Concentrations Of Long-chain Fatty Acids Research Articles

Feeding Strategy to Use Beef Tallow and Modify Farmed Tiger Puffer Fatty Acid Composition.

A 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with beef tallow (BT) on the fatty acid composition of farmed tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes). Two replacement strategies were used: a standard Graded Dietary Replacement of FO with BT (GDR strategy) and Alternate Feeding between FO- and BT-based Diets (AFD strategy). The positive and negative control diets were formulated with 6% FO (FO-C group) or BT (BT-C group) as the sole added lipid source. In the GDR strategy, three experimental diets were formulated, with 25, 50 and 75% of the added FO in the FO-C diet replaced with BT, named 25BT, 50BT and 75BT, respectively. In the AFD strategy, alternated feeding patterns between the FO-C and BT-C diet-namely, 1, 2 and 3 weeks with BT-C followed by 1 week feeding with FO-C (1BT-1FO, 2BT-1FO and 3BT-1FO, respectively)-were applied. Each diet or feeding strategy was assigned to triplicate tanks. The results showed that dietary BT inclusion reduced the contents of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in both the muscle and liver (edible tissues for this species) of the experimental fish, and the liver displayed a more drastic decrease than the muscle. The LC-PUFA content linearly decreased with the decreasing dietary FO levels in the GDR strategy. However, in the AFD strategy, a linear relationship was not observed between the LC-PUFA content and the FO feeding duration. The 3BT-1FO treatment resulted in higher LC-PUFA content than 2BT-1FO. When comparing the two strategies with the same final FO administration level-namely, 50BT vs. 1BT-1FO, and in particular, 75BT vs. 3BT-1FO-the AFD strategy resulted in higher LC-PUFA contents in both the muscle and liver than the GDR strategy. In conclusion, when FO was replaced with BT in the diets, alternate feeding between FO- and BT-based diets resulted in a higher LC-PUFA content than the standard direct replacement. Three weeks of feeding with BT-C followed by one week of feeding with FO-C appeared to be a good alternate feeding pattern. This study provided a promising strategy of FO-sparing in fish farming when the LC-PUFA contents were maintained as high as possible.

The regulatory effects of microbial community on the formation of higher alcohols and volatile flavor components in Hongqu rice wine brewing

The contents of higher alcohols (HAs) and volatile components produced by microbial metabolism largely determine the drinking comfort and flavor quality of Hongqu rice wine. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of volatile flavor profile and microbial community in the brewing process of Hongqu rice wines with low and high HAs content (LHA and HHA). The results showed that the main HAs in Hongqu rice wine were isobututyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, and the total content of HAs in HHA (749.07 ± 20.47 mg/L) was much higher than that in LHA (407.61 ± 20.80 mg/L). Multivariate statistical analysis and visualization showed that the volatile flavor characteristics of HHA and LHA were significantly different, and the contents of ethyl esters, medium- and long-chain fatty acids in HHA were higher than those in LHA. Microbiome analysis based on metagenomic sequencing indicated that fermentation starter has significant effect on the composition of microbial community during Hongqu rice wine brewing. Microbial species such as Cronobacter sakazakii, Weissella paramesenteroides, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus niger, Millerozyma farinosa and Rhizopus delemar were significantly enriched in HHA brewing, while Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were significantly enriched in LHA brewing. Furthermore, the potential relationships between the key microbial species and characteristic volatile components were revealed through correlation heatmap analysis. Bioinformatical analysis revealed that the abundances of microbial genes encoding enzymes involved in HAs metabolism were higher in HHA than LHA, but the gene abundance of phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase in LHA was significantly higher than that in HHA, which could limit the formation of HAs during Hongqu rice wine brewing. Collectively, this study provides important scientific data for enhancing the flavor quality of Hongqu rice wine, and lays a solid foundation for the healthy development of Hongqu rice wine industry.

