Concentrations Of Long-chain Fatty Acids Research Articles

Effects of food waste hydrolysate as an external carbon source on defoaming in wastewater treatment with activated sludge process

The activated sludge process is the most widely used technology for treating municipal wastewater. However, thick foam often occurs in activated sludge process. Here, we reported for the first time the effect of food waste hydrolysate (FWH) as an external carbon source on defoaming in activated sludge process. The study found that FWH was effective in defoaming at a wide dose range of 50–1600 mg/L total solids, as exhibiting that the foaming tendency of FWH-added foam mixed liquor was reduced to 0 mL-foam/mL-air·min from initial 0.171 mL-foam/mL-air·min in the control without adding FWH with 100 % of defoaming efficiency. Fatty acids, oils, and solid particles in FWH jointly contributed to the deformation. Among these factors, the concentration of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids was mainly responsible for the defoaming. This work provides a cost-effective strategy to solve the foaming problem in activated sludge process as well as providing external carbon sources.

Synergizing meat Science and AI: Enhancing long-chain saturated fatty acids prediction

In the field of the food industry, establishing a global predictive model for the content of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LC-SFAs) in red meat is of profound significance. However, this work requires the accumulation of a large number of diverse samples for model calibration. To address these formidable challenges, the Generative Inference Adversarial Autoencoder (GI-AAE) was adopted to enhance the model training process. Through multiple iterations, GI-AAE successfully generated simulated samples of higher quality than traditional generative adversarial networks and autoencoders. After incorporating these generated samples into the training dataset, multiple sets of models showed significant improvements. These results clearly demonstrated that our approach can effectively overcome the challenges posed by generative models in the regression domain, greatly enhancing the model's generalization ability. This advancement holds significant potential for applications in the food industry.

Impact of FADS genotype on polyunsaturated fatty acid content in human milk extracellular vesicles: A genetic association study.

Extracellular vesicles in human milk are critical in supporting newborn growth and development. Bioavailability of dietary extracellular vesicles may depend on the composition of membrane lipids. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster impact the content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk phospholipids. This study investigated the relation between variation in FADS1 and FADS2 with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles from human milk. Milk was obtained from a cohort of mothers (N = 70) at 2-4 weeks of lactation. SNPs in the FADS gene locus were determined using pyrosequencing for rs174546 in FADS1 and rs174575 in FADS2. Quantitative lipidomic analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and extracellular vesicles from human milk was completed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The rs174546 and rs174575 genotypes were independent predictors of the arachidonic acid content in extracellular vesicles. The rs174546 genotype also predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in extracellular vesicles. The reduced content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles in human milk may be due to lower fatty acid desaturase activity in mothers who are carriers of the A allele in rs174546 or the G allele in rs174575. The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of milk extracellular vesicles is predicted by the FADS genotype. These findings yield novel insights regarding extracellular vesicle content and composition that can inform the design of future research to explore how lipid metabolites impact the bioavailability of human milk extracellular vesicles.

The Maternal Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentration in Early Pregnancy and Infant Neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study.

Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) play a key role in early neurodevelopment, but evidence from observational and clinical studies remains inconsistent. This study investigates the association between maternal n-3 LCPUFA, Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations during pregnancy and infant development functioning at 40 days. This study includes 348 mother-infant pairs. Maternal serum concentrations were assessed in the first and third trimesters alongside sociodemographic, clinical, nutritional, psychological, and obstetrical data. At 40 days, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III) was administered. An adjusted analysis revealed that lower first-trimester n-3 LCPUFA and DHA concentrations are associated with better infant motor development. These results underscore the potential significance of the maternal n-3 LCPUFA status in early pregnancy for influencing fetal neurodevelopment. However, the complexity of these associations necessitates further investigation, emphasizing the urgent need for additional studies to comprehensively elucidate the nuanced interplay between the maternal n-3 LCPUFA status and infant neurodevelopment.

