Concentration Of Leaf Extract Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of the Leaves of Colocasia esculenta Linn

The purpose of the investigation was to see if the leaves of Colocasia esculenta Linn were antibacterial. Taro is a plant whose tubers are commonly consumed by Indonesians. Taro leaves, in addition to tubers, can be used as an alternate medication. As a result of their antibacterial qualities. The content Secondary metabolites found in taro leaves have the ability to stop dangerous microorganisms from growing, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. The method used in this research is to use taro leaf extract, which is divided into various concentration variations. Taro leaf extract is made using hydroalcoholic solvents. The results showed that each concentration showed an antibacterial ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The higher the concentration of taro leaf extract used, the greater its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria. This study utilised taro leaf extract, which was separated into various concentrations. variants. Using an hydroalcoholic solvent to extract taro leaves at the time. The findings revealed that each concentration had a different effect and exhibited antibacterial properties by reducing the growth of harmful bacteria proliferation. The higher the content of taro leaf extract, the better. The more it's used, the more it'll be able to stop bacteria from growing. A hydroalcoholic extract of Colocasia esculenta was found to have antibacterial activity against S. Aureus, P. Aeruginosa, and others in our research.

In vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Aerial Parts Extracts of Euphorbia helioscopia L.

Antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were reported for Euphorbia helioscopia usage in traditional medicine. Therefore, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC, MBC) of E. helioscopia aqueous leaf and stem extracts were evaluated by broth microdilution assay. As well as their antioxidant activity was carried out using DPPH assay. Obtained results showed that MIC values of leaf extract ranged from 0.78±0.0 mg/mL to 12.5±0.0 mg/mL and stem extract ranged from 3.125±0.0 mg/mL to 25±0.0 mg/mL. While, MBC of leaf and stem extracts had a range from 6.25±0.0 mg/mL to 50±0.0 mg/mL and 25±0.0 mg/mL to 50±0.0 mg/mL, respectively. The current study demonstrated that E. helioscopia leaf and stem extracts had antioxidant activity. One-way ANOVA test, the P values for the leaf and stem aqueous extracts were equal to 0.997 and 0.058, respectively. Consequently, both extracts showed no significant difference relative to the standard ascorbic acid (P value > 0.01). In addition, statistical analyses showed no significant differences between the tested concentrations of leaf extract and tested concentrations of ascorbic acid at P value > 0.01. The same thing was obtained for tested concentrations of stem aqueous extract, except at concentrations 7.81 and 3.91 µg/mL which showed DPPH inhibition percent 4.30±0.63 and 0.59±0.10, respectively. This indicates that E. helioscopia has potential to serve as a natural antioxidant, which makes it a promising candidate for therapeutic applications. Moreover, the positive antibacterial recorded data could potentially be used to develop potent drugs that improve the management and treatment of variety bacterial illnesses.

Anticlastogenic potential of euphorbia heterophylla leaf extract against lead-induced polychromatic erythrocytes and tissue atrophy

Myriads of research reviews have justified that unrestricted and uncontrolled exposure to heavy metal contamination through occupation and environmental pollution generally result in health risks with attendant health burdens including genetic birth defects. This study evaluates the anticlastogenic potential of Euphorbia heterophylla leaf extract against lead-induced polychromatic erythrocytes and the damaged tissues of the albino rats. A total of sixty (60) albino rats were segregated into three sets namely Set I, II and III. Each set contains twenty albino rats which were then divided into four groups A, B, C and D containing five rats each. Group A serves as control and were treated with distilled water only. Group B rats received 2.5 mg/kg lead acetate while group C rats were simultaneously fed 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg Euphorbia heterophylla leaf extract concentrations and 2.5 mg/kg lead acetate at ratio 1:1. Rats in group D were administered 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg Euphorbia heterophylla leaf extract. The schedule of the animal treatment was divided into three set I, II and III while micronucleus assay and histopathological examination were carried out on the test animals. Results show that polychromatic erythrocytes induced by lead acetate was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in group C animals (6%), while lead acetate administered to animals in group B was highly clastogenic. Besides, the histopathological architecture of the rat tissues indicates protection offered by the extract against tissue atrophy.

