Concentrations Of Glyphosate Research Articles

Impact of glyphosate residues in sow diets on neonatal piglets: tail kinks, stillborn and diarrhoea

Among the applications, glyphosate-based herbicides are used for pre-harvest crop desiccation and weed management in glyphosate resistant crops. Due to these applications glyphosate residues have been found in feedstuff for conventional livestock. Besides its herbicidal property, glyphosate has documented mineral chelating and antimicrobial properties. Previous studies have found glyphosate residuals in animal organs, and glyphosate may cause adverse effects in animals during the embryonic or neonatal period. The present study has two endpoints; (1) whether glyphosate concentration in the diets fed to sows during early gestation, was associated with the frequency of congenital tail kinks and stillborn piglets, and (2) whether the glyphosate concentration in diets fed to lactating sows, is associated with the frequency of diarrhoea in neonatal piglets. The concentration of glyphosate in 78 gestation diets obtained from seven Danish conventional sow herds ranged from 0.08 to 1.52 mg/kg dry matter (DM) and in 34 lactation diets from 0.06 to 0.87 mg/kg DM. When correcting for an average DM content of 88.3% in gestation diets and 89.0% in lactation diets the concentration of glyphosate ranged from 0.07 to 1.34 and 0.05 to 0.77 mg/kg feed, respectively. In the first study, 28,336 docked tails from 2 to 4-day-old piglets were assessed for congenital tail kinks and the number of kinky tails per herd per week was linked to the glyphosate concentration in sow diets during week 1 to 6 of gestation. Percentage of kinky tails and stillborn piglets ranged from 0 to 2.60% and 0.7 to 3.2% per week, respectively. No associations between the glyphosate concentration in sow gestation diets and the frequency of kinky tails or stillborn piglets were found. In the second study, faeces consistency of 5,526 piglets from 386 litters was linked to the glyphosate concentration in sow lactation diets. A proportion of 0.15 of the 0- to 5-day-old piglets had diarrhoea. No association was found between the concentration of glyphosate in sow lactation diets and the frequency of diarrhoea in neonatal piglets.

Cocktails of pesticide residues in Prochilodus lineatus fish of the Salado River (South America): First record of high concentrations of polar herbicides

Muscle and viscera (gills-liver) of the fish Prochilodus lineatus were obtained from four sites of lower course of Salado river and one site at Santa Fe river near to its confluence with Salado river from Santa Fe (Argentina) between December 2021 and February 2022. Sediment samples were also obtained from the same sites. All samples were analyzed for pesticide residues following the QuEChERS method to quantify 136 compounds by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-EI-MS/MS. Overall, muscle fish tissue showed very high concentrations (maximum concentrations detected) of the insecticide cypermethrin (204 μg/kg), polar herbicides (glyphosate; 187 μg/kg and its degradation product (aminomethylphosphonic acid) AMPA; 3116 μg/kg, and glufosinate-ammonium; 677 μg/kg), and the fungicide pyraclostrobin (50 μg/kg). In viscera samples, high values of cypermethrin (506 μg/kg), chlorpyrifos (78 μg/kg), and lambdacyhalothrin (73 μg/kg) were the main pesticides found. Mean residues concentrations detected among sites were not significantly different neither in muscle nor viscera of P. lineatus in most of the cases. Exceptionally, the southernmost studied site of the Lower Salado river showed significant differences in concentration of residues found in muscle, due to high concentrations of glyphosate and glufosinate-amonium (KW = 11.879 and KW = 13.013, respectively, P < 0.05). Other norther Lower Salado river site showed significant higher AMPA concentration in fish viscera than in the rest of the studied sites (KW = 12.86 P < 0.05). Some sediment samples showed low levels of herbicides such as glyphosate (24 μg/kg) and fungicides. However, the world highest levels of polar herbicides were recorded in fish muscle. The results of this study highlight the need for periodic monitoring due to the high concentration of pesticides and its potential risk in a very important commercial freshwater fish from Argentina, which is consumed locally and exported to other countries for human consumption.

Effective Removal of Glyphosate from Aqueous Systems Using Synthesized PEG-Coated Calcium Peroxide Nanoparticles: Kinetics Study, H2O2 Release Performance and Degradation Pathways.

