and catalytic grafting. The factors influencing the modification conditions of the content of amine and phenolic hydroxyl groups were explored. Chemical structural analysis results confirmed that MAL was successfully prepared using a two-step method. The content of phenolic hydroxyl groups in MAL significantly increased to 1.46 mmol/g. MAL/sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) gel microspheres (MCGM) with enhanced methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity owing to the formation of a composite with MAL were synthesized by a sol-gel process followed by freeze-drying and using multivalent cations Al3+ as cross-linking agents. In addition, the effects of the MAL to NaCMC mass ratio, time, concentration, and pH on the adsorption of MB were explored. Benefiting from a sufficient number of active sites, MCGM exhibited an ultrahigh adsorption capacity for MB removal, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 118.30 mg/g. These results demonstrated the potential of MCGM for wastewater treatment applications.

Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Maltodekstrin dan Na-CMC terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia Bubuk Buah Semangka Merah

Red watermelon is commonly served as fresh cut fruit or juice. In order to broaden the use of watermelon, it can also be processed into powder. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of different types of encapsulation and concentrations of Maltodextrin and Na-CMC on the physicochemical properties of watermelon powder. In this research, the red watermelon juice that mixed with maltodextrin and Na-CMC as encapsulants was dried using a cabinet dryer at a temperature of 60-65°C for 6 hours. The treatment levels of maltodextrin were 6%, 12% and 18%, while the Na-CMC levels was 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. All of the treatments were repeated three times. The tests carried out included moisture content, hygroscopic level, total phenol, antioxidant activity, color and pH. The results showed that the red watermelon powder with the addition of maltodextrin has a water content of 1.68-3.65%; hygroscopic level between 9.27-11.56%; total phenol content of 437.9543-887.9543 mg GAE/g, antioxidant activity of 34.15-75.79% , color of L=49,.0-61,; C=25.4-28.2; H=33.6°-35.7° and pH value of 6.14-6.34. Meanwhile, red watermelon powder with the addition of Na-CMC has a water content of 2.85-3.67%; hygroscopic level 16.87-23.65%; total phenol 224.3183-673.1820 mg GAE/g, antioxidant activity 23.51-72.71% RSA, color with L=42.8-46.0;C=27.8-30.1; H=26.4°-28.7°, and pH 7.10-7.51.Therefore, maltodextrin and Na-CMC can potentially be used for encapsulation of red watermelon powder.

Rheological Properties of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Solutions in Dihydroxy Alcohol/Water Mixtures.

The aim of the research presented in this paper was to determine the effect of dihydroxy alcohols on the rheological properties of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) solutions with different degrees of substitution and different average molecular masses. Rheological measurements were carried out with a rotational rheometer in continuous and oscillatory flows. Two dihydroxy alcohols were used in the study: butane-1,3-diol and propane-1,2-diol. The concentration of Na-CMC in the solutions was 1.6% and 2.2%, while the concentration of the dihydroxy alcohols ranged from 10% to 60%. The measurements show that the viscoelastic properties of Na-CMC solutions are strongly linked to the type of solvent used. The application of low-substituted high-molecular-mass Na-CMC makes it possible to obtain fluids with the properties of weak physical gels. On the other hand, the dissolution of Na-CMC with a high degree of substitution (>1) and low molecular mass in dihydroxy alcohol/water mixtures yields a viscoelastic fluid. Based on oscillatory measurements, increasing concentrations of polyhydroxy alcohols in Na-CMC solutions were found to induce an increase in the strength of the network structure. At the same concentrations of polyhydroxy alcohols in solutions containing butane-1,3-diol, a stronger network structure is formed compared to solutions containing propane-1,2-diol. The rheological measurement results presented in this paper may be useful in the formulation of drug carriers and cosmetics in which rheological properties are a significant factor.