Preparation and characterization of biodegradable food packaging films using lemon peel pectin and chitosan incorporated with neem leaf extract and its application on apricot fruit

The present study aims to develop and characterize biodegradable packaging films from lemon peel-derived pectin and chitosan incorporated with a bioactive extract from neem leaves. The films (PCNE) contained varying concentrations of neem leaf extract and were comprehensively assessed for their physical, optical, mechanical, and antimicrobial attributes. The thickness, moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability of the biodegradable packaging films increased with the increasing concentration of neem leaf extract. Comparatively, the tensile strength of the films decreased by 42.05 % compared to the control film. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the resultant blended pectin-chitosan films showed a uniform structure without cracks. Furthermore, the analysis targeting Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger indicated that the films had potent antimicrobial activity. Based on these results, the optimum films were selected and subsequently applied on apricot fruits to increase their shelf life at ambient temperature. The findings, after examining factors such as colour, firmness, total soluble solids, shrinkage, weight loss, and appearance, concluded that the apricots coated by PCNE-5 had the most delayed signs of spoilage and increased their shelf life by 50 %. The results showed the potential applicability of lemon peel pectin-chitosan-neem leaf extract blend films in biodegradable food packaging.

The Preservation Effect of Chitosan-hawthorn Leaf Extract Coating on Strawberries

Strawberries rapidly deteriorate postharvest, necessitating effective measures to extend their shelf life. This study focused on developing an eco-friendly chitosan-based protective film for strawberry preservation. Strawberries were treated with a coating solution containing varying concentrations of hawthorn leaf extract (HLE) (0.4%, 0.7%, and 1.0%), 1.5% chitosan (CH), and 1% acetic acid. The results demonstrated that coating strawberry fruit with 1% CH-HLE notably delayed fruit spoilage. In-depth analysis revealed that, compared with the uncoated strawberry fruits, the 1% CH-HLE coating effectively reduced weight loss, the respiration intensity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide anion (O2·−) production. Additionally, the coated strawberries exhibited improved firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C (Vc) content, titratable acidity (TA), and total phenolic compound (TPC) content. The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the CH-HLE-coated strawberries were greater than those in their uncoated counterparts. The application of a 1% CH-HLE coating successfully delayed spoilage and extend the shelf life of the strawberries by approximately 4–5 days. These findings suggest that CH-HLE has significant potential as a resource for protecting fruits and vegetables, offering an environmentally sustainable solution for postharvest preservation.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN ASAM JAWA (Tamarindus indica L) TERHADAP BAKTERI Propionibacterium acne DAN BAKTERI Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The goal of this research is to find out the capability of tamarind leaf ethanol extract (Tamarindus indica Linn) to inhibit the maturationof Propiomibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria as well as the optimal concentration of tamarind leaf extract that can do so. Using 96% ethanol as a solvent, maceration was used for extraction. Antibacterial activity testing uses the agar diffusion method by means of discs. According to studies on the antibacterial action of tamarind leaf ethanol extract opposed tothe bacteria Propionibacterium acne and Psedomonas aeruginosa, at a concentration of 20%, the extract can already block the development of bacteria in the medium range, while at a concentration of 80%, the extract can inhibit bacterial growth in the strong category. The one-way anova method and the LSD test were used to examine the antibacterial activity test findings. According to Anova data, the test bacteria were suppressed at doses of 20%, 40%, 60%, & 80%. Effective concentrations to inhibit Propionibacterium acne bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, & 80%. The measurement of the area of bacterial growth inhibition increases with tamarind leaf extract concentration. Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids can be found in tamarind leaf ethanol extract. Tamarind leaf ethanol extract has antibacterial activity against Propionicaterium acne and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and has an inhibition zone at 80% concentration with an average diameter of 25.83 cm and 17.66 cm.

