Lauric Acid Content Research Articles

Physicochemical characterization and fatty acid profiles of testa oils from various coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) genotypes.

Cocos nucifera (L.) is an important plantation crop with immense but untapped nutraceutical potential. Despite its bioactive potential, the biochemical features of testa oils of various coconut genotypes are poorly understood. Hence, in this study, the physicochemical characteristics of testa oils extracted from six coconut genotypes - namely West Coast Tall (WCT), Federated Malay States Tall (FMST), Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD), Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD), and two Dwarf × Dwarf (D × D hybrids) viz., Cameroon Red Dwarf (CRD) × Ganga Bondam Green Dwarf (GBGD) and MYD × Chowghat Green Dwarf (CGD) - were analyzed. The proportion of testa in the nuts (fruits) (1.29-3.42%), the proportion of oil in the testa (40.97-50.56%), and biochemical components in testa oils - namely proxidant elements Fe (34.17-62.48 ppm) and Cu (1.63-2.77 ppm), and the total phenolic content (6.84-8.67 mg GAE/100 g), and phytosterol content (54.66-137.73 mg CE/100 g) varied depending on the coconut genotypes. The saturated fatty acid content of testa oils (67.75 to 78.78%) was lower in comparison with that of coconut kernel oils. Similarly, the lauric acid (26.66-32.04%), myristic (18.31-19.60%), and palmitic acid (13.43-15.71%,) content of testa oils varied significantly in comparison with the coconut kernel oils (32-51%, 17-21% and 6.9-14%, respectively). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of 18 phenolic acids in coconut testa oil. Multivariate analysis revealed the biochemical attributes that defined the principal components loadings. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the genotypes showed two distinct clusters. This study reveals the genotypic variations in the nutritionally important biochemical components of coconut testa oils. The relatively high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and polyphenol content in testa oils warrant further investigation to explore their nutraceutical potential. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The influence of feeding media enriched with different oils on the fatty acid composition of the Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)

The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has emerged as an interesting alternative protein source in animal feed due to its ability to grow on various substrates. Although it has many rearing benefits and possible applications, it has an unfavourable fatty acid profile if used for human consumption due to its high content of lauric acid and low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In order to investigate whether the lipid composition of black soldier fly larvae can be altered, the feeding media were supplemented with varying concentrations of fish, linseed or coconut oil (1, 2.5 and 5%). Two-week-old larvae were collected, measured and their tissue fatty acid composition was determined. The fatty acid profile of the larvae showed significant plasticity, depending on the life stage and the fatty acid composition of the feeding media. The addition of 2.5 and 5% of different oils significantly changed the fatty acid composition of larvae, depending on the type and percentage of oil. The n6/n3 ratio was considerably improved by supplementing fish and linseed oil. The addition of linseed oil increased the content of linolenic acid, but bioconversion to eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids was low. In contrast, the addition of fish oil significantly increased the content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the larvae. The content of lauric acid significantly increased after coconut addition. The trial showed that by using different oils, the lipid composition of black soldier fly larvae could be specifically changed to increase the beneficial long chain n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the amount of lauric or linolenic acid.

Green Technology On The Virgin Coconut Oil Production Using Enzyme From Pineapple Waste

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is widely used for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The high lauric acid content is very beneficial in the pharmaceutical field, such as for antiviral and antibiotic. Also, this VCO is very useful for cosmetic formulation. VCO production can be done by several methods, which are chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods. By the increase of VCO demand at the national and international levels, this study proceeded with the production of VCO using an enzymatic way that was efficiently conducted and environmentally friendly. The purpose of this research is to study the enzymatic process of VCO production by using pineapple waste, including pineapple crowns, pineapple fruit skins, pineapple leaves, and pineapple trunks. The pineapple waste used contains the enzyme bromelain to break down protein emulator in coconut milk cream. From the number of experiments with variations in substrate volume and temperature, the optimal VCO formation was obtained at 50oC with the ratio between the substrate and enzyme material was 9 to 1. The quality of VCO was evaluated as water content, free fatty acid concentration, and saponification numbers. Based on the evaluation results, the quality of VCO produced was similar to the standard of APCC, SNI, and Codex.

Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pre-pupae meal on the growth, stress, and immune responses of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at different stocking densities

The present study investigated the effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pre-pupae meal (BM) as a feed ingredient on the growth performance and health status (stress and immune response) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at different stocking densities. BM was used to replace 5 % of soybean meal in the control diet (CON). Juvenile rainbow trout (4.9 ± 0.2 g) were acclimated and placed in experimental tanks, at stocking densities of 4.9 (low density, LD) and 9.8 (high density, HD) kg/m3. Trout were assigned to four treatments (CON/LD, CON/HD, BM/LD, and BM/HD) in triplicates and reared for 6 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish reared in low-density tanks showed significantly higher weight gain regardless of diet (P < 0.05). In HD groups (CON/HD and BM/HD), however, fish fed the BM diet showed a significantly higher weight gain than those fed the CON diet. The lauric acid (12:0) content of BM groups (BM/LD and BM/HD), in the whole-body, was closely correlated with diets and significantly higher than that of the CON groups (P < 0.05). Fish from the BM/LD group showed significantly higher expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) genes compared to the CON groups (P < 0.05). Although no statistical difference was detected, the overall response patterns of liver tissue in antioxidant and immune parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme activity (Lyz), IL-1β, and IgM, followed the expression of immune-related genes in response to the different diets and stocking density. In a challenge test with Aeromonas salmonicida for 10 days, fish fed the BM diet showed a significantly higher cumulative survival rate than those fed the CON diet (P < 0.05). These results suggest that BM could be a beneficial feed ingredient for juvenile rainbow trout, but that high stocking densities can negatively influence the growth and immune responses.

Virgin Coconut Oil Emulgel: Effect of VCO and Carbopol 940 Concentration on Characterization and Antibacterial Activity

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is mostly produced from Cocos nucifera L. Kopyor coconut from Cocos nucifera L.is a coconut that has fruit flesh apart from its shell with mainly consist of lauric acid, vitamin C and α-tocopherol as antioxidants. Kopyor coconut has high lauric acid content in the flesh or VCO and has been found effective against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. To increase its acceptability as anti-acne or skin diseases, VCO of kopyor coconut was formulated into emulgel. VCO concentration as the active agent was used of 20% and 30%. A selected gelling agent was Carbopol 940 at concentration of 1% and 2%. The emulgel then evaluated for physical characterization such as viscosity, pH, spreadability, particle size, particle size distribution, and zeta potential. The emulgel was also tested for antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and stability tests using thermal cycling method. The selected formula was formula 4 that had good zeta potential, suitable with skin pH, had a good particle size and distribution and was effective against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria.

Characterization of lipid extracts from the Hermetia illucens larvae and their bioactivities for potential use as pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients

There is an increasingly growing demand for the use of natural and sustainable bioactives in the field of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The biomass from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) can be viewed as an innovative source of compounds with high aggregate value and marketing potential due to the sustainable organic matter bioconversion process used as substrate for its development. This insect can be a source of lipid compounds with high added value, mainly due to its high content in fatty acids (FA) with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. In this context, in this work different extraction methods were tested (decoction, microwaves, maceration and ultrasound), using water, acetone, n-hexane as extraction solvents, to evaluate yields of the BSF larvae lipid extracts, as well as their lipid profile, and a preliminary safety screening was conducted. Results show that despite using different extraction techniques and solvents, similar FA composition profiles were obtained. The lauric acid content (C12: 0) is elevated in all the extracts in relation to the other FA, ranging 37%–62%. The contents in palmitic (C16: 0) and oleic (C18: 1n-9) acids, were also high in all applied extraction methods. The omega-6 FA (ω-6 PUFAs), mainly linoleic acid (C18: 2n6c), were also identified in the lipid fraction of BSF larvae biomass, with a content variation between 4.5% and 17.7%, while the omega-3 group, namely α-Linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), presented values between 0.66% and 1.95%. None of the extracts presented toxicity in preliminary tests with the Artemia salina model. Through this study, it was possible to confirm that BSF larvae oil can be obtained by sustainable methods, containing a broad mixture of FA and being highly rich in lauric acid, with a promising skin care applicability.

