Lead Ion Concentration Research Articles

RETRACTED: Elimination of Lead by Biosorption on Parthenium stem powder using Box-Behnken Design

Reports on the presence and toxicity of Pb2+ in various chemical industrial effluents energized researchers to investigate several feasible, efficient, precise, and sensitive techniques for determining and removing Pb2+ from aqueous systems. The current work proposes the adsorption of Pb2+ onto the stem of parthenium as a continuation of a series of investigations. In order to find the ideal circumstances for the most effective removal of lead, optimization of Pb2+ sorption potential-affecting factors, such as pH, contact duration, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and concentration of Pb2+ as sorbate, were investigated. The response surface approach was used to assess experiments that were carried out using a rotatable Box-Behnken design (BBD) (RSM). The influence of three independent variables—the pH of the precursor solution (4–5), the initial lead content (15–25 mg/l), and the dose of biomass (20–40 g/l)—were assessed in response to the biosorption process. The optimum pH, lead ion concentration, and biomass dosage for lead biosorption were ascertained to be 5 pH, 20 mg/L, and 30 g/L, respectively. The Parthenium stem powder can reduce the concentration of lead in an aqueous solution by up to 72.74% for 20 mg/l at pH=5 and 260 °C. It has been shown that 1.5 g/100 ml of parthenium stem powder and a 50-minute equilibrium duration are the most effective parameters. The amount of lead absorbed from the aqueous solution increases with an increase in the adsorbent's dosage. Freundlich and Langmuir models in both linear and nonlinear variants were used to comprehend the nature of the adsorption process. By analysing the kinetics and thermodynamics of the process, the feasibility and viability of the sorption process were assessed. The adsorption process was quite rapid, according to the kinetic analyses, and equilibrium was attained after 50 min of contact time. The spontaneous nature of the adsorption process was revealed by the negative values of free energy change. Studies on thermodynamics showed that reactions were exothermic, although research on kinetics revealed that reactions is indeed pseudo-second order.

Dynamic simulation of lead(II) metal adsorption from water on activated carbons in a packed-bed column

In this work, lead(II) adsorption on activated carbons, tire-derived activated carbon (TAC), and commercial activated carbon (CAC), in a packed-bed column, was simulated using the Aspen Adsorption® V11 flowsheet simulator. The simulator was used to model the fixed-bed adsorption column and to establish the breakthrough curves by varying the initial concentration of lead(II) ions (500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, 2000 mg/L, and 3000 mg/L), the bed height (0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, 0.5 m, and 0.6 m), and the flow rate (9.88 × 10−4 m3/s, 1.98 × 10−3 m3/s, 2.96 × 10−3 m3/s, 3.95 × 10−3 m3/s, and 4.94 × 10−3 m3/s), at constant temperature and pressure of 25 °C and 3 bar, respectively. At the optimum conditions of 500 mg/L lead(II) concentration, 0.6 m bed height, and 9.88 × 10−4 m3/s flow rate, the breakthrough times were 488 s and 23 s for TAC and CAC, respectively. Under the same conditions, the adsorption capacity obtained at t0.5 was 114.26 mg/g for TAC and 7.72 mg/g for CAC. The simulation results indicate the potential of TAC for the adsorption of lead(II) in comparison to CAC.

Polyanthranilic acid microspheres as an active material for electrochemical detection of sub-picomolar lead ion concentrations in aqueous media

Polyanthranilic acid microspheres as an active material for electrochemical detection of sub-picomolar lead ion concentrations in aqueous media

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Biomass Yeast Integrated Sulfur‐doped Graphene and Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes/MoS2 for Highly‐sensitive Detection of Pb2+

AbstractGlassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) modified with sulfur‐doped graphene (SG)/carboxylated carbon nanotube (CNT−COOH)/MoS2/yeast composite were prepared for electrochemical detection for lead ions by the simple hydrothermal methods and ultrasonic methods. The combination of SG and CNT−COOH could form a double‐layer carbon structure, providing more active detection sites for detection for lead, which could also contribute to adherence of yeast and MoS2. The SG/CNT−COOH/MoS2/yeast exhibited a high response in detecting low concentrations of lead ions. And then the SG/CNT−COOH/MoS2/yeast was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Compared with traditional detection technology, the linear range of the sensor was 10−6∼10−14 g/L. And the lower of detection (LOD) down to 2.61×10−15 g/L was achieved. The sensor showed prospective applications in detection of Pb2+ in real serum samples.