Low-alcohol light beer enriched with olive leaves extract: Cold mashing technique associated with interrupted fermentation in the brewing process

BackgroundBeer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage globally, and the demand for differentiated beers with peculiar characteristics has intensified among beer consumers, creating a significant market niche. In this study, we developed a low alcohol light craft beer enriched with olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.). The cold mashing technique associated with interrupted fermentation was used in the mashing step. Different concentrations of olive leaf extract (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) were added at the maturation stage. The samples were characterized by physicochemical parameters, phenolic and polyphenolic content, bioactive compounds, antioxidant potential, and microbiological quality. ResultsThe cold mash technique associated with interrupted fermentation provided a low-alcohol beer (≅1.3%). The bitterness dimension (19.0 to 23.2 IBU) and color (9–17 EBC) parameter were in accordance with the Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP) for the American Blond Ale-style. The addition of the extract enriched the content of total phenolics (171.09 to 437.4 mg GAE/mL) and polyphenolic (221.4 to 729.0 mg/L). Coumaric, ferulic, and cinnamic phenolic acids were detected in appreciable amounts in the beers. Oleuropein was the major compound in the beverage and plant extract. After adding 2% extract, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity, as well as the ferric reduction power, increased in beers by 28.4%, 449.1%, and 120.5%, respectively. ConclusionsThe extract of O. europaea L. promoted the enrichment of low-alcohol beer samples with bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential. The results obtained indicated the potential use of O. europaea L. extract as a natural oxidant in other beverages and food products.How to cite: Cappelin E, Meneguzzi D, Hendges DH, et al. Low-alcohol light beer enriched with olive leaves extract: Cold mashing technique associated with interrupted fermentation in the brewing process. Electron J Biotechnol 2024; 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.01.002.

TEXTURE AND COLOUR CHANGES IN Penaeus vannamei AFTER COATINGS WITH Piper betle (L) LEAVES EXTRACT

Penaeus vannamei is an important aquaculture product heavily exported to countries such as Europe and China due to its high consumer demand. However, commercialisation of the product involves various levels of cold chain and time to reach consumers which can lead to rapid deterioration. The study aims to evaluate the texture and colour of P. vannamei after being coated with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% betel leaf extract for 16 daysof chilled storage. P. vannamei was found to have slightly random insignificant changes in texture. However, the colour changes were slowly decreased especially in P. vannamei coated with 2.0% betel leaves extract and supported by sensory evaluation for consumer acceptance. P. vannamei coated with 2.0% betel leaves extract resulted in a significantly lower (p < 0.05) hardness (20646.11 ± 480.10 N) compared to others on the initial day and showed a slightly decreasing trend during storage but not significantly (p > 0.05). After 12 days of chilled storage, P. vannamei coated with 2.0% betel leaf extract showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in springiness from 0.53 ± 0.15% at the initial day to 0.63 ± 0.06% at the end of storage day, indicating a firmer texture. P. vannamei coated with 2.0% betel leaves extract had the highest cohesiveness (0.35 ± 0.05%) and resilience (0.58 ± 0.06) value on the initial day but not significantly different (p > 0.05). However, over time, cohesiveness and resilience values showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the shrimp became less cohesive and resilient with prolonged storage. The colour of the P. vannamei coated with 2.0% betel leaf extract recorded a lightness L* value of 29.23 ± 0.14; redness a* value of 0.37 ± 0.25; and blueness b* value of 5.12 ± 0.37 and significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to P. vannamei coated with 0.5%, and 1.0% betel leaves extract and 1.25% SMS throughout 16 days of chilled storage. The organoleptic test showed that P. vannamei coated with 2.0% betel leaf extract was highly accepted by consumers. Therefore, coating P. vannamei with a 2.0% concentration of betel leaf extract promises a significantly improved quality of P. vannamei at prolonged storage.

