Concentration Of Hydrazine Hydrate Research Articles

Exploring the application of hydrazine hydrate in protonic ceramic fuel cells: Strategies and performance improvements

Hydrazine hydrate, characterized by its high hydrogen content and eco-friendliness, garners extensive attention in the field of fuels. Its high energy density and rapid decomposition capabilities render it a promising fuel option for Proton-Conductor Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (PCFCs). Given the unique properties of hydrazine hydrate, this study employs a dendritic porous anode structure to facilitate faster fuel transport. Additionally, the influence of operational temperature and concentration of hydrazine hydrate as fuel on cell performance is analyzed. An effective vapor management strategy is implemented to address its decomposition into water vapor, resulting in a significant 23.17 % increase in the maximum power density (MPD) of the cell. To further enhance the performance of hydrazine hydrate fuel in PCFCs, a Pt–Al spherical catalyst is integrated within the anode structure of the cell. This approach notably improves the cell performance, yielding an additional 14.98 % increase in MPD. This design not only augments the electrical output but also effectively mitigates the degradation of the interface between the anode and the electrolyte. These optimization measures significantly improve the lifespan and reliability of the cell. The outcomes of this study demonstrate the practical feasibility of using hydrazine hydrate as a fuel in PCFCs.

Insight into the Critical Role of Oxygen Vacancies and V=O Bonds Length in V2O5 for Advanced Zinc Ion Storage.

Due to the larger sizes and stronger positive polarity of Zn2+ than dominant univalent ions, Zn2+ sluggish diffusion within V2O5 host electrodes is an essential issue in developing aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) of higher energy densities. Herein, a high-performance V2O5 cathode was developed through subtly synthesizing and tuning V2O5 with oxygen vacancies-enriched and elongated apical V=O1 bond by altering the gradient concentration of hydrazine hydrate in the gas-solid reaction system. This strategy can enhance both intrinsic and extrinsic conductivity to a large extent. The electrochemical testing demonstrated the oxygen vacancies-enriched and elongated apical V=O1 bond can not only increase the intrinsic electronic conductivity of V2O5, but also induce additional pseudocapacitance to enhance the Zn2+ diffusion kinetics. We used infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to characterize the change in the bond length structure of V2O5. Simultaneously, the long-term cyclability (capacity retention of 76.9 % after 1200 cycles at 4.0 A g-1) and rate capabilities (218 mAh g-1 at 4.0 A g-1) are promoted as well. We believe that our work might shed light on the bond length engineering of V2O5 and provide insights for the reasonable designing of novel cathodes for practical rechargeable ZIBs.

Construction of NiS/MnCdS S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting: Regulation of surface sulfur vacancy and energy band structure

The overall water splitting based on specific photocatalysts is one of the ultimate ways to solve the energy and environmental crisis facing humanity. Sulfide photocatalysts have greater potential in photocatalytic production of solar fuel. However, due to its easy photocorrosion phenomenon, it not effectively driving the water oxidation semi-reaction to produce oxygen, so how to use sulfide photocatalyst to decompose pure water to achieve stoichiometric reaction of H2/O2 production remains a quite challenging task. Herein, sulfur vacancies-rich MnCdS nanoparticles were modified with NiS nanosheets through the hydrothermal derivation method. Different concentration gradients of sulfur-vacancy in MnCdS nanoparticles (MnCdS-Vs-X) with tunable band structures were successful prepared by regulating the concentration of hydrazine hydrate, thus improves the efficiency of light energy utilization and charge separation and the existence of S defects was verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The density function theory (DFT) calculation bears out that the draw into of S vacancy adjusted the band structure of MnCdS. Moreover, the successful construction of an S-scheme heterojunction between NiS and MnCdS-Vs-3 has been strongly demonstrated by in-situ XPS and UPS, which promoted interfacial charge separation and further improved the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency. The as-obtained S-scheme 20 %NiS/MnCdS-Vs-3 heterojunction exhibit excellent visible-light H2 production activity of 4099.55 μmol g−1h−1, 6.75 times higher than pure MnCdS. Most importantly, the excellent and stable photocatalytic overall water splitting activity of H2-509.70 μmol g-1h−1/O2-254.90 μmol g-1h−1 were obtained over 20 % NiS/MnCdS-Vs-3, which further demonstrates the application value of NiS/MnCdS-Vs-3 photocatalysts. This work proposes new ideas for the application of S-vacancies and S-scheme heterojunction in addressing the stability issues associated with sulfide-based photocatalysts in photocatalytic water splitting.