Evaluating human milk as a drug delivery vehicle for clofazimine to premature infants

Human milk is proposed as a drug delivery vehicle suitable for use in neonatal patients. Clofazimine, traditionally used for the treatment of leprosy and tuberculosis, is emerging as a treatment for cryptosporidiosis in infants, however its poor aqueous solubility has led to its commercial formulation as a waxy lipid formulation in a capsule, a format that is not suitable for infants. In this study, the evaluation of pasteurised human milk for the delivery of clofazimine was investigated using an in vitro lipolysis model to simulate gastric and intestinal digestion. The total lipid composition of the human milk was characterised alongside the liberated fatty acid species following digestion for comparison to alternative lipid-based delivery systems. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to measure the presence of crystalline clofazimine during digestion and hence the extent of drug solubilisation. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the mass of clofazimine solubilised per gram of human milk fat (drug-to-fat ratio) in digested and undigested human milk. The digestion process was essential for the solubilisation of clofazimine, with digested human milk solubilising a sufficient dose of clofazimine for treatment of a premature infant. Human milk solubilised the clofazimine to a greater extent than bovine milk and infant formula during digestion, most likely as a result of differing lipid composition and increased long-chain fatty acid concentrations. These findings show that human milk enhances the solubility of clofazimine as a model drug and may be a suitable drug delivery vehicle for infant populations requiring therapeutic treatment.

Non-Conventional Oilseeds: Unlocking the Global Potential for Sustainable Biofuel Production

Renewable energy sources have become an urgent worldwide concern due to the impacts of global warming. Globally, biofuels can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are major contributors to global warming. The use of biofuels has the potential to transform the energy landscape while mitigating the adverse effects of traditional fossil fuels. This study examines the water features, biochemical compositions, and fatty acid profiles among various plant species. The results reveal significant variations in water features as a consequence of the relative water content and water potential of each seed. Also, we note that some non-edible species like A. blanchetii, C. procera, E. oleracea, P. juliflora, M. oleifera, and J. curcas have good attributes that confer a biofuel-like species. These attributes are high in oil content and have a good profile content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), ranging from 35% to 80% among the different oilseeds. Fatty acid profiling reveals distinct compositions among the plant species. Stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2) were the principal oils in A. blanchetii, J. curcas, P. juliflora, M. oleifera, and S. tuberosa compared to other species. M. oleifera stands out with a high linoleic acid (C18:1) content, while C. maxima, J. curcas, and P. juliflora are even higher (C18:2). A principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlations analysis also confirmed that alternative oilseeds exhibited similarities to standard oilseeds and have the potential to replace them for biofuel production. These findings demonstrate the potential of non-conventional oilseeds for sustainable biofuel production. By unlocking their global potential, we can advance towards mitigating environmental impacts and fostering a sustainable biofuel industry.

Fecal Concentrations of Long-Chain Fatty Acids, Sterols, and Unconjugated Bile Acids in Cats with Chronic Enteropathy.

Chronic enteropathy (CE) in cats encompasses food-responsive enteropathy, chronic inflammatory enteropathy (or inflammatory bowel disease), and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. While alterations in the gut metabolome have been extensively studied in humans and dogs with gastrointestinal disorders, little is known about the specific metabolic profile of cats with CE. As lipids take part in energy storage, inflammation, and cellular structure, investigating the lipid profile in cats with CE is crucial. This study aimed to measure fecal concentrations of various fatty acids, sterols, and bile acids. Fecal samples from 56 cats with CE and 77 healthy control cats were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, targeting 12 fatty acids, 10 sterols, and 5 unconjugated bile acids. Fecal concentrations of nine targeted fatty acids and animal-derived sterols were significantly increased in cats with CE. However, fecal concentrations of plant-derived sterols were significantly decreased in cats with CE. Additionally, an increased percentage of primary bile acids was observed in a subset of cats with CE. These findings suggest the presence of lipid maldigestion, malabsorption, and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract of cats with CE. Understanding the lipid alterations in cats with CE can provide insights into the disease mechanisms and potential future therapeutic strategies.

Organic Milk as Medium for Lactic Acid Bacteria Growth: a Review

Abstract In recent years, the demand for organic fermented dairy products has been growing. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of major interest in the food industry due to their ability to form the quality and functionality of fermented products. A significantly higher LAB cell count is presented in organic (ORG) fermented products such as yoghurt and kefir, than their conventional (CONV) counterparts. There is still a lack of information on the possible explanation and evidence of ORG milk as a better medium for LAB growth. The aim of the present review is to summarise the results of research articles on the milk compounds and their effect on LAB growth, and to identify differences between ORG and CONV milk that may provide a plausible explanation for their influence on LAB growth in ORG milk. The monographic method was used in this study. According to the previous research, significant differences were established in a content and range of carbohydrates, nitrogen sources, fats, macroelements and microelements, as well bioactive compounds in ORG and CONV milk. The composition of ORG milk may have potential benefits for the development of LAB due to the higher concentration of peptides and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in it.