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is a non-selective, broad-spectrum organophosphate herbicide. Its omnipresent application with large quantity has made glyphosate as a problematic contaminant in water. Therefore, an effective technology is urgently required to remove glyphosate and its metabolites from water. In this study, calcium peroxide nanoparticles (nCPs) were functioned as an oxidant to produce sufficient hydroxyl free radicals (·OH) with the presence of Fe2+ as a catalyst using a Fenton-based system. The nCPs with small particle size (40.88 nm) and high surface area (28.09 m2/g) were successfully synthesized via a co-precipitation method. The synthesized nCPs were characterized using transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques. Under the given conditions (pH = 3.0, initial nCPs dosage = 0.2 g, Ca2+/Fe2+ molar ratio = 6, the initial glyphosate concentration = 50 mg/L, RT), 99.60% total phosphorus (TP) removal and 75.10% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were achieved within 75 min. The degradation process fitted with the Behnajady-Modirshahla-Ghanbery (BMG) kinetics model. The H2O2 release performance and proposed degradation pathways were also reported. The results demonstrated that calcium peroxide nanoparticles are an efficient oxidant for glyphosate removal from aqueous systems.

Glyphosate in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California

BackgroundResidential use of pesticides has been associated with increased risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We evaluated determinants of glyphosate concentrations in house dust and estimated ALL risk in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS). MethodsThe CCLS is a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California. Among those < 8-years (no move since diagnosis/reference date), we collected dust (2001–2007) from the room where the child spent the most time while awake and measured > 40 pesticides. Three-to-eight years later, we collected a second sample from non-movers. We used Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry to measure glyphosate (µg/g dust) for 181 ALL cases and 225 controls and for 45 households with a second dust sample. We used multivariable Tobit regression to evaluate determinants of glyphosate concentrations. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for ALL and quartiles of the concentration (first samples) using unconditional logistic regression. We computed the within- and between-home variance and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). ResultsGlyphosate was frequently detected (cases: 98 %; controls: 99 %). Higher concentrations were associated with occupational pesticide exposure, nearby agricultural use, treatment for lawn weeds and bees/wasps, and sampling season. Increasing concentrations were not associated with ALL risk (adjusted ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.8, CI: 0.4–1.4). We observed similar null associations for boys and girls, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, and among those who resided in their home since birth (76 cases/117 controls) or age two (130 cases/176 controls). The ICC was 0.32 indicating high within-home temporal variability during the years of our study. ConclusionsWe observed higher concentrations in homes associated with expected predictors of exposure but no association with childhood ALL risk. Due to continuing use, potential exposure to young children is high. It will be important to evaluate risk in future studies with multiple dust measurements or biomarkers of exposure.

Protection of Mitochondrial Potential and Activity by Oxyprenylated Phenylpropanoids.

A series of five naturally occurring oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids, namely, the coumarins auraptene (7-geranyloxycoumarin) 1 and 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin 2, and the coumaric acid and ferulic acid derivatives, 4'-isopentenyloxycoumaric acid 3, boropinic acid 4, and 4'-geranyloxyferulic acid 5 were tested for their effects on mitochondrial functionality using the organophosphate pesticides glyphosate and chlorpyrifos, and resveratrol, as the reference. While not showing an appreciable in vitro antioxidant activity, and virtually no or a little effect on the viability of non-cancer cell lines BEAS-2B and SHSY-5Y, all phytochemicals exhibited a marked protective effect on mitochondrial potential and activity, with values that were comparable to resveratrol. Auraptene 1 and 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin 2 were seen to be the most effective secondary metabolite to this concern, in particular in being able to completely abolish the decrease of mitochondrial potential induced by increasing concentration of both glyphosate and chlorpyrifos. All the compounds tested also exhibited a protective effect on mitochondrial activity. The potency displayed will shed more light on the molecular basis of the beneficial effects of auraptene, 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin, and structurally related oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids reported to date in the literature.