Replacement of soybean oil with cold-extracted fat from Hermetia illucens in young turkey diets: Effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, selected organ measurements, meat and liver tissue traits, intestinal microbiota modulation, and physiological and immunological status

This study aimed to evaluate the partial or total replacement of soybean oil with cold-extracted Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) fat in young turkey diets on growth performance, coefficients of apparent ileal nutrient digestibility, pancreatic enzyme activities, selected gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segment measurements, microbial community modulation, selected biochemical blood indices, hormone concentrations, immune status traits, and muscle and liver tissue traits. A total of 216 7-day-old female turkeys (B.U.T. 6) were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments. Each group contained 6 replicate pens with 12 birds per pen. The birds were fed a soybean-maize basal diet enriched with 50 g/kg dietary fat, i.e., soybean oil (SO) in the control group, 50:50 SO and H. illucens larvae fat in the BSFL50 treatment group, and BSFL fat as the sole energy source in the BSFL100 group. The experiment lasted 28 days. The provided BSFL fat was characterized by high lauric and palmitic acid contents, as well as saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while concentrations of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the SO group. The growth performance parameters were not affected (P > 0.05) by BSFL fat substitution. However, the apparent ileal digestibility of the ether extract was significantly increased (P < 0.001) after BSFL fat inclusion as the sole energy source with simultaneous enhancement (P < 0.001) of lipase activity. Partial or total replacement of SO with BSFL fat improved cecal microbiota communities by limiting (P < 0.001) Bacteroides-Prevotella cluster counts. Additionally, the beneficial effect of BSFL100 was observed in the case of a decreased (P = 0.004) IL-6 concentration. In conclusion, it is possible to partially or totally substitute SO in turkey diets with cold-extracted BSFL fat without any negative effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, physiological traits, or immunological status traits. Furthermore, the cold-pressing technique can be adopted and recommended to obtain BSFL fat as a dietary energy source in turkey nutrition.

Cold Exposure Induces Depot-Specific Alterations in Fatty Acid Composition and Transcriptional Profile in Adipose Tissues of Pigs.

Cold exposure promotes fat oxidation and modulates the energy metabolism in adipose tissue through multiple mechanisms. However, it is still unclear about heat-generating capacity and lipid mobilization of different fat depots without functional mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In this study, we kept finishing pigs (lack a functional UCP1 gene) under cold (5-7°C) or room temperature (22-25°C) and determined the effects of overnight cold exposure on fatty acid composition and transcriptional profiles of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). And the plasma metabolomes of porcine was also studied by LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. We found that the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) content was decreased in SAT upon cold exposure. While in VAT, the relative content of lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0) and lignoceric acid (C24:0) were decreased without affecting total SFA content. RNA-seq results showed SAT possess active organic acid metabolism and energy mobilization upon cold exposure. Compared with SAT, cold-induced transcriptional changes were far less broad in VAT, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in fat cell differentiation and cell proliferation. Moreover, we found that the contents of organic acids like creatine, acamprosate, DL-3-phenyllactic acid and taurine were increased in plasma upon overnight cold treatment, suggesting that cold exposure induced lipid and fatty acid metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT) might be regulated by functions of organic acids. These results provide new insights into the effects of short-term cold exposure on lipid metabolism in adipose tissues without functional UCP1.

Effect of Dietary Palm Kernel Oil on the Quality, Fatty Acid Profile, and Sensorial Attributes of Young Bull Meat.