OPTIMIZATION OF ACYCLOVIR SUSPENSION: FORMULATING DEVELOPMENT USING NA-CMC AND QUALITY CONTROL OF FINISHED PRODUCTS

Objective: Acyclovir is widely used as a potent antiviral drug to treat viral infections of herpes and varicella-zoster families. Unfortunately, the drug has a very poor oral bioavailability character (15-30%). The purpose of this study was to develop a formulation of acyclovir suspension with a simple suspension method using Na-CMC (carboxymethylcellulose sodium), and to carry out quality control of the finished product.
 Methods: The formulation was developed by designing variations in Na-CMC concentration and quality control, including pH, viscosity, dispersibility, storage stability, microscopic measurement, sedimentation volume, and evaluation of acyclovir levels. Quality control is to evaluate the suspension in order to obtain good and stable physicochemical properties of the suspension.
 Results: Design variations of Na-CMC concentrations of 1.4%, 1.5%, and 1.6% resulted in a homogeneous suspension and easily dispersed perfectly. The three formulas did not have a significant difference in the value of viscosity, permeability, and sedimentation volume, which were not significant. All formulas have pseudoplastic flow properties, with good particle size uniformity in the range of 0–13 µm. The stability of pH during storage time was shown by the formula with 1.5% Na-CMC.
 Conclusion: The acyclovir suspension with 1.5% Na-CMC concentration was the best compared to the other formulas in terms of stability and physicochemical properties.

THE SEDIMENTATION BEHAVIOURS OF AlPO4 AND Fe3(PO4)2 PRECIPITATES IN SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

To evaluate the sedimentation of aluminium phosphate [AlPO4] and ferrous phosphate [Fe3(PO4)2] precipitates in sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) biopolymer at different temperatures, batch-wise precipitation and sedimentation tests of AlPO4 and Fe3(PO4)2 in solutions of Na-CMC were carried out at temperatures of 30, 40 and 50oC. The objective was to determine On-set Sedimentation Rate (OSR) and Sedimentation Volume Ratio (SVR) of the metal phosphates. Fixed volume of Na-CMC at different concentrations was mixed with constant volume and known concentration of phosphate ion precursor (disodium hydrogen phosphate solution) in a sedimentation measurement apparatus - PreSed Meter. The resulting solution was mixed separately with constant volume and known concentration of either aluminium ion or iron (II) ion precursor (either aluminium chloride or ferrous chloride solution). The settling of the precipitate so formed was monitored and recorded. Blank sedimentation tests, without Na-CMC, were also run. For every measurement, On-set Sedimentation Rate (OSR) and Sedimentation Volume Ratio (SVR) of the precipitates were computed. It was observed that in the absence of Na-CMC, AlPO4 precipitate readily dissolved into the medium immediately after stirring. Also, in the absence of Na-CMC, OSR and SVR of Fe3(PO4)2 precipitate increased directly with increased temperatures. The test results also indicated that AlPO4 precipitate suspension was poorly influenced by the biopolymer. Poor correlations in OSR (0.50 ≤ R2 ≥ 0.05) and SVR (0.49 ≤ R2 ≥ 0.005) indicating non-dependence with Na-CMC concentration, implying no chemical interactions with Na-CMC, were described for AlPO4 suspension at all temperatures investigated. For Fe3(PO4)2 suspension, good correlations in OSR (R2 = 0.94) and SVR (R2 = 0.93) indicating dependence with Na-CMC concentration, implying chemical interaction with Na-CMC, were obtained at high temperature (50oC). The observations imply that Na-CMC would be good stabilizing agent for drug formulations containing AlPO4. However, suspension of Fe3(PO4)2 in Na-CMC need not be stored in high temperature conditions.

Controllable biomimetic mineralization and characterization of hydrated magnesium carbonates using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Recently, fixing CO2 within minerals is an environmentally friendly way of CO2 sequestration and utilization strategy. Inspired by cyanobacteria mediated carbonation of hydrated magnesium carbonates (HMCs), the indirect CO2 biomimetic mineralization process involving NH4HCO3-MgCl2 using NaCMC was investigated to obtain HMCs with complex superstructures. The crystal phase, morphology, structure, thermal stability and surface of HMCs were characterized by XRD, SEM, TG and XPS methods. The HMCs products are composed of urchin-like particles assembled by nesquehonite rods at a low NaCMC concentration. At a higher NaCMC concentration, Dypingite flowers assembled by nanosheets generate in situ at the dissolution defects of nesquehonite rod by increasing the NaCMC concentration. The irregular dypingite agglomerates assembled by adjacent flower-like structures and the well-developed dypingite spheres composed of intensive plate-like crystallites are synthesized at temperature above 65 °C. By adjusting the molar ratio of Mg2+/HCO3−, dypingite flakes grow on the top of nesquehonite rods. The superstructure of HMCs was destroyed when increasing the solution pH from 8 to 10. The decomposition of HMCs is characterized by dehydration (or dehydroxylation) and decarbonation stages. XPS confirms that the surface properties for nesquehonite and dypingite are quite different. This study provides insights into the preparation of HMCs with complex hierarchical structures based on biomimetic carbonation.