Toxicity of POEA-containing glyphosate-based herbicides to amphibians is mainly due to the surfactant, not to the active ingredient

Current international legislation regarding agrochemicals requires thorough toxicological testing mainly of the active ingredients. In a 96-h acute toxicity test we exposed Rana dalmatina and Bufo bufo tadpoles to either one of three concentrations of glyphosate, three concentrations of the surfactant (POEA), three concentrations of the two components together, or to non-contaminated water (control), and subsequently assessed mortality and body mass. To investigate whether simultaneous exposure to another stress factor influences effects of the contaminants, we performed tests both in the presence or absence of predator chemical cues. We found that the surfactant had significant harmful effects on tadpoles; survival was lowered by the highest concentration of the surfactant in case of R. dalmatina, while in B. bufo tadpoles it reduced survival already at medium concentrations. Body mass was significantly influenced by medium and high surfactant concentrations in both species. The presence of glyphosate did not have a significant effect by itself, but it slightly increased mortality in tadpoles exposed to medium concentrations of the surfactant in both species. The presence of chemical cues did not have an effect on the examined variables. Our study confirms that the toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides is mainly due to the examined surfactant. Nonetheless, we found that glyphosate can enhance the harmful effect of the surfactant. These results stress that during the authorization process of new pesticide formulations, not only the active ingredients would need to be examined but the excipients should also be taken into account in an obligatory and systematic manner.

Mechanistic modeling indicates rapid glyphosate dissipation and sorption-driven persistence of its metabolite AMPA in soil.

Residual concentrations of glyphosate and its main transformation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) are often observed in soils. The factors controlling their biodegradation are currently not well understood. We analyzed sorption-limited biodegradation of glyphosate and AMPA in soil with a set of microcosm experiments. A mechanistic model that accounts for equilibrium and kinetic sorption facilitated interpretation of the experimental results. Both compounds showed a biphasic dissipation with an initial fast (up to Days 7-10) and subsequent slower transformation rate, pointing to sorption-limited degradation. Glyphosate transformation was well described by considering only equilibrium sorption. Model simulations suggested that only 0.02-0.13% of total glyphosate was present in the soil solution and thus bioavailable. Glyphosate transformation was rapid in solution (time required for 50 % dissipation of the total initially added chemical [DT50 ]=3.9min), and, despite strong equilibrium sorption, total glyphosate in soil dissipated quickly (DT50 =2.4d). Aminomethylphosphonic acid dissipation kinetics could only be described when considering both equilibrium and kinetic sorption. In comparison to glyphosate, the model simulations showed that a higher proportion of total AMPA was dissolved and directly bioavailable (0.27-3.32%), but biodegradation of dissolved AMPA was slower (DT50 =1.9h). The model-based data interpretation suggests that kinetic sorption strongly reduces AMPA bioavailability, leading to increased AMPA persistence in soil (DT50 =12d). Thus, strong sorption combined with rapid degradation points to low risks of glyphosate leaching by vertical transport through soil in the absence of preferential flow. Ecotoxicological effects on soil microorganisms might be reduced. In contrast, AMPA persists, rendering these risks more likely.

Behavioural and Haematological Alterations in the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to Varying Concentrations of Glyphosate

Extensive use of herbicides poses a serious threat to aquatic life due to runoff from treated fields. A static bioassay method was used to evaluate the toxicity of acute exposure to glyphosate on Clarias gariepinus behaviour and haematological parameters. Glyphosate was tested at varying concentrations (0.72, 1.44, 2.16, and 2.88 mg/l (control), 0.72, 1.44, 2.16, and 2.88 mg/l) for 96 hours in the laboratory. Significant (P &lt; .05) dose-dependent behavioural and morphological changes of respiratory disturbance, erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium, mucous secretion, and mortality were recorded in the surviving fish. Erythrocyte (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and leukocyte (WBC) values decreased significantly (P &lt; .05) in treated fish as compared with controls. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were not significantly different (P &gt;.05) between the treated and control fish. Insignificant dose-dependent changes in the counts of neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils were also induced by glyphosate. The variations seen in this study demonstrated that glyphosate had a detrimental effect on the health of the fish. Educating farmers on recommended modes for the administration of glyphosate-herbicides on farmlands should be implemented and enhanced.

Negligible Toxicokinetic Differences of Glyphosate by Different Vehicles in Rats.