Lipid supplementation through vegetable oils in diets for ruminants can be a nutritional strategy to increase energy density, manipulate ruminal fermentation and change the physicochemical composition and sensorial properties of meat. This study evaluated the optimal dietary inclusion of palm kernel oil (PKO) for Nellore bulls on meat quality. The diets consisted of 0.0, 11.5, 23.0, and 34.6 g/kg dry matter (DM) PKO levels. PKO inclusion did not influence the centesimal composition, pH, color indices, water holding capacity, cooking loss, or shear force of the beef. There were linear increases in the concentrations of lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) in the bull’s meat. However, palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:0), vaccenic acid (t-11–C18:1) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), ∑n − 6, ∑n − 3, ∑n − 6/∑n 3, the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio of the fatty acid content, and the thrombogenicity index were not affected. There were linear reductions in the oleic acid meat concentration (c-9–C18:1) and elongated enzymatic activity when PKO was added to the bull diet. The atherogenicity index increased linearly due to PKO inclusion in the bull diet. No effect of the inclusion of PKO on meat flavor, perception of tenderness, juiciness, or global acceptance from the sensorial evaluation was recorded. The inclusion of PKO up to 34.6 g/kg DM can be recommended to supplement young bulls with no effects on meat composition and quality characteristics.

Replacement of fish oil by camelina and black soldier fly larvae oils in diets for juvenile Totoaba macdonaldi and their effect on growth, fatty acid profile, and gene expression of pancreatic lipases

The present study evaluated the use of camelina (CO) and black soldier fly larvae (BSFLO) oils as replacements of fish oil (FO) in diets for juvenile Totoaba macdonaldi, and their effect on growth, proximate composition, fatty acid (FA) profile of tissues, and gene expression of bile salt-dependent (BSDL) and colipase-dependent (CDPL) pancreatic lipases. Four isoproteic (51% crude protein) and isolipidic (14% crude fat) diets were formulated based on a 2 × 2 factorial design with two lipid sources, CO and BSFLO, each tested at two levels of replacement of FO, 30 and 60%. A control diet containing 100% FO was included as a reference. Fish with an overall initial weight (mean ± standard deviation, S.D.) of 3.0 ± 0.1 g were stocked at a density of 100 fish m−3. Each diet was randomly assigned to five replicate tanks, and four tanks for the control. After 7 weeks, weight gain (WG, P = 0.0302) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC, P = 0.0408) were significantly reduced in fish fed the 60% FO replacement level in comparison to the 30% level; fish fed diets containing 30% BSFLO were the only ones achieving statistically similar WG (59.40 g) and TGC (0.175) as fish fed the control diet (WG of 60.68 g and TGC of 0.177). Muscle and liver tissues of fish reflected the FA profiles of experimental diets; fish fed BSFLO showed greater content of lauric acid (12:0) in muscle (0.14–0.17 mg g−1), while alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) was higher in those fed CO (0.25–0.51 mg g−1). Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) content was statistically similar in fillets from all different treatments, demonstrating selective retention of this biologically important FA, but eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) decreased as the level of FO replacement by CO or BSFLO in diets increased. The presence of BSDL and CDPL in the digestive tract of T. macdonaldi was confirmed for the first time, but regulation of their gene expression was not significantly affected at a transcriptional level by the progressive replacement of FO by CO or BSFLO under these experimental conditions. These findings suggest that 30% of FO can be successfully replaced by BSFLO in diets for juvenile T. macdonaldi, and a 100 g fillet from fish fed this diet would provide 284 mg of DHA + EPA, satisfying the daily intake recommended for adult consumers.

