Feed Phase Concentration Research Articles

Optimization of ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole extraction in green diluent liquid membrane using Plackett-Burman and Box Behnken designs

Removal of ibuprofen (IBP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from wastewater is a key to environment protection and ecosystem sustainability. The current study investigates the use of green diluents as safer alternatives to hazardous petrochemical diluents in pharmaceutical extraction. Organic phase contains sunflower oil (SFO) and carrier Aliquat 336 effectively extracts IBP and SMX. Plackett-Burman Design (PPD) identifies significant parameters and the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) determines the interaction between parameters in emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). The extraction process considered various parameters such as time factors (emulsification and extraction), concentrations (carrier and initial feed phase), stirring speed, feed phase pH, phase ratios (Vem/Vfeed and O/I) and ionic strength. The results show that the most influential parameter was the initial concentration of feed phase, with standardised effects of 6.58 and 7.38 for IBP and SMX, respectively. ANOVA revealed that the extraction of IBP and SMX followed a quadratic model with R2 > 0.99. The optimal ELM, formulated of 0.1 M Aliquat 336, 50 mg/L IBP and pH 9 stripping phase, achieved 94.10% IBP extraction, while a 0.5 M resulted in 93.48% SMX extraction. This research is crucial for the development of a green extraction system and reducing the impact of hazardous materials on the environment. The research also established a quadratic model for extracting IBP and SMX from the aqueous phase.

Evaluation of alginate hydrogel stabilized Pickering emulsion liquid membrane for methylene blue extraction from aqueous solutions

In this work, the potential of an alginate hydrogel stabilized Pickering emulsion liquid membrane (PELM) for methylene blue (MB) extraction from aqueous solution was investigated. The waste cooking oil (WCO) was used as a green diluent, aliquat 336 was used as a carrier, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as a stripping agent to synthesize PELM. The use of WCO replaces the hazardous and ecologically harmful petroleum-based organic solvents that are frequently employed in PELM production. The MB removal was maximum at internal phase concentration 1:5, initial external feed phase concentration 5 ppm, emulsifier concentration 1% (w/w), carrier concentration 20% (w/w) and O/A ratio 1:1. The mechanism of MB extraction by PELM was elucidated. The maximum extraction efficiency was 91.58% at optimum condition. The kinetic study revealed that the MB extraction by PELM followed a zero-order reaction. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis indicated that the extraction process was both endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate the potential of PELM as a promising technique for the extraction of MB from aqueous solutions using alginate hydrogel as an eco-friendly and sustainable materials.

The Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquids TOAH+Cl- and TODAH+Cl- as Carriers for Facilitated Transport of In(III) from HCl Solutions.

A study of indium(III) transport across an immobilized liquid membrane using the pseudo-protic ionic liquids TOAH+Cl- and TODAH+Cl- as carriers has been carried out using batch experiments. Metal transport is investigated as a function of different variables: hydrodynamic conditions in the feed (375-1500 min-1) and receiving (500-750 min-1) phases, HCl (0.5-7 M) and indium (0.01-0.2 g/L) concentrations in the feed phase and carrier (1.25-40% v/v) concentration in the membrane phase. Indium is conveniently recovered in the receiving phase, using a 0.1 M HCl solution. Models are reported describing the transport mechanism, which consists of a diffusion process through the feed aqueous diffusion layer, fast interfacial chemical reaction, and diffusion of the respective indium-pseudo-protic ionic liquid through the membrane. The equations describing the rate of transport are derived by correlating the membrane permeability coefficient to diffusional and equilibrium parameters as well as the chemical composition of the respective indium-pseudo-protic ionic liquid system, i.e., the carrier concentration in the membrane phase. The models allow us to estimate diffusional parameters associated with each of the systems; in addition, the minimum thickness of the feed boundary layer is calculated as 3.3 × 10-3 cm and 4.3 × 10-3 cm for the In-TOAH+Cl- and In-TODAH+Cl- systems, respectively.

