Abstract
The presented work demonstrates the preparation of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) via aqueous leaves extract of Ziziphus mauritiana L. ( Zm ) using hydrazine as a reducing agent. Various parameters such as volume of extract, concentration of hydrazine hydrate, concentration of copper chloride, and pH of the solution were optimized to obtain Ziziphus mauritiana L. leaves extract derived copper nanoparticles ( Zm -CuNPs). Brownish red color was initial indication of the formation of Zm -CuNPs while it was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at wavelength of 584 nm using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. Synthesized Zm -CuNPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). AFM images showed that the particle size of Zm -CuNPs was from 7 to 17 nm with an average size of 11.3 nm. Fabricated sensor ( Zm -CuNPs) were used as a colorimetric sensor for the detection of Ag + at a linear range between 0.67 × 10 -6 – 9.3 × 10 -6 with R 2 value of 0.992. For real water samples, limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for Ag + was found to be 330 × 10 -9 and 100 × 10 -9 , respectively.
Highlights
Silver (Ag) is a rare, naturally occurring element in the earth
Synthesis protocol of copper nanoparticles Various parameters, such as, volume of aqueous extract of Ziziphus mauritiana L. (Zm) leaves, volume of reducing agent (1 M hydrazine solution), volume of precursor salt (0.01 M CuCl2.2H2O), and pH were optimized by UV-vis spectrometer and the data represented in the supplementary file as Figures S1–S4, respectively
UV/ Vis spectroscopy was used for the optimization of different parameters such as precursor salt (CuCl2), reducing agent, capping agent, and pH for the synthesis of small size CuNPs
Summary
Silver (Ag) is a rare, naturally occurring element in the earth. It is considered as one of the more important metals after gold, for the preparation of ornaments. Determination of Ag+ at trace level in water has remained a very important task for many researchers for health and economical reasons Already, various techniques such as inductive couple plasma mass spectrometric methods (ICP-MS) [9], stripping voltammetry [10], atomic emission and electrochemical methods [11], and stripping and Kelvin force probe microscopic methods [12] have been reportedly used for the detection of silver ion at trace level. Various techniques such as inductive couple plasma mass spectrometric methods (ICP-MS) [9], stripping voltammetry [10], atomic emission and electrochemical methods [11], and stripping and Kelvin force probe microscopic methods [12] have been reportedly used for the detection of silver ion at trace level These methods require lengthy sample preparation, hazardous chemicals, sophisticated instruments, and need trained operators. There are the two novel aspects of the current work; it is the first time that Zm plant extract has been used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles, and there are currently no other studies on copper nanoparticles for colorimetric sensing of Ag+
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