Potency of Bentonite and Pelawan Wood Active Charcoal as Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Purity Improvements Through Free Fatty Acid Binding

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is pure coconut oil produced from fresh coconuts and does not contain additional chemicals. VCO has a high lauric acid content which acts as an antibiotic, namely antiviral, antibacterial and antiprotozoal so that VCO can increase the human body's resistance to disease or viruses. Free fatty acid (FFA) levels will significantly affect the quality of VCO. The requirement for maximum fatty acid content in VCO to be suitable for consumption is 0.2%. One of the efforts to reduce the free fatty acid levels of VCO is to use adsorbents such as activated charcoal and bentonite. This study aims to determine the effect of bentonite and activated charcoal of pelawan wood (Tristaniopsis merguensis) enhancers of VCO purity. The results showed that the best reduction in free fatty acids was using bentonite and activated charcoal of wood-furnaced pelawan, which was 0.265, while the best turbidity test result was 0.193.

The influence of α-cyclodextrin on the stability and fatty acids of medium-chain triglycerides high oil load nanoemulsion

This study aims to nanoemulasified virgin coconut oil (VCO) by adding α-cyclodextrin and examining its effects on the MCT-wall ratio, surfactant type, and solid content. The method applied was homogenizing VCO, surfactant, and α-cyclodextrin at 18,000 rpm for 3 min. The variables applied were solid content of 40, 50, 60 % w/w, the surfactant of soya lecithin (HLB = 8), tween 80 (HLB = 15), and MCT–wall ratio of 1:1; 1:1.5 and 1:2. The result showed that the fit solution of multiple response prediction obtained at a maximum value of caprylic, capric, and lauric acid contents were 6.531 %, 5.211 %, and 36.88 %. Meanwhile, α-cyclodextrin and cosurfactant were applied as tween 80 and solid content of 49.29 %w/w at an MCT-wall ratio of 1:1.51. During stability analysis, its homogeneity notified good stability and homogeneity regardless of the color and odor change and the phase separation process.

Influence of tannic acid on milk lipid composition of cows

The study aimed to evaluate tannic acid's influence on lactating cows' diets on milk production and lipid composition. Five crossbred cows (Holstein x Zebu), distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square, were used to evaluate the effect of increasing tannic acid (hydrolyzable tannin). The diets were composed of 35 kg of corn silage as bulking and 6.38 kg of concentrate. The treatments consisted of increasing levels of tannic acid added to diets (0%, 1.3%, 2.6%, 3.9% and 5.2%). It was observed a decreasing linear effect (P<0.05) of the inclusion of tannic acid in the concentration of saturated butyric fatty acids (C4:0) presenting a mean of (2.99), and quadratic effect in the concentration of saturated fatty acids lauric (C12:0) presenting mean (26.74). The addition of tannic acid had effects on saturated fatty acids, decreasing the concentrations of butyric acid and increasing the concentrations of lauric acid. Atherogenicity and thrombogenicity rates reveal the potential for the prevention of coronary heart disease. However, the observed changes do not compromise the milk's chemical composition and nutritional quality,the y nutritional quality of the milk, presenting possibilities of human health benefits, thus enabling the aggregation of value for these products.

Black soldier fly larval meal with exogenous protease in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) production meeting consumer quality

A protein gap exists within the supply of fish feed ingredients due to intensifying global aquaculture production and demands. This is distinctly acute in salmonid farming where protein requirements are higher to other aquatic farmed species. In pursuit of a viable alternative, an eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of including reared black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens ) larvae into rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) diets. Five diets were formulated: a fish meal-based basal diet (CTRL), two diets of BSF incorporation at 15 and 30% (BSF15; BSF30), and two diets at the same incorporation level with the addition of a supplementary protease enzyme (BSF15P; BSF30P) assigned to test potential dietary enhancement. No significant growth performance between the dietary treatments was observed. The fish condition factor in BSF30 was higher than BSF30P ( P =0.025). Fillets showed increased muscle yellowness as dietary BSF increased ( P =0.004). Trout fed BSF displayed significantly lower lipid peroxidation post-harvest ( P < 0.001), with the level of malondialdehyde decreasing with increased dietary BSF, regardless of protease inclusion. BSF meal elevated the saturated fatty acid content of fillets significantly ( P < 0.001) while monounsaturated fatty acids decreased ( P < 0.001). BSF protease treatments elevated the total concentration of protein in the trout body content, reflecting potentially improved protein utilisation efficiency. BSF diet with protease inclusion is a feasible protein and energy concentrate to replace fish meal in rainbow trout diets up to 30%, without negative effects on the growth, proximate composition, fatty acid profile, lipid peroxidation and fillet colour stability of rainbow trout. • Inclusion of black solider fly larvae meal maintains trout growth performance. • Increase in fillet lauric fatty acid content was found in insect meal fed trout. • Use of protease elevated protein content in trout fed with black solider fly meal. • Black soldier fly meal decreased fillet lipid peroxidation. • An increase of fillet yellowness was found in solider fly meal fed trout.