Vortex-assisted restricted access-based supramolecular solvent microextraction of trace Pb(II) ions with 4-(benzimidazolisonitrosoacetyl)biphenyl as a complexing agent before microsampling flame AAS analysis

A new oxime compound, 4-(benzimidazolisonitrosoacetyl)biphenyl (BIBP) was synthesized and used as a complexing agent in this study to preconcentrate trace amounts of Pb(II) ions with vortex-assisted restricted access-based supramolecular solvent microextraction (RA/SUPRAS-LPME) method. The new complexing agent was characterized by a combination of elemental analyses, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H- NMR), Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and techniques. Extraction of the complex which was formed at pH 8.0 was done by using a supramolecular solvent phase of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1-decanol. A microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure the lead ion concentrations of the extract. The method optimized and the optimum experimental conditions were found as; pH = 8, amount of the ligand 2,25 mg, supramolecular solvent volume 50 μL, sample volume 20 mL and vortex time 3 min. The limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 0.69 μg L−1 and 2.29 μg L−1, respectively. Linear range was found between 15.1 μg L−1 and 606 μg L−1. The developed method was applied to Pb(II) determination in real samples after evaluating the accuracy by using the TMDA-53.3 fortified environmental water sample as certified reference material.

A novel co-processed olive tree leaves biomass for lead adsorption from contaminated water

Olive farming is one of the key agricultural activities in Jordan, where nearly 70% of the cultivated land in Jordan is covered with olive trees. Olive harvesting generates massive quantities of agricultural waste which will be an environmental burden if not managed properly. The present study introduces the use of novel co-processed biomass extracted from the olive tree leaves for the adsorption of lead from contaminated water. Several biomass co-processing techniques using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, and the Dead Sea water were investigated and their effect on the removal efficiency was demonstrated. Moreover, the effect of several parameters on the adsorption efficiency including biomass particle size, solution pH, contact time, adsorbent amount, and lead ion concentration was explored. It was inferred that biomass co-processing enhanced the adsorption capacity of lead. It was also found that the adsorption efficiency increased with decreasing biomass particle size due to the increase in surface area. The highest lead removal was attained at an efficiency value of 70% for the 0.1 mm particle size and at a maximum adsorption capacity recorded at pH 5. The foregoing had a negatively charged biomass surface which, as such, favored the cationic adsorption (pHPZC values around 2.8–4.5). For lead biosorption, the process was a rapid process whereby most adsorption was observed within the first 20 min. Concurrently, there were no considerable changes in lead removal thereafter. Theoretically, this was attributed to the decrease in the available adsorption sites on the biomass surface. On the other hand, a continuous increase in the removal efficiency was recorded upon increasing the adsorbent amount. However, there was a continuous decline in the removal efficiency upon an increase in the initial lead concentration. The experimental data were fitted well with Langmuir isotherm (indicating a monolayer adsorption isotherm), while kinetic data showed the best fit with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

An Ion Selective Electrode Based on Ti3C2 Solid‐state Transduction for Rapid Detection of Lead Ion Concentration in Aqueous Solution

Conduction layer plays an important role in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with solid-state transduction. Herein, a lead ISE was prepared with Ti3C2 as the conductive layer, which has less water film and good anti-interference ability to O2, CO2 and light. Concentration of lead ions can be quickly determined by detecting the electromotive force of the galvanic cell. In 10−3–10−7 M, the Nernst slope is found to be 28.3±1.02 mV/decade. And the detection limit is 4.4×10−8 M (n=3). It indicates that Ti3C2 is suitable for the conductive layer in solid ISEs.