Larvicidal potential, antimicrobial properties and molecular docking analysis of Egyptian Mint (Mentha rotundifolia) against Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Midgut-borne Staphylococcus aureus

Mosquitoes prefer stagnant areas near hospitals to live and easily spread pathogenic bacteria. Our current study aims to isolate multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus isolates from midguts of Mosquito Culex pipiens and study the potential of mint as a biocontrol strategy against C. pipiens larvae and their midgut-borne S. aureus. Samples of the third and fourth larval instars of C. pipiens were collected from water ponds around three Cairo hospitals. Ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and tetracycline, as well as various concentrations of mint leaf extract (MLE) were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Sixty-five isolates were obtained and showed antibiotic resistance to tetracycline, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and undiluted MLE with resistant percentages (%) of 27.69, 30.76, 17.46, and 23.08%, respectively. Undiluted MLE inhibited 61.53% of the multidrug S. aureus isolates, whereas it couldn't inhibit any of these isolates at dilutions less than 50 μg/mL. The MIC of MLE was ≤ 700 µg/mL, while the MIC of the antibiotics ranged from 0.25 to 5.0 µg/mL for the three antibiotics. The most inhibited S. aureus isolate was identified by 16SrRNA sequencing approach and registered in GenBank as S. aureus MICBURN with gene accession number OQ766965. MLE killed all larval stages after 72 h of exposure, with mortality (%) reaching 93.33 and 100% causing external hair loss, breakage of the outer cuticle epithelial layer of the abdomen, and larvae shrinkage. Histopathology of treated larvae showed destruction of all midgut cells and organelles. Gas chromatography (GC) of MLE revealed that menthol extract (35.92%) was the largest active ingredient, followed by menthone (19.85%), D-Carvone (15.46%), Pulegone (5.0579%). Docking analysis confirmed that alpha guanine and cadinol had the highest binding affinity to both predicted active sites of Culex pipiens acetylcholinesterase. As a result, alpha-guanine and cadinol might have a role as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles from Aegle marmelos assisted by microwave method for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial applications

Microwave-assisted green method was successfully used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles in Nanoscale range by varying the Aegle marmelos leaf extract concentration. The existence of functional groups on the nanoparticle surface was confirmed by the FTIR spectra, which displayed distinctive vibrational modes. The nanoparticles size, shape, and surface features were discovered through morphological and structural research utilizing HRTEM, and SEM. The average particle size was found to be in the range of 18–28 nm. Under UV light irradiation, the ZnO NPs exhibited promising photocatalytic activity in the breakdown of methylene blue dye. The synthesized ZnO NPs are excellent in degrading dye to 80 % only in one hour. Furthermore, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains were effectively inhibited by the synthesized ZnO NPs' high antibacterial activity. Thus, characterization and promising photocatalytic and antibacterial properties point to the potential of these ZnO NPs for use in a range of environmental and biological applications.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LARVACIDE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF SOURSOP (Annona muricata L.) LEAVES AGAINST Aedes aegypti LARVA

Highlights Dengue fever, caused by mosquitoes known as Aedes aegypti, can be avoided by applying larvicides while the insects are still in their larval stage. The extract from soursop leaves at a concentration of 3% is the most effective for Aedes aegypti larvae, resulting in 100% mortality. Abstract Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by one of the four serotypes of dengue virus transmitted through mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. As the Aedes aegypti mosquito-borne DHF illness is still in its larval stage, it can be prevented by utilizing larvicides. A more secure and efficient method to eliminate mosquitoes is by using natural larvicides. Underutilized soursop leaves contain secondary metabolite components that can potentially be larvicides, such as annonins, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. Objective: This study was to determine the effectiveness of soursop leaf extract as a larvicide in controlling Aedes aegypti vectors and to determine the most effective concentration of soursop leaf extract as an Aedes aegypti larvicide. Material and Method: The study was an analytic observational study utilizing a cross-sectional methodology. This study was carried out from March to May 2022. Soursop leaves were extracted using the percolation method, employing a solvent of 96% ethanol with alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Results: The soursop leaves extract yielded in this study was as much as 131.22 grams (13.12%). The most effective concentration of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves was 3%, with a mortality value of 100%, not much different from the value resulting from 1% temephos. The LC50 results obtained a value of 0.163%. Conclusion: Soursop leaf extract was effective as a larvicide against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae.