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide. Although glyphosate is not acutely toxic, the intake of glyphosate-based herbicides has caused many accidents. Some studies have suggested that surfactants might be the cause. The purpose of this study was to compare the toxicokinetic (TK) properties of glyphosate according to different vehicles in rats. Glyphosate (1%) was dissolved in distilled water (DW), polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA), and Tween 20. After a single oral treatment of glyphosate (50 mg/kg), blood was collected at time intervals, and glyphosate concentrations in the target organ (liver and kidney) were determined 24 h after final blood collection. All samples were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The TK parameters of glyphosate were similar in the DW and Tween 20 groups. However, there were significant differences in Tmax and volume of distribution (Vd) between the DW and POEA group (p < 0.05). Glyphosate was absorbed about 10 times faster in POEA group rather than DW, and exhibited a higher distribution. However, other important TK parameters of T1/2, AUC, and Cmax were not statistically different among the different vehicle groups. Although glyphosate concentration in the liver was significantly higher in the POEA group than in the DW group, there was no significant difference in the kidney. These results indicate that the toxicokinetics of glyphosate are not significantly affected by POEA. It can be concluded that POEA toxicity itself can be attributed to the acute toxicity of glyphosate-containing products.

Glyphosate exposure and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers in the Agricultural Health Study.

Glyphosate is the most widely applied herbicide worldwide, and its use has been associated with increased risks of certain hematopoietic cancers in epidemiologic studies. Animal and in vitro experiments suggest that glyphosate may induce oxidative stress, a key characteristic of carcinogens; however, evidence in human populations remains scarce. We investigated associations between glyphosate exposure and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study, a molecular epidemiologic subcohort in the Agricultural Health Study. This analysis included 268 male farmers selected based on self-reported recent and lifetime occupational glyphosate use and 100 age- and geography-matched male nonfarmers. Concentrations of glyphosate and oxidative stress biomarkers (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG], 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α, and malondialdehyde [MDA]) were quantified in first-morning-void urine. We performed multivariable linear regression to evaluate associations of urinary glyphosate and self-reported glyphosate use with each oxidative stress biomarker. Urinary glyphosate concentrations were positively associated with levels of 8-OHdG (highest vs lowest glyphosate quartile; geometric mean ratio = 1.15, 95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 1.28; Ptrend = .02) and MDA (geometric mean ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 1.40; Ptrend = .06) overall. Among farmers reporting recent glyphosate use (last 7 days), use in the previous day was also associated with statistically significantly increased 8-OHdG and MDA levels. Compared with nonfarmers, we observed elevated 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α levels among farmers with recent, high past 12-month, or high lifetime glyphosate use. Our findings contribute to the weight of evidence supporting an association between glyphosate exposure and oxidative stress in humans and may inform evaluations of the carcinogenic potential of this herbicide.

Urine glyphosate exposure and serum sex hormone disruption within the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES)

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. Numerous in vitro and in vivo model system studies have demonstrated endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) properties associated with glyphosate/GBH exposure. The present hypothesis-testing study evaluated the potential inverse dose-dependent relationship between increasing urinary glyphosate and decreasing concentrations of blood sex hormones. Demographic and newly available lab test data from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed with survey regression modeling (adjusted for age, gender, race, and country of birth) in Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software. A total of 225, 615, 858 weighted-persons (sample n = 2130 persons) were examined for concentrations of urinary glyphosate and serum sex hormones (including: total testosterone, total estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)) among males and females, 6 years-old or older. This study revealed about 82% of the population of the United States examined had detectable urinary concentrations of glyphosate. A significant inverse correlation between concentrations of glyphosate and total estradiol and a trend towards an inverse correlation between concentrations of glyphosate and total testosterone were observed. Concentrations of SHBG and glyphosate did not correlate. Ratios of total testosterone:SHBG and total estradiol:SHBG (estimating the fraction of active sex hormones in the blood) were significantly inversely correlated with urinary concentrations of glyphosate. This epidemiological study associates widespread and ongoing glyphosate/GBH exposures with human endocrine-disruptions. Future studies should examine these phenomena in other databases and other endocrine-related disorders.

Effects of spinetoram and glyphosate on physiological biomarkers and gut microbes in Bombus terrestris.