Antimicrobial nanocomposite adsorbent based on poly(meta-phenylenediamine) for remediation of lead (II) from water medium

In this study, poly(m-phenylenediamine)@ZnO (PmPDA@ZnO) nanocomposite was fabricated by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization for the effective lead(II) removal from aqueous solutions. PmPDA@ZnO was characterized by several instrumental methods like FTIR, XRD, EDX, TGA, FESEM, TEM, zeta potential, and BET. The TEM images showed a core–shell-like structure for the PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite. TGA results showed that the thermal stability of the PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite was higher than the PmPDA. The maximum adsorption of lead (II) onto PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite was obtained at pH 6, adsorbent dosage 60 mg, lead(II) ion concentration 90 mg/L, and agitation time 90 min. Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherm models were evaluated to simulate the lead(II) sorption via empirical data. Langmuir's model was in good agreement with empirical data with a maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 77.51 mg/g. The kinetic data adsorption fitted best the pseudo-second-order model. The values of thermodynamic parameters of ΔS° and ΔH° were obtained 0.272 J/mol K, and 71.35 kJ/mol, respectively. The spontaneous and endothermic behavior of the adsorption process was confirmed by the negative and positive response of ΔG° and ΔH°, respectively. Moreover, the addition of coexisting cations e.g. cobalt (II), nickel (II), calcium (II), and copper (II) had no significant effect on the removal efficiency of lead(II). Adsorption–desorption studies showed that the PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite can be remarkably regenerated and reused after three sequential runs without a significant decline in its adsorption performance. The antimicrobial activities of PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite were evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria species. These results confirmed that the PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite could be a good candidate for water decontamination.

Exploitation of polypyrrole nanostructured thin films for detecting poisonous lead metal ions using surface plasmon resonance technique

Optical refractive index sensor based on highly sensitive and reliable technique i.e. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) uses the principle of refractive index change at the interface of metal and dielectric for sensitive detection of analyte. In SPR configuration, Surface Plasmon (SP) mode is excited at the interface. Polymer film of polypyrrole nanostructured thin film was prepared using chemical route and spin coating method. Lead metal ions solution was prepared of different concentration. The resonance parameters of the prepared sensor structure showed a systematic variation with continuous rise in the concentration of lead ions. The prepared sensor structure i.e. prism/Au/PPy is found to be highly sensitive towards detecting lead ions at room temperature. The sensor was tested for a concentration range varying from 0.5 to 50 ppm and found to exhibit fast response and recovery time. Sensitivity ∼ 0.767 °/ppm was achieved for the presently prepared sensor for detecting low concentration of 0.5 to 10 ppm.

Biosorption of lead ions from aqueous solution by Clostridium tyrobutyricum immobilized in macroporous Ca-alginate-lignin beads

The adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solution by macroporous Ca-alginate-lignin (MCAL) beads immobilized with Clostridium tyrobutyricum and free strains was evaluated. The effects of different factors including pH, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of lead ions were explored. Different characterization methods were used to evaluate the adsorption process of lead ions. Meanwhile, the adsorption kinetics models and adsorption isotherm models were applied. The fitting results showed that the adsorption behaviour of C. tyrobutyricum immobilized in MCAL beads and free strains was better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum biosorption of lead ions by C. tyrobutyricum immobilized in MCAL beads and free strains was 144.9 and 106.4mg/g respectively. The C. tyrobutyricum immobilized in MCAL beads proved to be practicable and had better adsorption effects on lead ions compared with the free strains. The paper demonstrated a new insight and strategy for the effective treatment of lead ions from aqueous solutions by the novel function of C. tyrobutyricum.