Test of the Effectiveness of Senduduk Leaf Extract Concentration (Melastoma Malabrhaticum L.) Against Anthracnose Disease in Red Chili Commodities (Capsicum annuum L.)

The disease that causes low chili productivity in Indonesia is anthracnose, anthracnose disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp. Efforts to control anthracnose disease are currently still being made using many synthetic pesticides. The use of synthetic pesticides can have a negative impact on the environment. Vegetable functions can be used as another effort to control anthracnose. Plant extracts can be used in anthracnose disease control are Senduduk leaf extracts. This study aims to obtain the concentration of Senduduk plant leaf extract (Melastoma malabathricum L) in inhibiting the growth of Colletotrichum spp. Research is carried out in the field and laboratory. The design used in this research was a complete randomized design (RAL) with 5 treatments of Senduduk leaf extract, namely K0 = 0%, K1 = 3%, K2 = 6%, K3 = 9%, and K4 = 12%. With 3 repetitions. The results showed that Senduduk leaf extract treatment with a concentration of 12% effective could inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum capsici fungus.

Experimental, computational, and theoretical studies on the corrosion inhibition potential of green Gongronema latifolium extract as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloy in HCl solutions

Gongronema latifolium (GL) leaves extract was studied as a potential corrosion inhibitor for AA3003 aluminum alloy immersed in 0.4, 0.75 and 1.10 M HCl solution at 302–322 K. Herein, gravimetric, thermometric, electrochemical techniques, density functional theory via DFT/molecular dynamics simulation (MDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM)/X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were employed to analyze the effect of GL leaves extract on AA3003 aluminum alloy corrosion. Excellent statistical and machine learning techniques such as the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used for the optimization and modeling. The constituent compounds of the GL leaves extract and their chemical structures were identified using a standard approach like the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The GL leaves extract significantly retards AA3003 aluminum alloy corrosion and its efficacy was seen to increase with increase in the GL leaves concentration in the acid media. Maximum inhibition efficiency (IE%) of 84.15 %, 81.45 %, 86.83 % and 87.11 %, were obtained for the mass loss, thermometric, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods, respectively in 0.75 M HCl solution at 312 K and 1.3 g/L GL leaves extract concentration. The RSM recorded highest IE% of 81.30 % in 0.75 M HCl, 1.30 g/L GL leaves extract concentration, temperature of 312 K and immersion time of 12 h. The ANN and ANN-GA algorithm predicted optimum IE% of 84.5160 % and 88.4189 %, respectively in 0.75 M HCl solution, 1.3 g/L GL leaves extract concentration, temperature of 312 K and 12 h immersion time. SEM/XRD examination validated the adsorption of GL leaves extracts molecules onto the A3003 metal alloy surface. The results of GC–MS analysis established that GL leaves extract comprised of compounds possessing active molecules and functional groups responsible for the corrosion inhibition of the AA3003 aluminum alloy surface in HCl media. Electrochemical investigation revealed that the inhibitor functioned as mixed-type inhibitor. The statistical and theoretical analysis results correlated with experimental results and confirmed GL leaves extract as efficient corrosion inhibitor for AA3003 aluminum alloy submerged in HCl solution.

Unveiling the Allelopathic Potential of Wedelia Leaf Extract as a Bioherbicide against Purple Nutsedge: A Promising Strategy for Sustainable Weed Management