Zn2+ İyonları ile Çapraz Bağlı Sodyum Karboksimetil Selüloz Kürelerden Flurbiprofenin Kontrollü Salımı

In the study, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) spheres were obtained by crosslinking Zn2+ ions to encapsulate flurbiprofen (FBP), non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug. The spheres obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and their diameters were measured using an optical microscope. In addition, equilibrium swelling degrees, entrapment efficiencies, sphere yield values and release profiles of the spheres were evaluated. The effects of NaCMC concentration, FBP loading and pH on sphere yield, entrapment efficiency and FBP release were investigated. The release of flurbiprofen from the spheres was very low in pH 1.2 environment, whereas the release occurred in a controlled manner in the pH 7.4 intestinal environment. As the NaCMC concentration and FBP loading increased, FBP release from the spheres decreased and the highest drug release was observed in spheres with a NaCMC concentration of 2% and a drug loading of 10%. The release kinetics were mostly described as Case II.

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of topical gel of 5-fluorouracil

Topical drug administration through the skin can be defined ‎ as the application of drug contains formulation directly to the skin for prophylactic, protective, ‎ or therapeutic purposes. 5-Fluorouracil is an antineoplastic agent used for the treatment of skin diseases such as ‎ actinic keratosis. The aim of this work was development a gel formulation of 5-FU using ‎ NaCMC and PVA as a gelling agent. Six formulations (F1-F6) were prepared using different concentrations of NaCMC a

Effect of Rheological Properties of Aqueous Solution of Na-CMC on Spray Angle for Conical Pressure-Swirl Atomizers

Aerosol is a multiphase system, created as a result of the dispersion of a liquid in a gaseous medium. The atomized liquids are most often water and fuel; however, they can be any other substance. Even a small addition of a substance that changes the rheological properties (i.e., the nature of the flow) can change the properties of the resulting aerosol. The most important parameters that characterize the aerosol are the outflow rate, the droplet diameter, the spray spectrum, and the spray angle. The latter is important when selecting atomizers, especially those working in groups on the sprayer boom. The spray angle is an important parameter of the atomization process, providing a great deal of information about the quality of the spray. This study presents the results of rheological tests and the atomization of aqueous solutions with varying concentrations of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC). We found that the spray angle decreased with increasing Na-CMC concentration in the solution, which is attributable to an increase in shear viscosity. The design of the atomizer is also important. The largest spray angles were obtained for an atomizer with a diameter of 0.02 m and with the inlet port being placed at an angle to the atomizer axis. Based on the experimental results for various liquids and atomizer designs, a correlation equation describing the spray angle is proposed.

Study of the effect of the concentration of sodium carboxymethylcellulose on hemostatic and antiadhesive activity during liver operations in an experiment

Liver surgeries are associated with the risk of bleeding and the development of adhesive disease. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) forms an elastic swelling gel and a “lattice” that holds the blood cells.The aim: determine the concentration of Na-CMC, which has the maximum hemostatic and anti-adhesive effect, during liver surgeries in the experiment.Materials and methods. The coagulating effect of Na-CMC (from 0.5% to 9%) was studied in vitro. In vivo experiment on 167 male Wistar rats weighing 185–250 g studied the bleeding time and the amount of blood loss, anti-adhesive activity in the model of liver surgery by cutting off the edge of the organ in the standard way: the depth and width of the wound is 1 cm; the height is 3 mm.Results. In vitro the minimum coagulating effect was obtained in 3% of Na-CMC. In vivo the maximum effect on reducing the bleeding time (–46% compared to the control, p < 0.01) and the amount of blood loss (–27% compared to the control, p < 0.01) had 6% Na-CMC. Then, according to the degree of decrease in the bleeding time, there were: 5% Na-CMC (–40%), 4% Na-CMC (–37%), 3% Na-CMC (–29%), 7% Na-CMC (–27%), 8% Na-CMC (–11%). For the amount of blood loss, a similar pattern of decreasing effect was observed: 5% Na-CMC (–21%), 4% Na-CMC (–14%), 7% Na-CMC (–12%), 3% Na-CMC (–11%), 8% Na-CMC (–5%). When comparing all the studied concentrations of Na-CMC gel with the control group in terms of bleeding time and blood loss, the differences are statistically significant: p < 0.01. Maximum anti-adhesive activity was observed for 6% Na-CMC on days 7 and 14 after surgery: the adhesive process was estimated at 0.497 [0.000–0.497] and 0.962 [0.000–1.301] points vs. 2.457 [2.118–2.457] and 4.071 [3.758–4.602] points in the control group (p < 0.01).Conclusion. The maximum hemostatic and anti-adhesive effect has 6% Na-CMC.