The sublethal effects of pesticide poisoning will have significant negative impacts on the foraging and learning of bees and bumblebees, so it has received widespread attention. However, little is known about the physiological effects of sublethal spinetoram and glyphosate exposure on bumblebees. We continuously exposed Bombus terrestris to sublethal (2.5mg/L) spinetoram or glyphosate under controlled conditions for 10days. The superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, carboxylesterase, prophenoloxidase, α-amylase and protease activities, and changes in gut microbes were measured to understand the effects of sublethal pesticide exposure on the physiology and gut microbes of bumblebees. Sublethal pesticide exposure to significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity and significantly decreased gut α-amylase activity in bumblebees but had no significant effect on glutathione-S-transferase, carboxylesterase or gut protease activities. In addition, glyphosate increased the activity of prophenoloxidase. Interestingly, we observed that neither of the two pesticides had a significant effect on dominant gut bacteria, but glyphosate significantly altered the structure of the dominant gut fungal community, and reduced the relative abundance of Zygosaccharomyces associated with fat accumulation. These results suggest that sublethal spinetoram and glyphosate do not significantly affect the detoxification system of bumblebees, but may affect bumblebee health by inhibiting energy acquisition. Our results provide information on the sublethal effects of exposure to low concentrations of glyphosate and spinetoram on bumblebees in terms of physiology and gut microbes.

Glyphosate metabolism in Tetrahymena thermophila: A shotgun proteomic analysis approach.

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. However, because of its overuse and resistance to degradation, high levels of glyphosate residues in the environment are reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of glyphosate on proteomic aspects of Tetrahymena thermophila and their uses as bioindicators of freshwater ecosystem. First, an acute toxicity test was performed to determine the median inhibition concentration (IC50 ). The toxicity test results showed that glyphosate inhibited the growth (proliferation) of T. thermophila. The 96 h-IC50 value of glyphosate was 171 mg L-1 . No visible changes in aggregation behavior and cell morphology were observed under glyphosate exposure. In addition, the effects of low and high dose glyphosate concentrations (77.5mg L-1 , 171 mg L-1 ) on the proteomic changes of T. thermophila was investigated using a label-free shotgun proteomic approach. A total of 3191 proteins were identified, 2791 proteins were expressed in the control, 2651 proteins were expressed in 77.5mg L-1 glyphosates, and 3012 proteins were expressed in 171 mg L-1 glyphosates. Under glyphosate exposure at both low and high dose glyphosate, 400 unique proteins were upregulated. The majority of these proteins was classified as proteins associated with oxidative stress response and intracellular transport indicating the shifts in the internal metabolism. Proteomics revealed that the glyphosate metabolism by T. thermophila is a multi-step process involving several enzymes, which can be divided into four phases, including modification (phase I), conjugation (phase II), transport (phase III), and degradation (phase IV). The accumulation of various biochemical reactions contributes to overall glyphosate resistance. With the proteomics approach, we have found that T. thermophila was equipped with glyphosate detoxification and degradation mechanisms.

Determination of Glyphosate, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid and Glufosinate in Tea Samples of Russia

A method for the determination of glyphosate (Gly), glufosinate (Glu) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was developed and validated in tea samples (loose leaf and tea-bag tea types) using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with tandem mass-spectrometry. The sample preparation method was consists of: extraction by acidified water followed by SPE on Oasis HLB, derivatization by FMOC-Cl, concentration and usage of another SPE stage on Oasis WCX. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 mg/kg was reached for Gly and Glu; 0.1 mg/kg for AMPA. Recovery values ranged from 94% to 115% in depending of analyte and concentration level. The RSD values were ranged from 3 to 15%. The correlation coefficients were higher than 0.99. The method was applied in 2021-22 for analysis of tea samples, which revealed about 82% of positives above LOQ level and about 38% of positives with concentrations more than 0.2 mg/kg. Three samples with concentrations of glyphosate between 1-1.07 mg/kg were found. The glyphosate content in green tea was less in 3 times, in comparison with black tea.