Dietary long-chain fatty acids promote colitis by regulating palmitoylation of STAT3 through CD36-mediated endocytosis

The Western diet, characterized by its high content of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), is widely recognized as a significant triggering factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While the link between a high-fat diet and colitis has been observed, the specific effects and mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Our study provides evidence that the diet rich in LCFAs can disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier and exacerbate experimental colitis in mice. Mechanistically, LCFAs upregulate the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) pathway in the inflammatory model, and STAT3 knockout effectively counters the pro-inflammatory effects of LCFAs on colitis. Specifically, palmitic acid (PA), a representative LCFA, enters intestinal epithelial cells via the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) pathway and participates in the palmitoylation cycle of STAT3. Inhibiting this cycle using pharmacological inhibitors like 2-Bromopalmitate (2-BP) and ML349, as well as DHHC7 knockdown, has the ability to alleviate inflammation induced by PA. These findings highlight the significant role of dietary LCFAs, especially PA, in the development and progression of IBD. Diet adjustments and targeted modulation offer potential therapeutic strategies for managing this condition.Model of LCFAs involvement in the palmitoylation cycle of STAT3 upon internalization into cells. Following cellular uptake through CD36, LCFAs are converted to palmitoyl-CoA. In the presence of DHHC7, palmitoyl-CoA binds to STAT3 at the C108 site, forming palmitoylated STAT3. Palmitoylation further promotes phosphorylation at the Y705 site of STAT3. Subsequently, palmitoylated STAT3 undergoes depalmitoylation by APT2 and translocates to the nucleus to exert its biological functions.

Land use alters cross-ecosystem transfer of high value fatty acids by aquatic insects

BackgroundMany aquatic insects emerge as adults from water bodies to complete parts of their life cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and are potential prey for riparian predators. The benefits of riparian predators from aquatic insects include higher contents of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to terrestrial insects. Aquatic insects are therefore considered a high-quality food. Food containing high levels of PUFA can enhance growth and immune response of spiders. However, agricultural stressors like nutrient increase, pesticides and habitat degradation can affect the biomass of aquatic insects and in turn the diet of spiders. Studies quantifying the influence of land use on fatty acid (FA) profiles of emergent aquatic insects and riparian predators are lacking. We quantified differences in exports of FA, saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, and PUFA, FA profiles of aquatic insects and spiders between forested and agricultural sites over the primary emergence period within one year. The FA export to the riparian food web is crucial to understand energy fluxes between ecosystems. Furthermore, we monitored environmental variables to identify associations between agricultural stressors and FA profiles of aquatic insects and spiders.ResultsWe found differences in FA export and profiles of aquatic insects between land-use types. The quantity of total FA export via aquatic insects was lower in agricultural sites (95% CI 1147–1313 µg m−2) in comparison to forested sites (95% CI 1555–1845 µg m−2), while the biomass export was higher in agricultural sites. Additionally, in spring the PUFA export was significantly lower (up to 0.06 µg d−1 m−2) in agricultural than forested sites. Agricultural stressors explained only little variation in the FA profiles of aquatic insects, e.g., 4% for caddisflies and 12% for non-biting midges. Percentage of shading and pool habitats were identified as most important variables explaining the variation in FA profiles.ConclusionThe quality of aquatic insects as food source for riparian spiders was smaller in agricultural than forested sites, which can decrease the fitness of riparian predators. To improve our capacity to predict potential adverse effects in the riparian food web, future studies should identify the mechanisms underlying a lower PUFA content.

Inhibitory effects of long chain fatty acids on anaerobic sludge treatment: Biomass adaptation and microbial community assessment

The study investigated the effects of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) on anaerobic sludge treating lipid-rich wastewater. It involved batch experiments with three sludge samples: two acclimated to lipids and one non-acclimated. The experiments aimed to observe the degradation of LCFA, specifically oleate and palmitate, by dosing them at concentrations ranging from 50 to 600 mg/L. Measurements of the cumulative methane production and the LCFA concentration, quantified as fat, oil, and grease (FOG) were performed. To ensure the sludge was free from other biodegradable substrates, part of the samples was pre-incubated without feed. The tests were conducted with both pre-incubated and non-incubated inoculum sludge. The findings revealed that oleate was degraded more efficiently than palmitate across all sludge samples, with a greater conversion rate to methane. Sludge samples acclimated to lipids showed a superior capacity to degrade LCFA compared to non-acclimated ones. It was noted that at concentrations above 400 mg/L, the conversion of LCFAs to intermediate compounds was inhibited, although this did not affect the subsequent methane production. The study concludes with a recommendation for sludge adaptation strategies to boost the efficiency of anaerobic wastewater treatment systems dealing with lipid-rich waste. The presence of LCFA-degrading bacteria families like Kosmotogaceae, Petrotogaceae, and Synergistaceae in the acclimated sludge samples underscores the adaptation and potential for improved degradation performance.