Interaction between the Concentration of β-Hydroxybutyric Acid and the Content of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Early Stage of Lactation––Comparing Multiparous and Primiparous Cows

The aim of the experiment was to study the relationship between the age of cows, blood BHBA content, and CLA isomer (C18:2 cis9,trans11, CLA9; C18:2 trans10,cis12, CLA10) content during the first three weeks post-partum. For the experiment, 105 cows were selected from the entire herd and assigned to one of four groups: healthy primiparous (PH), healthy multiparous (MH) or ketotic primiparous (PK), ketotic multiparous (MK) based on their symptoms, and blood serum BHBA concentrations at 5 ± 2 days post-partum. Milk and blood samples were taken from the animals for a period of three weeks at weekly intervals on the same day. High levels of ketone bodies inhibit the activity of acetyl-CoA, thus decreasing the transport of acetyl-CoA, which may result in a decrease in CLA9 and CLA10 synthesis. Studies have shown that the age of the cows was an additional factor in determining the formation of CLA isomer levels during the early stage of lactation. The CLA9 content in the milk of PH cows in the first week of lactation was 32.75% higher than that of PK milk, while in MH milk, it was 67.7% higher than that of MK milk. The CLA10 content in the milk PH, when compared to the healthy groups, was 319% lower for primiparous cows. In summary, different reference limits in CLA9 and CLA10 content should be considered in the diagnosis of ketosis, taking into account, among other things, parity.

Analysis of the Effective Components of Cocos nucifera L. Oil on Atopic Dermatitis Skin Disease and Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria

The major objective of the research was to investigate the in vitro antibacterial susceptibility to particular fatty acids contained in coconut oil on a collection of clinical isolates. especially, the chronic skin condition Atopic dermatitis (Atopic eczema). caused by gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Clinical isolates were collected from Shar Hospitals, and the organisms went through a typical biochemical examination evolution. While coconut oil was obtained using the centrifuge method to extract coconut oil (CE VCO). The sensitivity evaluation was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Lastly, used a measuring tool to estimate the inhibitory zones' diameter. In another hand, after analysis of the oil by GC-MASS, Coconut oil contained numerous chemical components and the highest amount was Oleic acid 54.62%, while the smallest amount was N-Hexadecanoic acid, N-Hexadecanoic acid, (Myristic acid), % 3.34. Sequentially, Heneicosane, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- % 13.78, with 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 11.23%, and Nonadecane and his isomers 5.77% percent. Coconut oil doesn't show any sensitivity and a high potential for antibacterial activity due to the high contents of medium and long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids so This study recommends further studies should be done on the oil and its derivative both in vitro and in vivo for showing its mechanisms of actions.

Genome-centric metagenomic analysis revealed the microbial shifts in response to long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in anaerobic digestion with hydrochar

Excessive long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) concentration inhibits the normal operation of anaerobic digestion (AD), while the influence of the concentration changes on the microbial communities in the AD has not been explored. In this study, three concentrations (0.25 gCOD/L, 0.5 gCOD/L, 1 gCOD/L) of oleate were investigated in AD to reveal the changes of microbial communities, and hydrochar (HC) was used as an additive to enhance the degradation of oleate in AD. The control groups were unable to maintain stable methanogenesis at all oleate concentrations after the second batch cultivation. However, the addition of HC effectively promoted the methanogenesis under all concentration conditions in the two consecutive batch cultivation. Microbial analysis of AD with HC showed that the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were increased with increasing oleate concentration and the genus Azospira and genus Methanobacterium were the most abundant bacteria and archaea among the three groups, respectively. Genome-centric metagenomic analysis identified two previously unreported LCFA-degrading bacteria, namely Bin5 Azospira oryzae and Bin82 Pseudomonas balearica. Several microbes were significantly enriched at high oleate concentrations, which might be due to their possession of genes related to DNA repair, maintaining osmotic adjustment, pH homeostasis, and peptidoglycan and liposaccharide biosynthesis.

Cascading impacts of changes in subsidy quality on recipient ecosystem functioning.