Weed management is a crucial aspect of sustainable agriculture. In this study, we investigated the allelopathic potential of wedelia (Wedelia trilobata L.) leaf extract as a bioherbicide against purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). The experiments were carried out through greenhouse experiments using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Five different concentrations were evaluated: C10% (10% wedelia extract concentration), C20% (20% wedelia extract concentration), C40% (40% wedelia extract concentration), C+ (92 mg L−1 of gallic acid), and C− (aquadest). Allelochemicals present in the wedelia leaf extract inhibited plant height, shoot number, leaf number, leaf area, root area, and total root length. The fresh weight, dry weight, and photosynthetic pigments decreased with increasing wedelia leaf extract concentrations. Malondialdehyde contents were highest when C40% was used. Additionally, peroxide activities decreased at the highest wedelia leaf extract concentration, indicating the failure of the plant’s antioxidant defense mechanism. The decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment, and antioxidant activity indicates that wedelia leaf extract may be able to help control the growth of purple nutsedge. The results of this study could contribute to the development of a new cropping system based on the use of wedelia as a bioherbicide for sustainable agriculture.

The Properties of Acetic Acid Modified Breadfruit Flour-Dried Noodles Using Sweet Potato Leaf Extract

The high amount of breadfruit production is unbalanced with its low rate of consumption, which may be due to storage constraints. This can be remedied by converting it into flour, which can then be used to prepare a variety of foods, including cakes, bread, and dry noodles. Natural breadfruit flour has qualities that make it difficult to bind water and less fluffy. In order to improve the characteristics of the starch, we used breadfruit flour that had been chemically modified for this study. In order to improve the chemical composition of dry noodles, sweet potato leaf extract is also added. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effect of substituting modified breadfruit flour for wheat and adding sweet potato leaf extract on the characteristics of the resulting dry noodles. These dry noodles were made with various proportions of modified breadfruit flour and wheat flour (20:80, 50:50, and 80:20) and concentrations of sweet potato leaf extract (0%, 5%, and 10%). With the addition of modified breadfruit flour, the water content, cooking time, and breaking strength increased, but the protein content decreased. The concentration of sweet potato leaf extract increased the values of protein content, crude fiber content, cooking time, and breaking power. The best dry noodle is made with a breadfruit-to-wheat flour ratio of 20:80, with 9.86% water content, 9.12% protein content, 8.87% crude fiber content, 60.97% antioxidant activity, 8.2% cooking loss, a cooking time of 3.27 minutes, a breaking strength of 14.25%, and color, aroma, taste, and texture scores of 3.69, 3.46, 3.58, and 3.69, respectively (neutral-like).

Characteristics of margarine based on VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) with the addition of white guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.)

Margarine is a water-in-oil emulsion that has stability increases with the addition of an emulsifier. In this research, the margarine was made differently from commercial margarine because of the raw materials using VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) and white guava leaf extract contains high antioxidant content. This research aimed to determined the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of VCO margarine with the addition of white guava leaf extract used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factorials, the ratio of CBS fat and VCO oil (60:40, 50:50, 40:60 g) and the concentration of white guava leaf extract (20%, 40%, 60%) with tworepetitions. The combination of 60% CBS Fat: 40% VCO oil with the addition of 60% white guava leaf extract is the best formula containing a high antioxidant activity. The result of this combination obtained moisture content of 9.91%, fat content of 87.64%, acid number of 2.18 mgKOH/g, free fatty acids of 0.18%, emulsion stability of 91.62%, and antioxidant activity of 88.70%. In the organoleptic test, the color of VCO margarine was 3.04; the taste of margarine was 3.20 (slightly different from the control), the texture (greasing power) of margarine 2.07 (almost as same as the control), the aroma of margarine 3.73 (slightly different from control), and overall preference of margarine 3.67 (rather like). The results of this research indicated that VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) margarine with the addition of white guava leaf extract affects the overall chemical and organoleptic tests.