Growth characteristic of probiotic in fermented coconut milk and the antibacterial properties against Streptococcus pyogenes.

This study investigated growth characteristics and antibacterial properties of probiotics in fermented coconut milk (CM) against Streptococcus pyogenes. A total of eight probiotics were screened for their survivability in CM. Antibacterial test against S. pyogenes was carried out on strain with highest growth rate. The survivability of probiotics in CM is strain dependent with S. salivarius ATCC 13419 showing the highest growth rate. Titratable acidity of the CM increased significantly while pH decreased significantly upon 9h fermentation. The antibacterial properties of CM fermented with S. salivarius ATCC 13419 and K12 against S. pyogenes enhanced by 60.60% and 67.69%, respectively, compared to non-fermented CM. Their ability to metabolise carbohydrates and fats in CM was proven where alpha-glucosidase activity of S. salivarius ATCC 13419 and K12 was 22.42 ± 1.73 and 24.92 ± 7.22 unit/L, respectively, whereas, lipase activity was 1498.29 ± 48.50 and 1749.90 ± 254.28 unit/L, respectively. Lipolytic activity of these strains was further evidenced by GC-MS results whereby lauric acid content (potent antibacterial substance) in CM fermented with S. salivarius ATCC 13419 and K12 increased significantly by 5.03% and 10.74%, respectively. In conclusion, fermented CM provided a new alternative of non-dairy functional product with antibacterial potential against S. pyogenes.

Modification of palm kernel oil structure with fatty acid distillate of rice bran oil in an enzymatic fixed-bed mini-reactor

This work proposed the effective process to modify the structure of palm kernel oil (PKO) for improving the melting point. In this process, lauric acid can also be obtained as a valuable by-product. The low-value rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBOFAD) was applied as an acyl donor which was carried out in an enzymatic (Lipozyme TL IM) fixed-bed mini-reactor. The influence of operating conditions including reaction temperature (50–70 °C) and residence time (9–65 min) on the degree of incorporation was investigated. The results indicated that the extraction of lauric acid from the modified PKO was achieved; however, the melting point was not significantly improved. The pretreatment of RBOFAD prior to interesterification was successfully applied to improve the melting point of the structured PKO as well as to extract the lauric acid. Main and interaction effects involving reaction temperature (50–70 °C), residence time (10–30 min), and RBOFAD:PKO volumetric ratio (3:1–9:1) on the melting point were examined and optimized based on the response surface methodology. Maximum melting point of 32.5 °C and 13 wt% of lauric acid (based on the initial amount of PKO) were achieved at the residence time of 10 min, RBOFAD-to-PKO volumetric ratio of 9:1, and the reraction temperature of 50 °C. • Low-value of RBOFAD was used as an effective acyl donor for structured fat. • Modification of palm kernel oil structure was performed in a mini fixed-bed reactor. • High melting point and low lauric acid content of structured fat was obtained. • High eco-friendly and safety purification process was proposed. • Effects of process variables on the melting point were evaluated.