Artificial neural network approach towards the separation of ethylparaben and diclofenac using pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion technique

Pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion technique is known to be an effective way to separate pollutants from industrial wastewater. In the present study, data driven model like artificial neural network was developed for the prediction of extraction of ethylparaben and diclofenac using pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion technique. The feed, carrier and stripping phase concentration were taken as input parameters, whereas percentage of the extraction was chosen as an output parameter. The models were developed by carrying out the statistical analysis of parameters namely; root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error. The regression values achieved for training data set were 0.9956 and 0.97562 for ethylparaben and diclofenac separation, respectively. The results demonstrated that the artificial neural network model gives an accurate prediction of extraction data and hence can be quite helpful in designing the wastewater treatment plants.

Synergistic interaction between organophosphorus extractants for facilitated lanthanum transport through supported liquid membrane

The development of the membrane process is an effective strategy that increases the efficiency of separation processes. Extraction of lanthanum in the category of rare earth elements with the supported liquid membrane was examined in a laboratory system by studying the synergistic effects of organophosphorus extractants. The experimental design technique (CCD approach) was used in two steps to optimize the results. In the first step, the concentrations of the organophosphorus extractants (mixtures of D2EHPA, TBP and TOPO), and in the second step, secondary parameters such as the amount of ions present in the aqueous solution, the acidity concentration of feed phase and stripping solution were optimized to reach the maximum permeability coefficient through the membrane. The optimum conditions for TOPO, TBP, and D2EHPA extractant concentration, pH of the feed solution, La(III) ion concentration, and HNO 3 stripping phase were obtained equal to 0.1 M, 0.3 M, 0.8 M, 5.2, 200 ppm, and 2 M, respectively. The extraction and stripping efficiencies in optimum condition are obtained equal to 56.89, and 49.88%, respectively. The correlation coefficient equal to 0.96 and 0.94 in both steps showed the validity of models to predict permeability coefficient for lanthanum extraction. • Supported liquid membrane is an appropriate method for extraction of lanthanum. • Important parameters were optimized with the central composite design method. • New Synergistic trend was observed in the addition of extractant in the SLM. • Antagonistic trend was appeared in the addition of TOPO to D2EHPA extractant. • Positive effects were observed in the increase of pH of the feed solution.

Enhanced separation of nitrophenols from wastewater by using ammonium ionic liquid with thiocyanate anion in supported liquid membrane

ABSTRACT The present investigation deals with separation of various types of nitrophenols using SILM technique. Several ionic liquids were developed and the SILM parameters such as role of ILs, feed and strip phase concentration, wastewater pH, salt effect and mixture of pollutants were thoroughly investigated. The percentage extraction and stripping, flux, apparent rate constants and selectivity were evaluated. The selected ammonium IL being more polar than the imidazolium IL showed better separation of 2-nitrophenol. The SILM constituting an ammonium IL with SCN anion exhibited extraction efficiency of >96% and Ka: 0.264 h−1. The change in feed concentration showed maximum transport of nitrophenol at 300 ppm concentration (Ka: 0.673 h−1). The membranes were repeated for 4 cycles which demonstrated good stability for runs of more than 48 hours. The selectivity of 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6- trinitrophenol over nitrobenzene was 26, 36 and 58, respectively. The morphology of membranes was studied by using FTIR and FE-SEM and the transport mechanism was elucidated. With the optimized parameters, a concentration factor of 7 can be achieved in the present SILM system. The application of SILM including ammonium IL with SCN anion shows a promising potential for the treatment of various types of nitrophenol bearing wastewater.