Research and Evaluation of Foam-Drainage Corrosion-Inhibition Hydrate Anti-Aggregation Integrated Agent

In natural gas exploitation, foam drainage, corrosion inhibition and hydrate inhibition of wellbore fluid are conventional operations. However, there is often a problem where multiple chemical agents cannot be effectively used together and can only be used separately, resulting in complex production processes. In this study, the final integrated formulation was determined: 0.1% sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate (AOST) + 0.3% dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) + 0.3% sodium lignosulfonate + 0.5% hydrazine hydrate. The minimum tension of the integrated agent could be reduced to 23.5 mN/m. The initial foaming height of the integrated agent was 21.5 cm at 65 °C, the liquid-carrying capacity was 143 mL, and the liquid-carrying rate reached 71.5%. The maximum corrosion depth also decreased from 11.52 µm without the addition of hydrazine hydrate, gradually decreasing to 5.24 µm as the concentration of hydrazine hydrate increased. After adding an integrated agent, the growth rate of hydrates was slow and aggregation did not easily occur, and the formation temperature was also more demanding. Therefore, the integrated agent has a inhibitory effect on the formation of hydrates and has a good anti-aggregation effect. From the observation of the microstructure, the emulsion is an oil-in-water type, and the integrated agent adsorbs at the oil–water interface, preventing the dispersed water droplets in the oil phase from coalescing in one place. The oil-in-water type emulsion is more likely to improve the performance of the natural gas hydrate anti-aggregation agent.

Changes in Metabolite Profiling and Expression Levels of Key Genes Involved in the Terpenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis) under the Effect of Hydrazine Hydrate.

Mutagenesis is a highly efficient tool for establishing genetic variation and is widely used for genetic enhancement in various plants. The key benefit of mutation breeding is the prospect of enhancing one or several characteristics of a variety without altering the genetic background. In this study, we exposed the seeds of Salvia officinalis to four concentrations of hydrazine hydrate (HZ), i.e., (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) for 6 h. The contents of terpenoid compounds in the S. officinalis plantlets driven from the HZ-treated seeds were determined by GC-MS, which resulted in the identification of a total of 340 phytochemical compounds; 163 (87.48%), 145 (84.49%), 65 (97.45%), and 62 (98.32%), from the four concentrations of HZ (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%), respectively. Furthermore, we used the qRT-PCR system to disclose the "transcriptional control" for twelve TPS genes related to terpenoid and terpene biosynthesis, namely, SoGPS, SoMYRS, SoNEOD, SoCINS, SoSABS, SoLINS, SoFPPS, SoHUMS, SoTPS6, SoSQUS, SoGGPS, and SoGA2. Altogether, results are likely to ensure some positive relationship between the concentrations of the chemical mutagen HZ used for treating the seeds, the type and amount of the produced terpenes, and the expression of their corresponding genes.

Investigation of corrosion inhibitor used in cement

Steel bar corrosion inhibitor can be incorporated into concrete (or mortar) with a small amount, or coated on the cement surface to protect the steel materials. It can prevent or delay the corrosion of metal bars by directly acting on the steel bars in concrete (or mortar), but it does not affect the structure and properties of concrete. In this paper, the single component corrosion inhibitor was screened and evaluated at room temperature by salt water immersion test and static coupon weight loss method. The results show that hydrazine hydrate and KNO3 can effectively prevent the corrosion of reinforcement after being placed in simulated corrosion solution for 7 days. When the concentration of hydrazine hydrate and KNO3 is greater than 0.5%, the corrosion inhibition rate of KNO3 is 95.44% (100mg·L−1).