Resource quantity and quality can differ between adjacent ecosystems, and these differences can impact subsidies exchanged between ecosystems. The quantity and quality of subsidies are rapidly changing in response to stressors associated with global environmental change, but while we have models to predict the effects of changes in subsidy quantity, we currently lack models to predict the effects of changes in subsidy quality on recipient ecosystem functioning. We developed a novel model to predict the effects of subsidy quality on recipient ecosystem biomass distribution, recycling, production, and efficiency. We parameterized the model for a case study of a riparian ecosystem subsidized by pulsed emergent aquatic insects. In this case study we focused on a common measure of subsidy quality that differs between riparian and aquatic ecosystems: the higher content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in aquatic ecosystems. We analyzed how changes in the PUFA concentration of aquatic subsidies affect the dynamics in biomass stocks and functions of the riparian ecosystem. We also conducted a global sensitivity analysis to identify key drivers of subsidy impacts. Our analysis showed that subsidy quality increased the functioning of the recipient ecosystem. Recycling increased more strongly than production per unit subsidy quality increase, meaning there was a threshold where an increase in subsidy quality led to stronger effects of subsidies on recycling relative to the production of the recipient ecosystem. Our predictions were most sensitive to basal nutrient input, highlighting the relevance of recipient ecosystem nutrient levels to understanding the effects of ecosystem connections. We argue that recipient ecosystems that rely on high-quality subsidies, such as aquatic-terrestrial ecotones, are highly sensitive to changes in subsidy-recipient ecosystem connections. Our novel model unifies the subsidy hypothesis and food quality hypothesis and provides testable predictions to understand the effects of ecosystem connections on ecosystem functioning under global changes.

Increased Amount of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Intestinal Contents of Patients with Morbid Obesity

IntroductionObesity is associated with disturbed gut microbiota homeostasis that translates into altered intestinal and blood metabolite profiles. The long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) may be absorbed in the intestine, but until now, their composition in intestinal contents of patients with obesity has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to verify whether obesity is related to any changes in fecal LCFA content and whether intestinal LCFA content may be associated with the health status of patients with obesity.MethodsThe fatty acid composition has been studied in stool samples obtained from 26 patients with morbid obesity and 25 lean subjects by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The dietary habits were assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ-6).ResultsOur results show for the first time that lean subjects and patients with obesity differ in their stool LCFA profiles. The levels of most n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-6 PUFAs were significantly higher in fecal samples from people with obesity than in those from lean controls.ConclusionsBased on the current knowledge, we have defined three hypotheses that may explain proving the cause-and-effect relationships observed differences in fecal LCFA profiles between patients with obesity and lean subjects. They may be related to alterations in fat digestion and/or LCFA absorption and diet. However, proving the cause-and-effect relationships requires further research.Graphical

Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation Attenuates Myocardial Dysfunction and Injury Caused by Global Ischemia and Reperfusion in Isolated Rat Hearts

To determine the effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on myocardial dysfunction following ischemia-reperfusion, independent of plasma and blood cells, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed fish oil-rich nonpurified diet or butter-enriched diet for 5 d. Myocardial content of long-chain and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids was greater in the fish oil-fed rats (P < 0.01), whereas (n-6) fatty acid content was lower compared with controls (P < 0.01). Platelet aggregation in fish oil-fed rats was also inhibited. Hearts from all rats were subjected to 15 min of global ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion. In hearts of control rats, ischemia-reperfusion resulted in a marked decrease in force of cardiac contraction, increase in coronary perfusion pressure, appearance of ventricular arrhythmias and release of creatine kinase and thromboxane B2 in the coronary effluent. Dietary fish oil supplementation attenuated myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia-reperfusion, as indicated by smaller change in force of cardiac contraction (-77% vs. -89%, P < 0.05) and coronary perfusion pressure (+37% vs. +71%, P < 0.001). Concomitantly, release of creatine kinase as well as thromboxane B2 in coronary effluent was lower (P < 0.01). Ventricular arrhythmias occurred less frequently in hearts from fish oil-fed rats. Thus, short-term dietary fish oil supplementation attenuates myocardial dysfunction caused by ischemia-reperfusion by a direct effect on the heart independent of blood and plasma components.