Removal of Acetaminophen Residues from Wastewater by Bulk Liquid Membrane Process

The removal of Anit-Inflammatory drugs, namely; Acetaminophen (ACTP), from wastewater by bulk liquid membrane (BLM) process using Aliquat 336 (QCl) as a carrier was investigated. The effects of several parameters on the extraction efficiency were studied in this research, such as the initial feed phase concentration (10-50) ppm of ACTP, stripping phase (NaCl) concentration (0.3,0.5,0.7 M), temperature (30-50oC), the volume ratio of feed phase to membrane phase (200-400ml/80ml), agitation speed of the feed phase (75-125 rpm), membrane stirring speed (0, 100, 150 rpm), carrier concentration (1, 5, 9 wt%), the pH of feed (2, 4, 6, 8, 10), and solvent type (CCl4 and n-Heptane). The study shows that high extraction efficiency for ACTP of about 97% was achieved by a bulk liquid membrane at 50 ppm initial concentration of feed; stirring speed of feed phase 130 rpm; stirring speed of membrane phase 100rpm; 0.5 M NaCl concentration; carrier concentration 1wt%; volume ratio of 200ml feed:80ml membrane; feed pH of ACTP is 6, and 50˚C. The transport kinetics was evaluated using a kinetic model with two consecutive first-order irreversible reactions. The kinetics of (ACTP) transport by bulk liquid membrane was investigated at the best experimental conditions. The activation energy values of the extraction and stripping processes were 1.733 and 1.826 kJ.mol−1. The activation energy confirms that the transport process from solutions is controlled by diffusion.

Statistical analysis of operating variables for pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion technique: ethylparaben separation from aqueous feed stream

Ethylparaben (EP) is a member of parabens family which are the esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid possessing anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties. But studies have pointed towards their endocrine disrupting prospective. Their large consumption as preservatives have made it possible for them to enter in the aquatic streams. In spite of their considerable removal in wastewater treatment plants, parabens are still detected in extremely small amounts in aqueous streams which could be harmful to the aquatic life. EP exists in the range of 0.3–1600 ng/L in aquatic streams like river water, influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plant. So comprehensive investigation were carried out using pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion (PEHFSD) technique with pseudo-emulsion consisting of trioctylamine (carrier), n-heptane (solvent) and sodium carbonate (stripping phase) for the removal of EP from aqueous solution. In this study, emphasis has been given to the use of full factorial design for the optimization of several operational variables like concentration of feed, carrier and stripping phase for EP removal. Statistical analysis of variance was examined to find out the importance of every factor. Interaction plot was used to study the interdependence between the factors and their combined influence on the %extraction of EP. Contour plots provided the optimum concentration range for the maximum EP extraction and 100% removal was achieved by PEHFSD technique at optimum conditions. The mass transfer coefficients were evaluated at optimal conditions.

Experimental studies on removal of arsenites from industrial effluents using tridodecylamine supported liquid membrane.

In this article, we report the efficient removal of arsenic in the form of arsenite (As(III)) from an aqueous solution which was applied on the industrial effluents. A flat-sheet polypropylene-supported liquid membrane (SLM) was clamped between the feed phase and strip phase in a liquid membrane permeator setup using tridodecylamine (TDDA) as carrier for extraction of As(III). We have optimized the reaction in changing different parameters such as metal, acid concentration in feed phase, strip phase concentration, and carrier concentration for the maximum As(III) transport through the SLM. The flux value, time of extraction, the stoichiometry of the complex formed, and membrane stability were also investigated. As a result of different experiments performed, we find the best conditions of 0.1mol/L of TDDA, 1.0mol/L of HCl in feed phase at optimum pH1, and 1.0mol/L of NaOH in stripping phase for the maximum As(III) removal. The optimized reaction was utilized on effluent collected from different industries. During repeated set of experiments on a single polypropylene membrane, it was found that it could withstand five consecutive experiments. Moreover, as high as 93% of extraction efficiency was achieved in 180min.

Characterization and stability study of pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber membrane: Separation of Ethylparaben