Selection on the promoter regions plays an important role in complex traits during duck domestication

BackgroundIdentifying the key factors that underlie complex traits during domestication is a great challenge for evolutionary and biological studies. In addition to the protein-coding region differences caused by variants, a large number of variants are located in the noncoding regions containing multiple types of regulatory elements. However, the roles of accumulated variants in gene regulatory elements during duck domestication and economic trait improvement are poorly understood.ResultsWe constructed a genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics map of the duck genome and assessed the evolutionary forces that have been in play across the whole genome during domestication. In total, 304 (42.94%) gene promoters have been specifically selected in Pekin duck among all selected genes. Joint multi-omics analysis reveals that 218 genes (72.01%) with selected promoters are located in open and active chromatin, and 267 genes (87.83%) with selected promoters were highly and differentially expressed in domestic trait-related tissues. One important candidate gene ELOVL3, with a strong signature of differentiation on the core promoter region, is known to regulate fatty acid elongation. Functional experiments showed that the nearly fixed variants in the top selected ELOVL3 promoter in Pekin duck decreased binding ability with HLF and increased gene expression, with the overexpression of ELOVL3 able to increase lipid deposition and unsaturated fatty acid enrichment.ConclusionsThis study presents genome resequencing, RNA-Seq, Hi-C, and ATAC-Seq data of mallard and Pekin duck, showing that selection of the gene promoter region plays an important role in gene expression and phenotypic changes during domestication and highlights that the variants of the ELOVL3 promoter may have multiple effects on fat and long-chain fatty acid content in ducks.

Beta cell lipotoxicity in the development of type 2 diabetes: the need for species-specific understanding.

The propensity to develop type 2 diabetes (T2D) is known to have both environmental and hereditary components. In those with a genetic predisposition to T2D, it is widely believed that elevated concentrations of circulatory long-chain fatty acids (LC-FFA) significantly contribute towards the demise of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells - the fundamental feature of the development of T2D. Over 25 years of research support that LC-FFA are deleterious to β-cells, through a process termed lipotoxicity. However, the work underpinning the theory of β-cell lipotoxicity is mostly based on rodent studies. Doubts have been raised as to whether lipotoxicity also occurs in humans. In this review, we examine the evidence, both in vivo and in vitro, for the pathogenic effects of LC-FFA on β-cell viability and function in humans, highlighting key species differences. In this way, we aim to uncover the role of lipotoxicity in the human pathogenesis of T2D and motivate the need for species-specific understanding.

Impacts of selenium enrichment on nutritive value and obesity prevention of Cordyceps militaris: A nutritional, secondary metabolite, and network pharmacological analysis.

This study aimed to compare the nutritive value and obesity prevention of ordinary Cordyceps militaris (CM) and selenium-enriched CM (SeCM). The results indicated that Se enrichment significantly increased the total carbohydrate and soluble dietary fiber content, while the protein and insoluble dietary fiber content decreased. Although the fat content was not affected, the medium and long-chain fatty acids content significantly changed. Moreover, Se enrichment significantly elevated the secondary metabolites belonging to terpenoids and alkaloids, which are linked with the enhanced biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Both CM and SeCM reduced body weight, adipose accumulation, impaired glucose tolerance, and lipid levels in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, and there was no significant difference between them. Network pharmacological analysis revealed that dietary CM and SeCM prevented HFD-induced obesity and associated metabolic diseases with multi-ingredients acting on multi-targets. Overall, Se enrichment improved the nutritive value of CM without altering its role in preventing obesity.

Feeding Strategy to Use Beef Tallow and Modify Farmed Tiger Puffer Fatty Acid Composition.