Effect of addition of red spinach leaf extract (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in feed against the level of color brightness of sword platy fish (Xiphophorus helleri)

Color is important factor ornamental fish, especially sword platy fish, because can affect selling value. One factor influences color brightness is carotenoids. Carotenoids cannot synthesized by fish's body so must be supplied through feed provided. Red spinach is a natural ingredient that contains carotenoids. Aim of research was to determine effect of adding red spinach leaf extract to artificial feed to increase color brightness, growth and survival of Xiphophorus helleri. Research method used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 repetitions. Concentrations of red spinach leaf extract are 0%, 3%, 6% and 9%. Parameters observed were color brightness, absolute weight, absolute length, survival rate and water quality. Results showed that addition of red spinach leaf extract had a significant effect (P<0.05) on brightness of fish color but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on growth, weight, length and survival rate. Highest increase in color brightness and absolute weight growth was obtained in 9% treatment with an average color brightness score of 6.66, an absolute weight of 0.36 g. Highest absolute length growth occurred treatments C (6%) and D (9%) at 0.41 cm and highest survival rate was obtained treatments A, B and C with a survival percentage of 88%.

Comparison of the Antibacterial Effectiveness of Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringa oleifera) on the Growth of Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans Bacteria in Vitro

Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis are bacterial pathogens of dental caries and root canal treatment failure. The growth of bacteria that cause dental and oral disease can be inhibited by using antibacterials derived from plants that have antibacterial properties. The aim of the research was to compare the antibacterial effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans bacteria in vitro. This type of research is a laboratory experiment with a post test only control group design. The research samples were pure cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. There were seven treatment groups, namely Moringa leaf extract concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, positive control chlorhexidine and negative control DMSO with four repetitions each. Testing the antibacterial effectiveness of Moringa leaf extract used the diffusion and dilution method, then the data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and post hoc LSD statistical tests. Based on the research results, it was stated that there was effective inhibitory and killing power of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans bacteria. From the research results, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf extract is more effective as an antibacterial against Streptoccus mutans compared to Enterococcus faecalis

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Pasteurized Milk With the Addition of Centella asiatica Leaf Extract

Milk has a high nutritional value. Minimal processing that can extend the shelf life of milk is pasteurization, but it can damage the nutritional content of milk. One of the additional efforts to improve milk quality and maintain the nutritional content of milk is to provide additional active compounds that act as antioxidants for milk consumers and the milk product itself. The use of Centella asiatica leaf extract as an ingredient is because there are at least 139 active compounds. This study aimed to study the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of pasteurized milk with the addition of Centella asiatica leaf extract. The research was carried out in two stages, namely making gotu kola leaf extract and making pasteurized milk by adding gotu kola leaf extract concentrations of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. Product analysis included total phenol analysis using Folin Ciocalteau and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Adding Centella asiatica leaf extract can increase total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content obtained by adding Centella asiatica leaf extract at 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% were 0.58 mgGAE/g, 1.93 mgGAE/g, respectively 2.33 mgGAE/g, and 3.41 mgGAE/g. At the same time, the results of antioxidant activity were 7.68%, 31.93%, 37.57, and 40.35%, respectively.

The PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK DAUN MANGGA MANALAGI TERHADAP MUTU FISIK DAN EFEKTIVITAS TABIR SURYA EMULGEL KOMBINASI OCTINOXATE-AVOBENZONE

Avobenzone and octinoxate are often used as a combination of organic UV filters in sunscreen. At high exposure to UV light, these UV filters can be degraded so that their sunscreen’s effectiveness is reduced. Several studies reported that the combination of plant extracts with synthetic UV filters could increase sunscreen's SPF. Mango leaves contain high levels of flavonoids and in several studies have been shown to have photoprotective activity with good Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values. The Manalagi mango plant is a type of mango that is widely planted in yards, so it's easy to get the raw materials. This study aims to determine the effect of manalagi mango leaf extract with a concentration of 1, 3, and 5% on the physical quality (pH, viscosity, spreadability) and sunscreen activity (SPF, %TE, %TP) of sunscreen emulgel containing avobenzone and octinoxate. This study showes that increasing the concentration of manalagi mango leaf extract reduced the pH and viscosity of the preparation, and significantly increased the spreadability of all formulas. Besides that, it can also increase the SPF value and decrease the %TE and %TP values. The emulgel formula that had the highest sunscreen activity was F3 with an extract concentration of 5%, had an SPF value of 30.597 ± 0.600, %TE 0.0001 ± 0.0001, and %TP 0.0038 ± 0.0016.