Recovery of Aluminium 319.1 Alloy(S) From Metal Turning Scrap

The concern of this work was to recover the standard Al 319.1 alloy as specified; Al-Cu-Zn and Mg from turning scrap by hydrometallurgy method. The activity process utilizes H2O2 in ammonia/ammonium carbonate in order to dissolve copper by selection. Tin and lead leached with hydrochloric acid in hot conditions. Lead chloride precipitates on cooling. Leaching reborn into carbonate by leach with soda ash solution. After analyses, the exact volume of solution that contain the required weight of the designated metal was mixed. Metals of tin, copper and lead recovered from the leach merchandise by chemical reduction victimization reducer hydrazine hydrate or ascorbic acid. The metals particles so obtained were filtered, compacted by pressing and melted under a carbon/alkali salt flux. Parameters poignant the recovery potency of the investigated method, like time, temperature, H2O2, hydrazine hydrate concentration and stoichiometric ratio 1: 1. 1-1.5 of the acid: solid turnings have been investigated. Results obtained show that melting of the turnings at temperature up to 1400 °C didn't recover the commonplace alloy due to thermal volatilization of tin and escape of lead into the scum. The hydrometallurgical process is vital to sick metals from the turning's scrap oxide of the metals originally gift within the scrap. Metals getting into the scum were recovered within the same manner. Free metals were recovered from the leached products by reduction with the aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate. The pressed metal powder was sintered at 550 °C for 10 minutes. The activation energy of the latter method amounts to 83.6, 12.7 and 51.73 kJ/mol for copper, lead and tin respectively. the most recovery potency of the recommended methodology amounts to 98.7%. A preliminary economic analysis suggests that the method may be feasible for wailing and structure applications

Hydrothermal blackening on AISI 4140 steel with and without hydrazine hydrate

The blackening coating is a conversion coating with the black colour of crystallised magnetite (Fe 3O4) on the surface of steel. The coating is to be soaked with oil or wax to prevent the corrosive environment. Recently, the technique to synthesise the black coating, hydrothermal method is introduced. In the synthesis process, hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O) is often recommended as a catalyst but it is also reported toxicity. In this work, AISI 4140 was hydrothermally immersed in the FeSO4·7H2O added NaOH solution with and without addition of hydrazine hydrate. During the process, the temperature and pressure of the chamber were controlled at 140°C and 2 bar, respectively. To confirm the formation of Fe 3O4, the samples were characterised by SEM and XRD. These results showed that the coatings were composed of octahedron morphology in all conditions and the thicknesses of the coating with hydrazine hydrate concentration of 0.0, 0.1, and 0.5M were 7.05, 9.25, and 8.75 μm, respectively. With hydrazine hydrate, the Fe3O4 layer can be easily formed. However, the results of the oxalic acid spot test and potentiodynamic polarisation indicated the equivalence in quality of the coating, despite the absence of hydrazine hydrate.

Hydrothermally synthesized α-MnS nanostructures for electrochemical water oxidation and photocatalytic hydrogen production

Manganese based nanostructures have been extensively used in different applications such as solar cell, photoelectrochemical and opto-electronics devices. Manganese sulfide nanostructure was prepared employing hydrothermal technique with different concentration of hydrazine hydrate (HZH). In observed XRD pattern, high intensity peak at (200) confirmed cubic structure formation of MnS nanostructures. MnS nanomaterials with high concentration of reducing agent such as hydrazine hydrate exhibited better morphology with maximum conductivity and investigated by using TEM images. MnS@4 ml HZH achieved large 191F/g specific capacitance at 10 mV/s in 1 M KOH. MnS@4 ml HZH sample obviously showed high 191F/g specific capacitance than other two samples. MnS@4 ml HZH exhibited high current density (295 mA/g) with the low overpotential of 184 mV. Strong reducing and complexing agent of hydrazine hydrate controlled nanoparticles size and structure is beneficial to improve its surface area and porous nature of synthesized material resulting to exhibit the excellent OER and HER activity. The obtained surface area, pore volume and pore diameter were found to be 13.95 m2/g, 0.027 cc/g and 3.948 nm respectively. The photocatalytic hydrogen production was also studied for MnS@4 ml HZH sample under light irradiation of 450-watt Xe-Hg lamp, which exhibited the average rate activity of 223.4 mmol.h−1.

Application of synthesized copper nanoparticles using aqueous extract ofZiziphus mauritiana L. leaves as a colorimetric sensor for the detection of Ag.