A 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with beef tallow (BT) on the fatty acid composition of farmed tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes). Two replacement strategies were used: a standard Graded Dietary Replacement of FO with BT (GDR strategy) and Alternate Feeding between FO- and BT-based Diets (AFD strategy). The positive and negative control diets were formulated with 6% FO (FO-C group) or BT (BT-C group) as the sole added lipid source. In the GDR strategy, three experimental diets were formulated, with 25, 50 and 75% of the added FO in the FO-C diet replaced with BT, named 25BT, 50BT and 75BT, respectively. In the AFD strategy, alternated feeding patterns between the FO-C and BT-C diet-namely, 1, 2 and 3 weeks with BT-C followed by 1 week feeding with FO-C (1BT-1FO, 2BT-1FO and 3BT-1FO, respectively)-were applied. Each diet or feeding strategy was assigned to triplicate tanks. The results showed that dietary BT inclusion reduced the contents of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in both the muscle and liver (edible tissues for this species) of the experimental fish, and the liver displayed a more drastic decrease than the muscle. The LC-PUFA content linearly decreased with the decreasing dietary FO levels in the GDR strategy. However, in the AFD strategy, a linear relationship was not observed between the LC-PUFA content and the FO feeding duration. The 3BT-1FO treatment resulted in higher LC-PUFA content than 2BT-1FO. When comparing the two strategies with the same final FO administration level-namely, 50BT vs. 1BT-1FO, and in particular, 75BT vs. 3BT-1FO-the AFD strategy resulted in higher LC-PUFA contents in both the muscle and liver than the GDR strategy. In conclusion, when FO was replaced with BT in the diets, alternate feeding between FO- and BT-based diets resulted in a higher LC-PUFA content than the standard direct replacement. Three weeks of feeding with BT-C followed by one week of feeding with FO-C appeared to be a good alternate feeding pattern. This study provided a promising strategy of FO-sparing in fish farming when the LC-PUFA contents were maintained as high as possible.

The regulatory effects of microbial community on the formation of higher alcohols and volatile flavor components in Hongqu rice wine brewing

The contents of higher alcohols (HAs) and volatile components produced by microbial metabolism largely determine the drinking comfort and flavor quality of Hongqu rice wine. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of volatile flavor profile and microbial community in the brewing process of Hongqu rice wines with low and high HAs content (LHA and HHA). The results showed that the main HAs in Hongqu rice wine were isobututyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, and the total content of HAs in HHA (749.07 ± 20.47 mg/L) was much higher than that in LHA (407.61 ± 20.80 mg/L). Multivariate statistical analysis and visualization showed that the volatile flavor characteristics of HHA and LHA were significantly different, and the contents of ethyl esters, medium- and long-chain fatty acids in HHA were higher than those in LHA. Microbiome analysis based on metagenomic sequencing indicated that fermentation starter has significant effect on the composition of microbial community during Hongqu rice wine brewing. Microbial species such as Cronobacter sakazakii, Weissella paramesenteroides, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus niger, Millerozyma farinosa and Rhizopus delemar were significantly enriched in HHA brewing, while Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were significantly enriched in LHA brewing. Furthermore, the potential relationships between the key microbial species and characteristic volatile components were revealed through correlation heatmap analysis. Bioinformatical analysis revealed that the abundances of microbial genes encoding enzymes involved in HAs metabolism were higher in HHA than LHA, but the gene abundance of phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase in LHA was significantly higher than that in HHA, which could limit the formation of HAs during Hongqu rice wine brewing. Collectively, this study provides important scientific data for enhancing the flavor quality of Hongqu rice wine, and lays a solid foundation for the healthy development of Hongqu rice wine industry.

Evaluating human milk as a drug delivery vehicle for clofazimine to premature infants

Human milk is proposed as a drug delivery vehicle suitable for use in neonatal patients. Clofazimine, traditionally used for the treatment of leprosy and tuberculosis, is emerging as a treatment for cryptosporidiosis in infants, however its poor aqueous solubility has led to its commercial formulation as a waxy lipid formulation in a capsule, a format that is not suitable for infants. In this study, the evaluation of pasteurised human milk for the delivery of clofazimine was investigated using an in vitro lipolysis model to simulate gastric and intestinal digestion. The total lipid composition of the human milk was characterised alongside the liberated fatty acid species following digestion for comparison to alternative lipid-based delivery systems. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to measure the presence of crystalline clofazimine during digestion and hence the extent of drug solubilisation. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the mass of clofazimine solubilised per gram of human milk fat (drug-to-fat ratio) in digested and undigested human milk. The digestion process was essential for the solubilisation of clofazimine, with digested human milk solubilising a sufficient dose of clofazimine for treatment of a premature infant. Human milk solubilised the clofazimine to a greater extent than bovine milk and infant formula during digestion, most likely as a result of differing lipid composition and increased long-chain fatty acid concentrations. These findings show that human milk enhances the solubility of clofazimine as a model drug and may be a suitable drug delivery vehicle for infant populations requiring therapeutic treatment.