TiO2 Nanotube Array Prepared by Anodization in Aqueous Electrolyte Containing Sodium Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose

TiO2 nanotubes arrays (TNTAs) were produced on titanium foil by electro oxidation (anodization) based on aqueous electrolyte containing sodium carboxyl methylcellulose (Na-CMC) at various concentration and the applied anodization potential. In aqueous electrolyte, the concentration of Na-CMC showed significant influence in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes. While little effect from the anodization potential was observed. The TNTAs, with very good nanotubes array morphology and photocurrent generation was successfully obtained under aqueous electrolyte containing 0.5% NH4F and 2 % Na-CMC. This obtained TNTAs films has slightly different inner tube diameter when prepared under different anodization voltages, these are 52 ± 4,08, 80 ± 3,48, and 79 ± 4,01 nm respected to 15, 20, 25 V applied potential, respectively. The best photocatalytic activity of TNTAs was observed on the TNTAs film that was prepared under 20 V, whereas this TNTAs film has biggest porosity (41.14 %) and smallest space depletion layer (4.34 nm) compare to other prepared TNTAs film. This result confirms that, narrower of the depletion layer, the separation of the charge on the surface of TNTAs and electrolytes will increase, thus the efficiency of photo conversion increases. Preparation of TNAs by anodization in aqueous electrolyte containing Na-CMC can be an alternative way that meet the environmentally friendly nature, in contrast to those current common way which is using an organic electrolyte.

Experimental study on the performance of drilling fluid for coal seam methane drainage boreholes

Adopting in-seam boreholes for gas pre-drainage is an important method for ensuring safety coal mine operation. However, borehole collapse often occurs during the process of construction in soft coal seams, especially in downward boreholes. The main purpose of this study is to develop an efficient drilling fluid for coal seam methane drainage boreholes. First, a drilling fluid with a formula of 1 wt.% xanthan gum, and 1.2 wt.% Na-CMC, 0.6 wt.% cellulase and 4 wt.% bentonite, which is simply referred to as the drilling fluid, was developed based on the actual requirements of the construction site. Then, five property tests (viscosity, fluid loss resistance, cuttings carrying capacity, anti-collapse performance and degradability) of the drilling fluid were conducted in the laboratory. Finally, engineering application performances were carried out in Tangshan Mine, China. The results indicate the following: (1) When the xanthan gum concentration is fixed, the viscosity of the drilling fluid improves with increasing Na-CMC concentration. The API filtrate loss of the drilling fluid decreases with increasing bentonite concentration, while the filter cake thickness increases and then stabilizes. (2) The drilling fluid has an efficient performance in the carrying capacity of drill cuttings and the anti-collapse performance of a coal mass. Thorough degradation is completed 300 min after adding cellulase. (3) Compared with traditional clear water, the effective drilling distance of downward core drilling using the drilling fluid increases by two times, and the anti-collapse performance for coal seam methane drainage boreholes is remarkable.

Synthesis and characterization of hydrogel NaCMC-g-poly(AA-co-AAm) modified by rice husk ash as macronutrient NPK slow-release fertilizer superabsorbent

In this study, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) based hydrogel grafted by poly (acrylate-acrylamide) by addition of rice husk ash (RHA) and NPK fertilizer to the superabsorbent with in-situ polymerization was successfully synthesized. In this work, the effect of NaCMC concentration and mass of RHA was done. The best water swelling capacity with 3 % NaCMC, 15 % RHA is 480 g/g with percentage of water release capacity is 38 %. Then, the effect of NPK fertilizer concentration on in-situ polymerization was carried out and the best swelling capacity with 5 % NPK mass is 650.10 g/g and percentage of release capacity obtained is 25.20 % for 6 days. The successful of the synthesis of hydrogels NaCMC-g-poly(AA-co-AAm) modified by rice husk ash as macronutrient NPK slow-release fertilizer superabsorbent supported by functional group was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The hydrogels based on NaCMC biopolymers and silica from rice husk ash as macronutrient NPK slow-release fertilizer superabsorbent produced slow release can be controlled and a promising material in the future and can be applied in agriculture field.