Molecular mechanism of valine and its metabolite in improving triglyceride synthesis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells

An insufficient energy supply to intestinal epithelial cells decreases production performance in weaned piglets. Triglycerides are the main energy source for intestinal epithelial cells in piglets. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of valine supplementation on triglyceride synthesis in porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells. Valine supplementation in the medium significantly increased the content of triglycerides, fat droplets, and long-chain fatty acids (C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C18:1, C20:1, and C22:1) (P < 0.05). Valine metabolite (3-hydroxyisobutyrate [3-HIB]) concentration increased significantly in the valine-supplemented group (P < 0.05). Silencing of the 3-HIB synthase enzyme 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase (HIBCH) in IPEC-J2 cells significantly reduced the triglyceride concentration and lipid droplet synthesis. Further studies found that 3-HIB supplementation in the medium significantly increased the concentration of triglycerides, lipid droplets, and unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:3, C20:4, and C20:5) (P < 0.05) by upregulating the expression of proteins involved in fatty acid transport (CD36) and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) or triglyceride synthesis (DGAT1) (P < 0.05), indicating that 3-HIB mediates valine-enhanced triglyceride synthesis in IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that valine enhanced triglyceride synthesis in IPEC-J2 cells via increasing the 3-HIB concentration, which may promote fatty acid transport via upregulation of proteins related to fatty acid transporter. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms through which valine participates in lipid metabolism.

Analysis of Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) Stored for Extended Periods by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Monitoring Storage-Induced Changes in the Polar and Nonpolar Metabolome

Storage is a critical step in the post-harvest processing of hazelnuts, as it can lead to mold, rancidity, and off-flavor. However, there is a lack of analytical methods to detect improper or extended storage. To comprehensively investigate the effects of hazelnut storage, samples were stored under five different conditions for up to 18 months. Subsequently, the polar and nonpolar metabolome were analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometric approaches for classification as well as variable selection. Increases in hexanoic, octanoic, and nonanoic acid, all products of lipid oxidation and responsible for quality defects, were found across all conditions. Furthermore, the concentration of free long-chain fatty acids increased in samples stored at high temperatures. Harsh short-term storage resulted in an increase in fumaric and lactic acid, glucose, fructose, and choline and a decrease in acetic acid.

Cyclic stretch promotes vascular homing of endothelial progenitor cells via Acsl1 regulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in vascular repair and re-endothelialization after vessel injury. EPCs in blood vessels are subjected to cyclic stretch (CS) due to the pulsatile pressure, but the role of CS in metabolic reprogramming of EPC, particularly its vascular homing and repair, is largely unknown. In the current study, physiological CS applied to EPCs at a magnitude of 10% and a frequency of 1 Hz significantly promoted their vascular adhesion and endothelial differentiation. CS enhanced mitochondrial elongation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as adenosine triphosphateproduction. Metabolomic study and Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay revealed that CS significantly decreased the content of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and markedly induced long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (Acsl1), which in turn facilitated the catabolism of LCFAs in mitochondria via fatty acid β-oxidation and OXPHOS. In a rat carotid artery injury model, transplantation of EPCs overexpressing Acsl1 enhanced the adhesion and re-endothelialization of EPCs invivo. MRI and vascular morphology staining showed that Acsl1 overexpression in EPCs improved vascular repair and inhibited vascular stenosis. This study reveals a mechanotransduction mechanism by which physiological CS enhances endothelial repair via EPC patency.

Implications of Nutrigenomics in the Feeding of Goats and its Impact in Functional Properties of Goat’s Milk: A Review

The feeding of ruminants such as goats is critical because conferring nutraceutical characteristics to the milk. Alfalfa is forage used for feeding ruminants and depending on plant growth conditions, it will impact animal production. The production of goat’s milk has increased in recent years, the goat’s milk and its derivatives are relevant because of the quality and quantity of their proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Goat’s milk degrades significantly faster and has lower allergenicity than cow’s milk. Their fat composition reinforces those essential characteristics of goat’s milk. Goat’s milk has a higher concentration of caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, palmitic acid, omega-3 linolenic acid and low content of long-chain fatty acids as stearic acids than cow’s milk and this indicates that the goat´s milk can be more easily attacked by digestive enzymes and high efficiency in lipid metabolism compared to cow´s milk. This review discusses the impact of the feeding system on the nutrimental and functional characteristics of goat’s milk.

Total Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Level in Abdominal Adipose Tissue as an Independent Predictor of Recurrence-Free Survival in Women with Ovarian Cancer.