Non-Conventional Oilseeds: Unlocking the Global Potential for Sustainable Biofuel Production

Renewable energy sources have become an urgent worldwide concern due to the impacts of global warming. Globally, biofuels can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are major contributors to global warming. The use of biofuels has the potential to transform the energy landscape while mitigating the adverse effects of traditional fossil fuels. This study examines the water features, biochemical compositions, and fatty acid profiles among various plant species. The results reveal significant variations in water features as a consequence of the relative water content and water potential of each seed. Also, we note that some non-edible species like A. blanchetii, C. procera, E. oleracea, P. juliflora, M. oleifera, and J. curcas have good attributes that confer a biofuel-like species. These attributes are high in oil content and have a good profile content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), ranging from 35% to 80% among the different oilseeds. Fatty acid profiling reveals distinct compositions among the plant species. Stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2) were the principal oils in A. blanchetii, J. curcas, P. juliflora, M. oleifera, and S. tuberosa compared to other species. M. oleifera stands out with a high linoleic acid (C18:1) content, while C. maxima, J. curcas, and P. juliflora are even higher (C18:2). A principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlations analysis also confirmed that alternative oilseeds exhibited similarities to standard oilseeds and have the potential to replace them for biofuel production. These findings demonstrate the potential of non-conventional oilseeds for sustainable biofuel production. By unlocking their global potential, we can advance towards mitigating environmental impacts and fostering a sustainable biofuel industry.

Fecal Concentrations of Long-Chain Fatty Acids, Sterols, and Unconjugated Bile Acids in Cats with Chronic Enteropathy.

Chronic enteropathy (CE) in cats encompasses food-responsive enteropathy, chronic inflammatory enteropathy (or inflammatory bowel disease), and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. While alterations in the gut metabolome have been extensively studied in humans and dogs with gastrointestinal disorders, little is known about the specific metabolic profile of cats with CE. As lipids take part in energy storage, inflammation, and cellular structure, investigating the lipid profile in cats with CE is crucial. This study aimed to measure fecal concentrations of various fatty acids, sterols, and bile acids. Fecal samples from 56 cats with CE and 77 healthy control cats were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, targeting 12 fatty acids, 10 sterols, and 5 unconjugated bile acids. Fecal concentrations of nine targeted fatty acids and animal-derived sterols were significantly increased in cats with CE. However, fecal concentrations of plant-derived sterols were significantly decreased in cats with CE. Additionally, an increased percentage of primary bile acids was observed in a subset of cats with CE. These findings suggest the presence of lipid maldigestion, malabsorption, and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract of cats with CE. Understanding the lipid alterations in cats with CE can provide insights into the disease mechanisms and potential future therapeutic strategies.

Organic Milk as Medium for Lactic Acid Bacteria Growth: a Review

Abstract In recent years, the demand for organic fermented dairy products has been growing. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of major interest in the food industry due to their ability to form the quality and functionality of fermented products. A significantly higher LAB cell count is presented in organic (ORG) fermented products such as yoghurt and kefir, than their conventional (CONV) counterparts. There is still a lack of information on the possible explanation and evidence of ORG milk as a better medium for LAB growth. The aim of the present review is to summarise the results of research articles on the milk compounds and their effect on LAB growth, and to identify differences between ORG and CONV milk that may provide a plausible explanation for their influence on LAB growth in ORG milk. The monographic method was used in this study. According to the previous research, significant differences were established in a content and range of carbohydrates, nitrogen sources, fats, macroelements and microelements, as well bioactive compounds in ORG and CONV milk. The composition of ORG milk may have potential benefits for the development of LAB due to the higher concentration of peptides and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in it.

Interaction between the Concentration of β-Hydroxybutyric Acid and the Content of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Early Stage of Lactation––Comparing Multiparous and Primiparous Cows

The aim of the experiment was to study the relationship between the age of cows, blood BHBA content, and CLA isomer (C18:2 cis9,trans11, CLA9; C18:2 trans10,cis12, CLA10) content during the first three weeks post-partum. For the experiment, 105 cows were selected from the entire herd and assigned to one of four groups: healthy primiparous (PH), healthy multiparous (MH) or ketotic primiparous (PK), ketotic multiparous (MK) based on their symptoms, and blood serum BHBA concentrations at 5 ± 2 days post-partum. Milk and blood samples were taken from the animals for a period of three weeks at weekly intervals on the same day. High levels of ketone bodies inhibit the activity of acetyl-CoA, thus decreasing the transport of acetyl-CoA, which may result in a decrease in CLA9 and CLA10 synthesis. Studies have shown that the age of the cows was an additional factor in determining the formation of CLA isomer levels during the early stage of lactation. The CLA9 content in the milk of PH cows in the first week of lactation was 32.75% higher than that of PK milk, while in MH milk, it was 67.7% higher than that of MK milk. The CLA10 content in the milk PH, when compared to the healthy groups, was 319% lower for primiparous cows. In summary, different reference limits in CLA9 and CLA10 content should be considered in the diagnosis of ketosis, taking into account, among other things, parity.