The presented work demonstrates the preparation of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) via aqueous leaves extract of Ziziphus mauritiana L. ( Zm ) using hydrazine as a reducing agent. Various parameters such as volume of extract, concentration of hydrazine hydrate, concentration of copper chloride, and pH of the solution were optimized to obtain Ziziphus mauritiana L. leaves extract derived copper nanoparticles ( Zm -CuNPs). Brownish red color was initial indication of the formation of Zm -CuNPs while it was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at wavelength of 584 nm using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. Synthesized Zm -CuNPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). AFM images showed that the particle size of Zm -CuNPs was from 7 to 17 nm with an average size of 11.3 nm. Fabricated sensor ( Zm -CuNPs) were used as a colorimetric sensor for the detection of Ag + at a linear range between 0.67 × 10 -6 – 9.3 × 10 -6 with R 2 value of 0.992. For real water samples, limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for Ag + was found to be 330 × 10 -9 and 100 × 10 -9 , respectively.

Nickel Colloid Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties

Nickel nanoparticles stabilized in aqueous emulsion of copolymers were prepared in a few minutes using polyol assisted-microwave (MW) process. This approach based on the reduction of metal salt (NiCl2·6H2O) in the presence of low concentration of hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O) using a commercial copolymer (latex) as both, reducing and stabilizing agents. The reaction parameters such as the precursor concentration, copolymer and MW power affect significantly the reaction rate and the shape/size (2.5 nm to 7 nm) of Ni nanoparticles. Ni NPs were stored at room temperature for approximately 6 months without any visible change, which indicate the important role of latex copolymer as a good stabilizer for Ni NPs, The structural and optical properties have been studied separately using UV–Visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXs). TEM images using high magnifications identified the Ni NPs as spherical shapes. The FTIR spectra indicate that Ni nanoparticles attached to the copolymers (latex) at the surface by the stretching vibration of O–H bond, which gives crucial information on the interface structure Ni NPs/Latex marked by a reduced coupling between spins at NPs surfaces. Magnetic properties were demonstrated using SQUID (Quantum Design Squid/VSM). The shift observed in hysteresis loop (M–H) measured at 2 K due to the spin–spin reduced coupling at the nanoparticles surfaces, which gives spin-glass like behavior in the system. In other hand, the zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and the field-cooled (FC) measurements under magnetic field of 100 Oe exhibited the blocking temperature TB that strongly depends on Ni particle sizes.

Nitrogen-Enriched Porous Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fibers for CO2 Capture

Utilizing porous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers as the precursors, porous carbon fibers were obtained by cross-linking of precursor fibers with hydrazine hydrate and subsequent heat treatment. A nitrogen content of more than 14 wt % was achieved in the carbon fibers. The porous carbon fiber that was prepared at low concentration of hydrazine hydrate (5 wt %) showed an optimal BET surface area of 277.4 m2/g with micro-/meso-/macropores. The CO2 adsorbed amount of this porous carbon fiber was 101 mg/g at 25 °C under atmospheric pressure, which was 2.1 times that of the fiber without cross-linking with hydrazine hydrate. In the simulated flue gas environment (10% CO2/90% N2), the adsorption capacity of the above-mentioned porous fiber was 32 mg/g at 25 °C, which was 1.4 times that of the fiber without cross-linking. These CO2 adsorption results demonstrated that the nitrogen functionalities and porous structure of the porous carbon fiber played an equivalent important role in the adsorption of CO2. The porou...

Effect of complexing agent on the chemically deposited ZnS thin film

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films have been deposited onto fluorine doped tin oxide and microscopic glass substrates from an aqueous alkaline reaction by chemical bath deposition. The effect of concentrations of hydrazine hydrate (HyH) (complexing agent) on the deposit is studied. X-ray analysis confirm the growth of nanocrystalline ZnS thin films with reflections (111), (220) and (311) correspond to cubic crystalline phase. TEM results support the growth of cubic ZnS layers. The energy band gap was successfully tailored from 2.77 to 3.80 eV. Photoluminescence study indicates a strong band-edge emission with some defect like vacancies. It was also noticed that HyH plays an important role on the nucleation. The remarkable improvement in the growth rate of ZnS thin films have been observed upon increasing the contents of HyH. Nearly stoichiometric ZnS layer was obtained upon annealing prepared with 2.5 M HyH. The crystallinity was found to be increased upon annealing the layers. The ideality factor for the ZnS layers prepared with 0 and 1.0 M HyH were obtained ~1.71 and 1.24, respectively. The capacitance–voltage plots behave according to Schottky–Mott theory. The doping concentrations ~1017 and 1018 cm−3 were calculated for the layers deposited with 0 and 1.0 M HyH, respectively.