Prognostic factors for epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are in particular clinical factors such as pathology staging at diagnosis (FIGO stages), genetic mutation, or histological phenotypes. In the present study, FIGO stage, tumor residue after surgery, and body mass index were clinical predictors of recurrence-free survival (RFS). Nonetheless, a number of studies support a lipid metabolism disorder in ovarian cancer patients. The objective of this pilot study was to explore whether fatty acid composition of adipose reflecting the qualitative dietary intake and fatty acids metabolism may be associated with RFS. Forty-six women with EOCs and six with borderline ovarian tumors between March 2017 and January 2020 were included in this prospective study at Tours university teaching hospital (central France). The patients involved in the present study are part of the METERMUS trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03027479). Adipose tissue specimens from four abdominal locations (superficial and deep subcutaneous, visceral (pericolic), and omental) were collected during surgery or exploratory laparoscopy. A fatty acid profile of adipose tissue triglycerides was established by gas chromatography. Fatty acids composition was compared among the four locations using nonparametric Friedman's ANOVA test for repeated measures. Median follow-up of EOC patients was 15 months and patients' RFS was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank test by separating patients into two groups according to median fatty acid levels. The content of long-chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs) was increased and that of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decreased in deep versus superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue in EOC patients. Nevertheless, the content of total SFAs was ~28%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) ~55%, PUFAs n-6 ~11.5%, and PUFAs n-3 about 1.3%, whatever the adipose tissue. When EOC patients were separated into two groups by median fatty acid content, total PUFAs (n-6+n-3) levels, whatever the adipose tissue, were positively and independently associated with RFS. RFS was about two times longer in EOC patients with high versus low total PUFA content (median survival: 12 vs. 27 months, p = 0.01 to &lt;0.0001 according to the tissue). Content of total PUFAs (n-6+n-3) in abdominal adipose tissue (visceral and subcutaneous) are new prognostic factors in EOC.

Maternal diet associated with infants' intestinal microbiota mediated by predominant long-chain fatty acid in breast milk.

Long-chain fatty acids in breast milk are affected by the mother's diet and play an important role in the growth, development, and immune construction of infants. This study aims to explore the correlation between maternal diet, breast milk fatty acids (FAs), and the infant intestinal flora. We enrolled 56 paired mothers and their infants; both breast milk samples and infants' fecal samples were collected to determine the long-chain FA content of breast milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and metagenomic technology was applied to determine the microbial composition of infant feces. The maternal diet was also investigated using a 24-h dietary recall. The results indicated that the fat contribution rates of edible oils in the maternal diet are significantly positively correlated with the contents of certain long-chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:1, C16:1, and C22:4) in breast milk, which mainly regulate the abundance of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lacticaseibacillus fermentum, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei in the infant gut. Through KEGG pathway analysis, our data revealed that the long-chain FAs in different groups of breast milk were significantly correlated with the pathways of biotin metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The results of this study suggest a pathway in which the diets of lactating mothers may affect the composition of the infant intestinal microbiota by influencing breast milk FAs and then further regulating infant health.

Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation of Four Kinds of Marine Oils in vitro.

The objective of this study was to characterize the lipid class and fatty acid composition of four kinds of marine oils including Phaeodactylum tricornutum oil (PO), Laminaria japonica oil (LO), krill oil (KO) and fish oil (FO), and evaluate their antioxidant capacities in vitro. The results indicated that compared to other three oils, PO showed the highest contents of total lipids and fucoxanthin (194.70 and 7.48 mg/g dry weight, respectively), the relatively higher content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (30.94 % in total fatty acids), and total phenolic content (675.88 mg gallic acid equivalent /100 g lipids), thereby contribute to great advantages in scavenging free radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), peroxyl radical, as well as reducing FRAP value. In conclusion, PO should be considered as a potential ingredient for dietary supplement with antioxidant capacity.

Irvingia Fat Ageing: Study of Chemical Characteristics Related to MIR Spectroscopy

The Irvingia gabonensis kernels, which have been extensively studied for their numerous virtues, including the ability to act against the accumulation of fats in the body[1], contain an oil. The aging of this oil under two different conditions of conservation was the subject of our work. One of the results was an increase in the content of long-chain carbonaceous fatty acids during aging for 11 months of storage at low temperature (6℃) and at 30℃. This behavior does not find a concordant explanation by the comparative analysis of the chemical indices. Hence, there is the need to use the Medium Infra-Red spectroscopy (MIR) which allowed to clarify the information of the saponification index, to justify the weakness of the formation of peroxides in the case of the conservation at 30℃ and to confirm the information given by the peroxide index. It also allowed to understand the formation of the long carbon chains by the “cis-trans” isomerization and the homolytic cuts which intervene within the matrix of the fat by the analysis of the number of -CH2 and -CH3 groups in the two conditions of conservation. This study reveals that the rapid solidification of Irvingia gabonensis oil at room temperature[2] is an advantage for its preservation at room temperature but a great weakness when the fat is stored at low temperature.