Determination of Lead and Cadmium Concentrations in the Blood of Workers at the Liquid Battery Factory in Baghdad,Applying Differential Pulse Polarography Method.

The concentrations of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the blood of 30 persons working in the Liquid Battery Factory in Baghdad were measured applying the Differential Pulse Polarography (DPP) method. It was found that for the majority of the blood samples, the Pb2+ concentration valueswere acceptable and within the acceptable natural limits(10-20µg/100ml).Exceptionsare 4 samples which showed higher lead ion concentrations. The infected persons worked at a location with high lead presence in the factory. As for the measured Cd2+ concentrations, the results for all the blood samples showed normal values, within the defined acceptable concentration (5.4µg/100ml). However, onconsidering the other defined acceptableconcentration, as reported in the literature, (3µg/100ml), three workmen were found, to have higher Cadmium ion concentration in their blood. It was also found that, compared with the calibrated DPP results, themeasured Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) results showed much higher concentration values and should therefore be not acceptable. The measured concentrationsofboth ionswere independent from the age of the workers. Inspections for the presence of Cu2+ ions in the blood samples failed in detecting any traces of it.

Removal of Lead from Metal Conaminated Industrial Waste Water By Adsorption onto Banana Peel

Banana peel, a fruit waste was used to produce biosorbant through environment friendly process. Banana peels were washed, dried and ground, before being used for treatment of industrial waste water and used for lead removal. The experiments were carried out by different concentration of dosage for incubation time 24 hours in the batch mode for the measurement of adsorption capabilities. The powdered as an adsorbent, in orbital shaker at 150 to 180 rpm at 25˚C. 8ml waste water sample was used in triplet, each was kept with 10mg, 20mg, and 30mg concentration of banana peel and obtained equilibrium adsorption capacity was 0.649, 0.184, 0.021mg/L respectively. The separation of bio adsorbent and solution was carried out by filtration with Whatman Filter Paper No.42 and the filtrate stored in sample cans for determine the metal lead ion concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Heavy metal ions were estimated before and after addition of powdered adsorbents. The powder of that bio sorbent was used for treatment of waste water with different proportion of adsorbents, variation of pH and contact time. Lead adsorption onto banana peel was depended upon the controlling parameter such as pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, Salinity, Sodium, Potassium by Flame Photometer and Lead ion concentration by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Slightly basic water (pH = 8.3) was found to be suitable for lead removal. Equilibrium data were well fitted (R2 = 0.998) with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity was 0.025 mg/L on 30 mg banana peel. The calculated RL and ‘n’ values has proved the favorability of lead adsorption onto banana peel. Lead adsorption was followed the second order kinetic properly rather than other models. Solvent 0.1N Sulphuric acid showed higher desorption of lead (60%) and adsorption-desorption process can be continued till seven cycles efficiently. Keywords: Banana peel, Bio sorbents, heavy metal, lead, atomic absorption spectrophotometer

Electrochemical Method of Lead (II) Ions Removal from Wastewater Using Granular Graphite Electrodes

The article presents an electrochemical method of wastewater treatment from Pb (II) ions through granular graphite electrodes. The cathode was made of graphite particles and the anode was made of rod graphite. Fea-tures of wastewater treatment from heavy metals by using developed surface granular graphite electrodes were revealed. Electrochemical research was carried out in a flow mode in a two-chamber electrolyzer. Effect of different electrochemical parameters (current density, electrolyte flow rate, initial concentration of lead (II) ions in solution, size of graphite granules, and concentration of additional cations in solution) to the reduction process of Pb (II) on lump graphite was studied. Results revealed that the removal value of Pb (II) hit a peak at 150A/m2 current density and gradually decreased at a higher value. The efficiency of electrolysis in the flow mode was demonstrated. It was found that the initial concentration of lead ions in the electrode process was insignificant, while the concentration of additional cations had a significant effect. Using very small par-ticles of granular graphite electrodes caused an agglomeration. At an optimal condition, (i=150 A/m2; V=150 ml/h; [Pb2+] = 200 mg/l; s= 0.05 cm3) treatment value of wastewater from Pb (II) ions reached 97.6±0.3 %.