Studying the expression of productivity and immunity genes of chickens under the influence of feed glyphosate using the RNA-seq method

The aim of the study was to study the effect of different concentrations of glyphosate on meat productivity and differential expression of genes for immunity and broiler productivity. Broilers were divided into groups: Control I, who received a diet without the introduction of glyphosate, Experimental II, who received a diet with the addition of glyphosate at a dose of 10 mg/kg of feed (0.5 MPC for food); Experimental III, who received a diet with the addition of glyphosate at a dose of 20 mg/kg of feed (1 MPC); Experimental IV, who received a diet with the addition of glyphosate at a dose of 100 mg/kg of feed (5 MPC). Transcriptome analysis was performed by RNA-seq on the Illumina Miseq platform, using the TruSeq Stranded mRNA kit (Illumina, USA). In the 22-28-day period of broiler rearing, a decrease in live weight gain (83 g less) was observed in Experimental group III compared to Control I (P≤0.05). It has been shown that glyphosate at the level of 1 and 5 MPC for food causes activation (P≤0.05) of the proinflammatory response genes (IL15, IL1B, IL34, IL22) and apoptosis (Casp1, Casp2, Casp6, Casp7, Casp8, Casp9) up to 31.1 times, which probably leads to the redistribution of nutrients in in the body towards the immune system, reducing the functions of absorption in the intestine. In parallel, there is an inhibition (P≤0.05) of the expression of genes that have a direct effect on growth and development, which ultimately leads to a decrease in poultry meat productivity. Exposure to glyphosate is an important but unaccounted-for risk factor for reducing meat productivity in birds, acting through a change in gene expression.

An analytical method for the determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphoric acid using an anionic polar pesticide column and the application in urine and serum from glyphosate poisoning patients.

An analytical method for the determination of glyphosate (GLY) and aminomethylphosphoric acid (AMPA) in biological fluid samples (serum and urine) from poisoning patients using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is established. After the sample pretreatment, including protein precipitation and a modified liquid-liquid extraction method, the chromatographic separation was conducted on a trifunctional modified hydrophilic column. The mobile phases in the gradient program were 2.5% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) models and the isotope-labeled internal standards were used in the acquisition process. Good linearities and satisfying recovery rates were obtained in two sample matrices with good RSDs. The detection limits of GLY and AMPA were <2 μg L-1, which were close to those obtained in our previous research. The established method was applied to biological samples from five patients with glyphosate intoxication. The analysis of the trend for the concentration of GLY and AMPA in two biological samples was investigated, and the difference in the downward trend of AMPA in urine was found in patients with a relatively higher concentration of GLY in serum.

Investigations into differential glyphosate sensitivity between two horseweed (Conyza canadensis) growth types

AbstractHorseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist] grows in one of two distinct growth phenotypes, “rosette” and “upright” growth types, and they have recently been observed co-occurring in Michigan fields. Previous research found that upright plants from two glyphosate-resistant populations were 3- and 4-fold less sensitive to glyphosate than their rosette siblings. Further experiments were conducted to investigate whether differential glyphosate sensitivity of the growth types was due to glyphosate retention, absorption, or translocation. The total amount of glyphosate retained on the C. canadensis leaf surface was similar for both growth types; however, on a per-weight and per-area bases, the upright growth type retained 21% and 18% less glyphosate, respectively. Glyphosate absorption was up to 85% at 168 h after treatment (HAT), and was not different between the rosette and upright growth types or between the susceptible (S) and resistant (R) biotypes. Additionally, there was no difference in translocation between the two growth types within each biotype at any time point. Interestingly, at 168 HAT, [14C]glyphosate translocation was higher in the S rosette compared with the two growth types from the R biotype; however, the S upright type was similar to both R growth types. Thus, glyphosate resistance in the R biotype may be due to an alternative mechanism rather than impaired translocation, which has been cited as the primary mechanism of glyphosate resistance in C. canadensis. These results suggest that reduced glyphosate retention on a per-weight and per-area bases of the upright growth type may contribute to increased glyphosate tolerance due to a diluted concentration of glyphosate in the plant. However, another factor is likely related to the mechanism of resistance within the R biotype, which is contributing to a 3-fold difference in glyphosate sensitivity between the two growth types, such as alterations in EPSPS gene expression or changes in undescribed metabolism genes.