The Effect of Lauric Acid Addition on Characteristics of Biocomposite Edible Film

The biocomposites were prepared from chitosan, carragenan and modified tapioca with lauric acid addition. The biocomposite were used as edible film material thus improving the mechanical characteristics. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of lauric acid addition that produced biocomposites with the best characteristics. This study used experimental method. The different concentration of lauric acid used as the treatment was 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% from total solid of hydrocolloids materials (w/w). Data were analyzed statistically using the F test (ANOVA test) with confidence level of 95%. The results showed more than 10% addition of lauric acid decreased the value of moisture content, tensile strenght, percent elongation and water vapor transmission but increase thickness, opacity and transparency value. The addition of 10% lauric acid produced biocomposite with the best characteristics according to JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) which had the moisture content of 42.65%, thickness of 0.047 mm, tensile strength of 13.8 MPa, percent elongation of 29.2%, water vapor transmission rate of 8.5 g/m2/day, opacity 8.9% and transparency 7.5. This research used renewable and biodegradable materials that can be applied to produce edible packaging with the best characteristics and eco-friendly.

Identifikasi asam laurat pada susu formula bayi 0-6 bulan menggunakan kromatografi gas

Background: Given the importance of the presence of lauric acid and an alternative to breast milk in infants ages 0 months are the formula it will be measured levels of lauric acid in infant formula.&#x0D; Objective: The object of this study is the formula of infants aged 0-6 months circulating in Yogyakarta. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry University of Gadjah Mada in March-June, 2016.&#x0D; Methods: This study is a quantitative research experiments using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscophy. Lauric fatty acids in infant formula can be obtained by identifying the peaks that appeared on the chromatogram by predicting the group of compounds which appear in the mass spectrometer. While quantitative data levels of omega-3 may be obtained by reading the percent relative peak area as a percent of the component compounds being analyzed.&#x0D; Result: Mean of the lauric acid content in infant formula for infants ages 0-6 months as much as 10.187%.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a lauric acid content in the formula for infants ages 0-6 months

Optimization of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Production with Diffuser Type Aeration Method

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is pure coconut oil with low free fatty acid content and high lauric acid content. VCO has been produced in many home industries where the yield obtained is still very small. So, the researchers tried to find a more efficient production process so that they could obtain high process yields. Researchers made VCO using the aeration method with a diffuser type aerator. The experimental variables were air flow rate (L / min): 0.6; 1.8; 4.0; 4,5 and the duration of the aeration process (hours): 2; 3; 4; 5, by using coconut milk from 1 kg of grated coconut in 1 liter of water, the maximum yield is 33.5% at an air flow rate of 4.0 L / min with an aeration time of 4 hours. The quality of VCO obtained were: water content of 0.02%; iodine number 5,54%; peroxidation number 1.36 g.iod / 100 g; 0.19% free fatty acids; saturated fatty acid content of 93.71% and unsaturated fatty acid 6.24% and the color is very clear. The quality test results obtained are in accordance with the quality standards required by SNI 7381-2008.

Optimization of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Production with Diffuser Type Aeration Method

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is pure coconut oil with low free fatty acid content and high lauric acid content. VCO has been produced in many home industries where the yield obtained is still very small. So, the researchers tried to find a more efficient production process so that they could obtain high process yields. Researchers made VCO using the aeration method with a diffuser type aerator. The experimental variables were air flow rate (L / min): 0.6; 1.8; 4.0; 4,5 and the duration of the aeration process (hours): 2; 3; 4; 5, by using coconut milk from 1 kg of grated coconut in 1 liter of water, the maximum yield is 33.5% at an air flow rate of 4.0 L / min with an aeration time of 4 hours. The quality of VCO obtained were: water content of 0.02%; iodine number 5,54%; peroxidation number 1.36 g.iod / 100 g; 0.19% free fatty acids; saturated fatty acid content of 93.71% and unsaturated fatty acid 6.24% and the color is very clear. The quality test results obtained are in accordance with the quality standards required by SNI 7381-2008.