Synthesis, characterization, adsorption study, quantum mechanics, monte carlo and molecular dynamics of lead based polymeric compound towards mopping of aqueous methyl red dye

Dyes present acute problems to the environment as they are considered toxic and carcinogenic. Numerous industries such as paper and pulp, textiles, plastics, leather cosmetics and food industries use dyes. Dyes have complex aromatic molecular structures, making them more stable and difficult to biodegrade. As a result, it is critical to investigate quick and effective methods for removing dyes from the environment.The polymeric compound [Pb4(Ben)2(H2O)] was synthesized by refluxing a mixture of benzoic acid and lead acetate trihyrate. The polymeric compound [Pb4(Ben)2(H2O)] was characterized by elemental analysis, melting point determination, thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR spectrometer, UV–Visible spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography analysis. The characterization results clearly revealed the coordination of lead (II) to the benzoic acid. Activated polymeric compound [Pb4(Ben)2(H2O)] was used to adsorb methyl red. The experimental condition revealed that 118.89 mg of the methyl red dye was adsorbed per gram of the [Pb4(Ben)2(H2O)] polymeric compound at pH 2.0, 20 ppm dye concentration and 90 min of contact time. Kinetics and isotherm studies suggested that the adsorption process was controlled by both physio-sorption and chemo-sorption. The FT-IR spectroscopy and Powder X-ray diffraction of [Pb4(Ben)2(H2O)] polymeric compound before and after the adsorption of methyl red dye both clearly confirmed adsorption. The polymeric compound [Pb4(Ben)2(H2O)] showed high regeneration capacity. After adsorption, AAS analysis of the aqueous solution of methyl red dye revealed that the lead ion concentration was lower than the WHO recommended lead intake. The adsorption of the compound onto methyl red dye surface was explained by quantum mechanics calculations as a donor–acceptor reaction.Monte Carlo simulation and molecular dynamics revealed that the mechanism of adsorption of methyl red on MSMP [Pb4(Ben)2(H2O)] surface is via the covalent, π- π, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. As a result, [Pb4(Ben)2(H2O)] polymeric compound is a potential adsorbent for methyl red dye.

Determination of radon gas and lead ion concentrations in building materials using biosensors

Determination of radon gas and lead ion concentrations in building materials using biosensors

Efficient Removal Lead (II) from the Environment by Adsorption Using Low-Cost Adsorbent Materials

Pollutants, particularly harmful heavy metals, are released into the environment, posing serious health risks to humans and other living species. The human body does not require lead, which is a toxic chemical. As a result, in order to eradicate or remove lead from the environment, a range of technologies must be used. The goal of this research was to use low-cost, high-efficiency adsorbent materials to adsorb lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Adsorption capacity, elimination percent, and batch adsorption settings are all discussed in this work. The adsorption capacity and percentage removal of lead from aqueous solutions by adsorption are affected by the initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. The goal of this research was to use low-cost, high-efficiency adsorbent materials to adsorb lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions. The impacts of several parameters on the adsorption process such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of lead (II) ions, and temperature were examined. Therefore, lead (II) ions can be removed from the water body effectively using low-cost adsorbent materials.