Effect of hydrazine hydrate concentration on structural, surface morphological and optoelectronic properties of SILAR deposited PbSe thin films

Lead Selenide (PbSe) thin films have been deposited by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method to investigate the effect of hydrazine hydrate on film properties. The peak behavior of the X-ray diffractogram corroborates crystalline nature of PbSe thin films. The intensity of the major peaks attributable to PbSe improved at higher concentrations up to 5ml HH and gets reduced for 7ml HH. The average crystallite size is in the range 18.18–33.37nm. The film surface of lower HH sample is composed of spherical grains which are arranged in a compact manner. On increasing HH some clusters appears on the surface of the film over a homogeneous background. The AFM micrographs show that the surfaces of the lead selenide thin films consist of dense distribution of nanoscale particles with a range of grain sizes. The roughness obtained is in the range 13.7–76.3nm. Highly crystalline sample, 5HH exhibits very good topography. The direct band gap values are in the range 1.425–1.803eV. Thus by varying HH we have been able to tune the band gaps over a wide range. The highly crystalline sample 5HH with least strain and excellent topography exhibits maximum conductivity.

Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide for electro-Fenton system by oxygen reduction using chemically modified graphite felt cathode

A simple chemical method using hydrazine hydrate as the main reagent was firstly used to modify graphite felt as cathode for efficient electro-Fenton process. The influences of the different concentration of hydrazine hydrate were comparatively studied on the yield and current efficiency of H2O2 production, confirming that the modified cathode had much higher electrocatalytic activity. The optimum concentration of the hydrazine hydrate was 10%, and the yield of H2O2 was as 2.6 times as that without modification under the same conditions. The cyclic voltammetry analysis indicated that the modified cathodes exhibited stronger current responses and more negative hydrogen evolution potentials than the unmodified one. The operational parameters such as cathodic potential, pH and O2 flow rate were optimized for the efficient H2O2 electrogeneration. The maximum accumulation of H2O2, up to 247.2mg/L, was obtained at −0.75V (vs. SCE) and O2 flow rate of 0.4L/min. The influence of pH on the yield of H2O2 was slight, but it was obvious on current efficiency. The modified cathode was confirmed to be more efficient in degradation of p-nitrophenol by electro-Fenton process at both acidic and neutral pH, indicating the positive effect of chemical modification onto the performance.

Concentration dependence of graphene oxide–nanoneedle manganese oxide composites reduced by hydrazine hydrate for an electrochemical supercapacitor

Graphene-MnO2 composites are reduced from GO-MnO2 using various concentrations of hydrazine hydrate with a fixed reduction time to optimize the hydrazine concentration to obtain excellent electrochemical performance. Changes in the oxygen-containing functional groups are observed as the concentration of hydrazine is varied. These changes affect the electrical conductivity and density of MnO2 nanoneedles, which impact the surface area and can significantly affect the supercapacitive performance. The characterization of morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared composites demonstrates that MnO2 is successfully formed on the GO surface and GO is successfully reduced by using hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent. The capacitive properties of the graphene-MnO2 electrodes which reduced 50 mM of hydrazine (RGO-MnO2(50)) show a low sheet resistance value as well as a high surface area, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance (383.82 F g(-1) at a scan rate of 10 mV s(-1)). It is anticipated that the formation of nanoneedle structures of MnO2 on graphene oxide surfaces utilizing the 50 mM hydrazine reduction procedure is a promising fabrication method for supercapacitor electrodes.