Ethylparaben (EP), being one of the members of parabens family is an endocrine disrupting compound. Despite their efficient elimination in waste water treatment plants, parabens are still noticed in river waters. Studies were conducted by Pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion (PEHFSD) system using pseudo-emulsion comprised of Trioctylamine (carrier), n-heptane (solvent) and Na2CO3 (strippant) for EP elimination from aqueous feed phase. Influence of different operational factors like concentration of feed, carrier and stripping phase were studied for EP removal. 100% removal of EP was achieved by PEHFSD system. Permeability studies were conducted and mass transfer coefficient for aqueous and membrane phase were also evaluated at optimum conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the bonding and existence of various functional groups in the membrane phase. Field emission scanning electron microscope revealed the pores on hollow fiber membrane surface. Droplet size distribution and backscattering profile of pseudo-emulsion at different impeller speed indicated instability of pseudo-emulsion and concentrated EP can be easily recovered. Multiple runs conducted with fresh feed solution and fresh pseudo-emulsion showed 100% removal of EP for five runs which indicated stability of membrane phase within the micropores for longer time. The recyclability of pseudo-emulsion phase was also studied by contacting the fresh feed with the previously used pseudo-emulsion phase. It was observed that removal of EP was 100%, 73% and 43% for 1st, 2nd and 3rd run respectively.

Cloud point extraction of La(III) by C13E10 non-ionic surfactant: Statistical refinement of experimental optimization by L9 Taguchi’s design

The cloud point extraction experiments of La(III) ions using the C13E10 as non-ionic surfactant were carried out. The experimental optimization was realized by the classical method when optimizing one experimental factor at the time. The results showed that the La(III) ions were extracted at 61.77% and stripped from the loaded coacervate phase at 90.26% in one-stage with the nitric acid solution of 10−1 M. The most influent experimental factors such as: initial concentration of feed phase (A), C13E10 concentration (B), quantity of sodium chloride salt (C) and pH of aqueous feed solution (D) were studied by the Taguchi’s DOE methodology using an orthogonal array L9 (3^4). Statistical study based on the ANOM and ANOVA analysis showed that the factor D constituted a noise and the levels optimum combination for the maximum extraction yield of La(III) was at: C0=150ppm and [C13E10]=15% w/w without the add salt. These results were refined by using the Design-Expert 7 software where the predicted extraction yield of La(III) was in good agreement with that obtained experimentally (62.88% against of 61.77%), in which the standard deviation was of 1.81%.

Extractive continuous extractor for chromium recovery: Chromium (VI) reduction to chromium (III) in sustainable emulsion liquid membrane process

Abstract This work reports, for the first time, a detailed investigation on the Chromium (VI) reduction to Chromium (III) in a sustainable continuous emulsion liquid membrane process. This method is used in the treatment of authentic rinse electroplating wastewater containing 40 ppm Chromium (VI) concentration. The liquid membrane phase is composed of palm oil as diluent, Span 80 as surfactant, trioctylmethylammonium chloride as extractant, and acidic thiourea solution as an internal reagent. The statistical experimental design was applied in optimizing the process parameters for the removal of chromium by a sustainable continuous emulsion liquid membrane process. Recovery and enrichment of the less toxic Chromium (III) at optimum process conditions were further studied. Optimization of chromium removal was investigated using the response surface methodology. Within the range of the selected operating conditions, the optimized values of emulsion to an external feed phase ratio, agitation speed and retention time are found to be 1:5, 342 rpm and 170 s. For instance, 99% of Chromium could be extracted at the optimum process conditions. The recovered species of Chromium (VI) was efficiently stripped into the internal phase (82%) as less-toxic Chromium (III) using 2.0 M thiourea in 2.0 M sulfuric acid as the strippant. In the meantime, up to 200 ppm external feed phase concentration seems to be the best range of condition for the recovery process of chromium from rinse electroplating wastewater.

Preliminary Study of Emulsion Liquid Membrane Formulation on Acetaminophen Removal from the Aqueous Phase.

The aim of this study is to develop an Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) system for the extraction of acetaminophen (ACTP). Firstly, ELM was formulated by the screening of liquid membrane components where the compatibility of diluent with other membrane phase components was investigated. The chosen carrier, diluent and stripping solution must comply with the reaction at the interface of the membrane to support the simultaneous processes of extraction and stripping. Therefore, parameters such as stripping agent concentration, volume ratio, initial concentration of feed phase and HCl concentration were investigated. A stable emulsion and maximum acetaminophen removal efficiency of 85% was achieved.