Mobilização de reservas de sementes e morfologia de plântulas de soja geneticamente modificada tratada com glifosato

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of the glyphosate herbicide on seed reserve mobilization and seedling morphology of genetically modified soybean. Two herbicide-tolerant (TMG 1264RR and P98Y11) and two herbicide-sensitive (Emgopa 315 and UFUS 7415) cultivars were selected for the study and subjected to germination, seedling length, and reserve mobilization tests after treatments with glyphosate solutions at the concentrations of 0.00, 0.06, and 0.12%. The hypocotyl/radicle ratio and the efficiency of conversion of reserves to seedlings were also determined. The higher the concentration of glyphosate, the lower the percentage of normal seedlings and the shorter seedling length, mainly in the herbicide-sensitive cultivars. The 'TMG 1264RR' glyphosate-tolerant genotype mobilized more reserves and was more efficient in converting biomass into seedlings. Herbicide application reduced the average length of the seedlings and caused the roots to become shorter than the hypocotyls. During germination, the herbicide changes seedling morphology since the seedling hypocotyl becomes proportionally larger than the radicle. Although, when applied, glyphosate altered the length, weight, and reserve mobilization of the four evaluated genotypes, the most affected were 'Emgopa 315' and 'UFUS 7415', the glyphosate-sensitive ones.

Photocatalytic degradation of glyphosate using TiO2/Al2O3/CNT

Excessive use of glyphosate in agriculture has a negative impact on the environment because it causes runoff, which affects water sources and causes pollution. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) is the method for resolving water contamination concerns, and photocatalytic degradation using TiO2/Al2O3/CNT nanocomposites has been observed to be a reliable solution for degrading glyphosate. The photocatalyst of TiO2/Al2O3/CNT nanocomposite was prepared using various ratios which were 70:20:10, 70:29:1 and 70:30:0. These photocatalysts TiO2/Al2O3/CNT were prepared using hydrothermal process. The prepared TiO2/Al2O3/CNT photocatalyst nanocomposite has been applied to degrade glyphosate in order to assess its performance. Hence, the effect of initial glyphosate concentration and amount of photocatalyst used during photocatalytic degradation of glyphosate were investigated. This study found that 20 mg of 70:30:0 ratio TiO2/Al2O3/CNT nanocomposite photocatalyst gave the highest percentage degradation of 5 mg/L of glyphosate which was 84.9%. The lowest degradation percentage for 5 mg/L of glyphosate was 68.2% using the 5 mg of ratio 70:20:10 TiO2/Al2O3/CNT nanocomposite photocatalyst. Finally, the prepared photocatalyst was beneficial in degrading herbicide.

Human Health Risk of Glyphosate Residues in Rice (Oryza sativa) and Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) In Gombe State, Nigeria in an Era of COVID-19 Pandemic

Samples of beans and rice were collected from five Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Gombe State for the quantitative determination of glyphosate residues. The residue extraction was performed using acetonitrile/water (50/50%) solution and the extracts were injected into the injection block of gas chromatography in tandem with a mass spectrophotometer for separation and quantification. The concentrations of glyphosate in bean samples ranged between 0.0164 mg/kg and 0.0508 mg/kg higher than the residues found in rice samples between 0.0175 mg/kg and 0.0434 mg/kg. The highest concentration of glyphosate residues in beans was 0.0508±0.01 mg/kg from Gombe LGA while the rice sample from Akko LGA was highest with 0.0434±0.02 mg/kg. Both samples in all the LGAs were found to be lower than their respective Maximum Residual Limits (MRLs) and lower than the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.5mg/kg/day. Health Index, HI &lt; 1 was obtained in all samples; indicating that the residues in the grains do not pose any threat to the exposed population. However, the Cancer Risk Index, CRI for children were 7.32x10-4 and 4.090x10-4while those for adults were 9.140x10-2 and 5.120x10-4 for beans and rice respectively. The TCRI for children and adults were 1.140x10-3 and 6.030x10-4 respectively. These are indications that the exposed population is at high risk, with the children more susceptible, probably due to low body weight. The study, therefore, suggests strict monitoring of the use of glyphosate-based herbicides to curtail or minimize the risk of possible bioaccumulation in the body and also calls on further studies on human urine and blood samples of farmers within the study area for further toxicological studies.