Controlled growth of nickel nanocrystal arrays and their field electron emission performance enhancement via removing adsorbed gas molecules

We present the fabrication of Ni nanocone arrays on Ni foil substrate as well as gas exposure field electron emission experiments using them as cold electron cathodes. The self-assembly of nanoscale building blocks into organized conical superstructures is achieved by the assistance of oriented attachment. These Ni nanocones grow only along the [111] direction and to be controlled mainly rely on two factors: the surface energies and the lattice matching extent of the attached surfaces. On the basis of the equilibrium between nucleation rate and crystallization rate, Ni nanocones with different aspect ratio (0.2–2.2) are prepared by adjusting the concentration of hydrazine hydrate and growth temperature. Field electron emission measurements indicate that the as-grown Ni nanocone array is an excellent field emitter exhibiting low turn-on field, high current density, and large field enhancement factor due to sharper tips and better contact with the Ni substrate. Meanwhile, we find that adsorbed gas molecules greatly hindered the field electron emission performance of the Ni nanocone array, and oxygen and nitrogen gases show different suppressive behaviors, which strongly correlate with the electronegativity of the individual species. Repeated applying voltage or ‘vacuum J–E annealing’ could significantly improve field emission properties and stability, which is attributed to desorption of the adsorbed gas molecules through Joule heating.

Investigation on the structure and optical properties of chemically deposited ZnSe nanocrystalline thin films

ZnSe thin films are deposited onto glass substrates by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at different hydrazine hydrate concentrations and different zinc sulfate concentrations using the precursors of zinc sulfate, sodium selenosulphate, hydrazine hydrate, ammonia and de-ionized water. The morphology, structural and optical properties of ZnSe nanocrystalline thin films were investigated as a function of hydrazine hydrate concentration or zinc sulfate concentration using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–visible spectrophotometer measurements. The results reveal that the ZnSe thin films are composed of a large number of uniform spherical particles. The crystal structure of ZnSe nanocrystalline thin films is the zinc-blende structure. Both the average diameter of the spherical particles and the grain size of the nanocrystals increase with an increase in hydrazine hydrate concentration and/or zinc sulfate concentration. The optical band gap of the ZnSe thin films decrease with an increase in hydrazine hydrate concentration and/or zinc sulfate concentration due to the quantum-size effects. The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the ZnSe nanocrystalline thin films during deposition are discussed.

Determination of hydrazine hydrate based on electrochemiluminescence of Ru(bpy) 3 2+

Considering of the basic properties and also the two nitrogen atoms in the structure, hydrazine hydrate was employed to be an amine additive candidate, to build a Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) /hydrazine electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system, and ECL of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) has been employed for the determination of hydrazine hydrate in the paper. The result demonstrated that the logarithmic ECL increasing (ΔECL = ECL(after addition of hydrazine) - ECL(before addition of hydrazine)) versus the logarithmic concentration of hydrazine hydrate is linear over a concentration range of 1.0 × 10(-9) to 1.0 × 10(-5) mol/L, on both glassy carbon and Pt electrodes in a pH 9 phosphate buffer. The hydrazine hydrate detection limit was down to 1.0 × 10(-9) mol/L, comparatively lower than other detection methods. To check its applicability, the proposed method was applied to the determination of hydrazine hydrate added into a tap water sample with good reproducibility and stability. All these provide a possibility to develop a novel ECL detection method for hydrazine in water.

Preparation of the Novel Nanocomposite Biurea/Montmorillonite via <i>In Situ</i> Synthesis

Using the urea intercalated montmorillonite (Urea/MMT) as the precursor, a novel nanocomposite biurea intercalated montmorillonite (Biurea/MMT) was prepared via the in-situ synthesis process through the introduction of hydrazine hydrate (HY). The resulted nanocomposites were characterized by using techniques such as XRD, FTIR, solid state NMR as well as thermal analyses, etc. The influence of the concentration of the HY on the products was also investigated. The XRD results showed the variation of the interlayer spacing of MMT from 1.51 nm to 1.71 nm for Urea/MMT. When the concentration of HY was low, the substitution of urea by HY was taken place which resulted in the decrease of the interlayer distance to 1.27nm. When the concentration increased to greater than 40%, the new phase with basal spacing of 1.75 nm was dominated. It indicated that a novel nanocomposite was synthesized in-situ. The solid state NMR results confirmed the in-situ formation of Biurea/MMT in which the chemical shifts of13C and15N of the intercalated biurea were slightly different from the bulk biurea. The intercalated biurea decomposed easily than those bulk powders due to the highly dispersion in the interlayer space of MMT.