Separation of Diclofenac using pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber membrane: Optimization by Box-Behnken response surface design

Diclofenac (DCF) is an anti-inflammatory drug detected in various aquatic sources and found harmful to aquatic life. In spite of adopting various treatment techniques, complete removal is not observed and remaining DCF can interact with other existing contaminants leading to the generation of more toxic contaminants in wastewater. In the present work, investigations on removal of DCF from aqueous solutions were carried out through Pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion (PEHFSD) technique with pseudo-emulsion consisting of Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as carrier, n-heptane as diluent and HCl as stripping phase. Morphological features of hollow fiber membrane module were revealed through Field emission scanning electron microscopy which shows pore size and size distribution ranging from 95 nm to 120 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of membrane phase before and after extraction of DCF confirms interaction between D2EHPA and DCF. Contact angle measurement shows that due to hydrophobicity and strong capillary force, membrane phase retains within the micropores of the hollow fiber and helps to diffuse DCF forming DCF-D2EHPA complex. Uniform droplet sizes and size distribution of pseudo-emulsion provides high interfacial contact area and higher extraction efficiency. Studies on permeability and investigations regarding the effect of several operational parameters such as concentration of feed phase (F), carrier (C) and stripping phase (S) for the extraction of DCF as well as multivariable optimization were carried out by Response surface methodology using Box-Behnken design approach. 97.50% extraction of DCF was achieved with PEHFSD technique at optimum conditions.

Experimental and modeling studies on Cd (II) ions extraction by emulsion liquid membrane using Triton X-100 as biodegradable surfactant

In the recent years, the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is considered as an attractive effective and alternative technique for the removal of toxic heavy metals from various aqueous waste effluent streams. In this work, ELM method is used to remove cadmium ions from stream water. Emulsion liquid membrane consisted of kerosene as organic solvents; Triton X-100as stabilized biodegradable surfactant and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid(D2EHPA) as carrier or extractant. At a fixed temperature (20 °C) Cd (II) extraction yield, Y (%), quantifying the efficiency of the process, was considered as a function of three parameters: D2EHPA/Triton X-100 ratio ranging from 0.5 to 3.5, initial feed phase concentration between 300 and 500 ppm and feed phase pH from 5 to 9.The experimental of the process parameters was optimized using an empirical smoothing method. The results were represented on three-dimensional plots using the Box-Behnken design and the response surface methodology. It was indicated that the calculated values being in good agreement with experimental data that under the optimized conditions ([Cd] =500 ppm, V agitation = 200–300 rpm, t = 20 min and pH = 7.6), Cd (II) ions extraction was recorded more than 98% of efficiency.

Removal of acetic acid from aqueous solutions using bulk ionic liquid membranes: A transport and experimental design study

In this research, the removal of acetic acid from aqueous solutions using bulk ionic liquid membrane (BILM) containing tributyl phosphate (TBP) was investigated. The effects of various parameters in BILM like the stirring, the initial acetic acid concentration in feed phase, the extractant (TBP) concentration and the selectivity of different ionic liquids in the membrane phase and the stripping phase type and concentration were investigated. For this purpose, a statistical experimental design study was applied. Face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was utilized as the experimental design. The values of extraction and stripping removal efficiencies of different BILM systems were determined, and compared. Also, the optimal conditions to acquire the higher removal efficiency were determined. The higher removal efficiency values were obtained in systems where the TBP concentration in the membrane phase was 2 mol/L and NaOH concentration in the stripping phase was 4 N. The removal study shows that BILM can be used as an effective method for the removal of acetic acid from its aqueous solutions.

Application of edible paraffin oil for cationic dye removal from water using emulsion liquid membrane

Using an emulsion liquid membrane based on edible oils is investigated for removing cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. There is a great potential for using edible oils in food industry extraction processes. The parameters affecting the stability of the emulsion and the extraction rate were studied. These parameters were the emulsification time, the stirring speed, the surfactant concentration, the internal phase concentration, the feed phase concentration, the volume ratio of internal phase to organic phase and the treat ratio. In order to stabilize the emulsion without using a carrier, edible paraffin oil and heptane are used at an 80:20 ratio. The optimum conditions for the extraction of methylene blue (MB), crystal violet and methyl violet (CV and MV) cationic dyes using edible paraffin oil as an environment friendly solvent are represented. A removal percentage of 95% was achieved for a mixture of dyes. The optimum concentration of sodium hydroxide in the internal phase, which results a stabile emulsion with a high stripping efficiency of 96%, was 0.04 M. An excellent membrane recovery was observed and the extraction of dyes did not decrease up to seven run cycles.