Resistance of mosses Bryum аrgenteum Hedw. and Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. to the effect of heavy metal ions

The tolerance of vegetative and generative clones of mosses of B. argenteum and F. hygrometrica from background and anthropogenically transformed territories to the influence of heavy metal ions was experimentally investigated. It has been established that the increase of the resistance of moss to the influence of heavy metal ions occurs through the activation of growth and physiological-biochemical processes. The level of adaptability of mosses depended on the concentration of toxic ions, the growing environment, and the vital strategy of the moss. It was established that with increasing concentration of lead ions in the environment, the generative propagation of mosses was suppressed, the percentage of germination of spores decreased, the differentiation of protonema and the speed of gametophore development slowed down, the size of cells, number and size of leaves decreased. Obviously, under the influence of elevated lead concentrations, significant changes in metabolic processes occurred in moss cells and showed signs of xeromorphism. The results of the analysis of the rates of gametophyte differentiation and the state of the antioxidant system of mosses B. argenteum and F. hygrometrica, depending on the content of heavy metal ions, show different adaptive capacity. Changes in the rate of gametophyte differentiation and the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant enzymes have been shown to be sensitive biomarkers of the resistance of generative and vegetative moss clones to heavy metal contamination of man-made territories.

Highly Sensitive Detection of Trace Lead Ions Concentration Based on A Functional Film-Enhanced Optical Microfiber Sensor

Highly Sensitive Detection of Trace Lead Ions Concentration Based on A Functional Film-Enhanced Optical Microfiber Sensor

Hydrochemical water quality monitoring of natural water bodies of the Ural river basin

A general characteristic of the river basin of the interstate Ural river and information on the economic use of the Ural river in its upper, middle and lower reaches are given. Information on the hydrology of the liquid and solid flow of the Ural river is presented. Hydrochemical monitoring of water bodies of the Ural river basin was conducted during the flood period, during the summer low water period and during the autumn low water period of 2017–2018. The hydrochemical monitoring of the water quality in natural reservoirs of the Ural drainage basin made it possible to identify an excess of the MPCs for residential use and for fishery of heavy metal ions in the water of the examined reservoirs. An excess of cadmium ions by (1.2–1.4) MPC for residential use was found in the Ilek river during its low water as well as in the Ural river near the border with the Russian Federation during the flood period in the amount of (3.1–3.4) MPC for residential use and near the village Zharsuat in the period of summer and autumn low water in the amount of (1.5–2.6) MAC for residential use. An excessive concentration of lead ions by (1.2–1.4) of MPC for fresh water fisheries in the middle and lower reaches of the Ural river at different times of the year was found. Excessive concentrations of ions of different heavy metals in comparison with their MPC for fresh water fisheries were found in all water bodies in different periods of the year. The greatest excess of zinc ions in comparison with its MPC for fresh water fisheries was observed during low water.

Adsorption Behavior of Lead Ions from Wastewater on Pristine and Aminopropyl-Modified Blast Furnace Slag

The potential possibility of blast furnace slag as a low-cost adsorbent to remove lead ions from wastewater was investigated in detail in the present work. Both single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were performed to reveal the effect of pH, adsorption temperature, contact time and initial concentration of lead ions on the adsorption performance of pristine slag. In order to make clear the correlation between the lead ion adsorption performance and the structure of slag, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was conducted to reveal the network structure and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to calculate the nonbridging oxygen in the network-forming tetrahedra. For the purpose of improving the adsorption performance, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was adopted to modify the slag via post-grafting method. The results show that the slag is predominately composed of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and MgO, exhibiting an amorphous network structure based on SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra. The conditions for adsorption can be optimized as follows: a pH of 7, an adsorption temperature of 60 °C, a contact time of 120 min and an initial lead ion concentration of 40 mg·L−1. Under the optimal conditions, a removal rate of 99.98% and an adsorption capacity of 49.99 mg·g−1 are obtained for the pristine slag. The adsorption complies with the Langmuir model thermodynamically and conforms to the pseudo-second order model kinetically. It is noted that aminopropyl-modification has considerably enhanced the removal rate of lead ions from 20.71 to 64.32% and the adsorption capacity from 29.01 to 96.48 mg·g−1 since amino groups (-NH2) are more inclined to form a complex with lead ions than hydroxyl groups due to the higher nucleophilicity of amino groups than that of hydroxyl groups. However, it is necessary to develop more low-cost modification agents in the future work.