Analysis of the Effective Components of Cocos nucifera L. Oil on Atopic Dermatitis Skin Disease and Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria

The major objective of the research was to investigate the in vitro antibacterial susceptibility to particular fatty acids contained in coconut oil on a collection of clinical isolates. especially, the chronic skin condition Atopic dermatitis (Atopic eczema). caused by gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Clinical isolates were collected from Shar Hospitals, and the organisms went through a typical biochemical examination evolution. While coconut oil was obtained using the centrifuge method to extract coconut oil (CE VCO). The sensitivity evaluation was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Lastly, used a measuring tool to estimate the inhibitory zones' diameter. In another hand, after analysis of the oil by GC-MASS, Coconut oil contained numerous chemical components and the highest amount was Oleic acid 54.62%, while the smallest amount was N-Hexadecanoic acid, N-Hexadecanoic acid, (Myristic acid), % 3.34. Sequentially, Heneicosane, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- % 13.78, with 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 11.23%, and Nonadecane and his isomers 5.77% percent. Coconut oil doesn't show any sensitivity and a high potential for antibacterial activity due to the high contents of medium and long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids so This study recommends further studies should be done on the oil and its derivative both in vitro and in vivo for showing its mechanisms of actions.

Genome-centric metagenomic analysis revealed the microbial shifts in response to long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in anaerobic digestion with hydrochar

Excessive long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) concentration inhibits the normal operation of anaerobic digestion (AD), while the influence of the concentration changes on the microbial communities in the AD has not been explored. In this study, three concentrations (0.25 gCOD/L, 0.5 gCOD/L, 1 gCOD/L) of oleate were investigated in AD to reveal the changes of microbial communities, and hydrochar (HC) was used as an additive to enhance the degradation of oleate in AD. The control groups were unable to maintain stable methanogenesis at all oleate concentrations after the second batch cultivation. However, the addition of HC effectively promoted the methanogenesis under all concentration conditions in the two consecutive batch cultivation. Microbial analysis of AD with HC showed that the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were increased with increasing oleate concentration and the genus Azospira and genus Methanobacterium were the most abundant bacteria and archaea among the three groups, respectively. Genome-centric metagenomic analysis identified two previously unreported LCFA-degrading bacteria, namely Bin5 Azospira oryzae and Bin82 Pseudomonas balearica. Several microbes were significantly enriched at high oleate concentrations, which might be due to their possession of genes related to DNA repair, maintaining osmotic adjustment, pH homeostasis, and peptidoglycan and liposaccharide biosynthesis.

Cascading impacts of changes in subsidy quality on recipient ecosystem functioning.

Resource quantity and quality can differ between adjacent ecosystems, and these differences can impact subsidies exchanged between ecosystems. The quantity and quality of subsidies are rapidly changing in response to stressors associated with global environmental change, but while we have models to predict the effects of changes in subsidy quantity, we currently lack models to predict the effects of changes in subsidy quality on recipient ecosystem functioning. We developed a novel model to predict the effects of subsidy quality on recipient ecosystem biomass distribution, recycling, production, and efficiency. We parameterized the model for a case study of a riparian ecosystem subsidized by pulsed emergent aquatic insects. In this case study we focused on a common measure of subsidy quality that differs between riparian and aquatic ecosystems: the higher content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in aquatic ecosystems. We analyzed how changes in the PUFA concentration of aquatic subsidies affect the dynamics in biomass stocks and functions of the riparian ecosystem. We also conducted a global sensitivity analysis to identify key drivers of subsidy impacts. Our analysis showed that subsidy quality increased the functioning of the recipient ecosystem. Recycling increased more strongly than production per unit subsidy quality increase, meaning there was a threshold where an increase in subsidy quality led to stronger effects of subsidies on recycling relative to the production of the recipient ecosystem. Our predictions were most sensitive to basal nutrient input, highlighting the relevance of recipient ecosystem nutrient levels to understanding the effects of ecosystem connections. We argue that recipient ecosystems that rely on high-quality subsidies, such as aquatic-terrestrial ecotones, are highly sensitive to changes in subsidy-recipient ecosystem connections. Our novel model unifies the subsidy hypothesis and food quality hypothesis and provides testable predictions to understand the effects of ecosystem connections on ecosystem functioning under global changes.