Evaluation of the emulsion liquid membrane performance on the removal of gadolinium from acidic solutions

This work evaluates the performance of emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) for the extraction of gadolinium(III) from acidic solution. The ELM was made up of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as carrier, Span 80 (sorbitol monooleate) as emulsifying agent, commercial kerosene as organic diluent and Nitric acid as stripping phase. Important physical and chemical variables affecting the ELM performance for the extraction of gadolinium(III) such as carrier concentration, mixing time, surfactant concentration, agitation speed, initial pH of the feed phase, internal phase concentration, treatment ratio, and feed phase concentration were systematically investigated. Results indicated that the highest gadolinium(III) extraction can be attained after 10 min of mixing by using 0.05 M D2EHPA, 1.5% (v/v) Span 80, 1.0 M nitric acid as stripping phase at feed phase pH of 2, agitation speed of 180 rpm, and treatment ratio of 1:10. At the optimum condition, simultaneous quantitative extraction (>99%) and stripping (>79%) of gadolinium were achieved. Furthermore, the overall mass transfer coefficient was calculated and the results revealed that the extraction was interfacially controlled.

Extraction and pre-concentration of lead from copper by emulsion liquid membrane technique using an ionic liquid

The study of the recovery process of lead from aqueous nitrate medium using emulsion liquid membrane technique was achieved by the optimization of the extraction and pre-concentration of Pb(II) ions. This has been conducted by the method of optimizing one experimental parameter at a time. The chemical process of recovery consists of a quaternary amine salt (Aliquat 336) as ionic liquid extractant and a non-ionic surfactant (Tween20) as reagent for dispersion and emulsion formation. Thus, several experimental parameters such as carrier concentration, surfactant concentration, time and stirring speed of feed phase, initial concentration and pH of feed concentration phase were studied. Pb(II) ions extraction was optimized using tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as the solvating organophosphorus compound in the emulsion phase. From the results, the lead ions were extracted at 92 ± 0.04% by Aliquat 336 in the presence of TOPO. For the stage of Pb(II) pre-concentration, the nature and concentration effects of the stripping solution were studied. So, the loss of the Pb(II) ions in the membrane phase was minimal when using the nitric acid solution as a stripping solution. It was preconcentrated at 83.55%. The separation experiments of Pb(II) from Cu(II) were given on the basis of the optimal conditions of lead(II) recovery. Thus, the separation factor of lead over copper was equal to 1.47.

Emulsion ionic liquid membrane for recovery process of lead. Comparative study of experimental and response surface design

The technique of emulsion ionic liquid membrane (EILM) was used as chemical process for Pb(II) recovery, from nitrate medium, using Aliquat336 as ionic liquid carrier. The Tween20 as a dispersive non-ionic surfactant was used for the emulsion formation. The optimization of the extraction and pre-concentration of Pb(II) was determined by optimizing one parameter at the time. So, several experimental parameters as: carrier concentration, surfactant concentration, time and stirring speed of feed phase, initial concentration and pH of feed phase, were studied. The results showed that the lead ions were extracted at 82.61% by Aliquat336 and recovered at 82.16%, in aqueous solution of the nitric acid, from a feed phase of lead(II) nitrate of 207.2ppm at pH equal to 5.5, in presence of 1% w/w Aliquat336 and 0.5% w/w of Tween20 under 30min of stirring at 210rpm. The tests of separation experiments of Pb(II) and Cu(II) were carried on the basis of the optimal conditions of lead (II) recovery. Thus, the separation factor of lead over copper was equal to 1.30, obtained from their equimolar synthetic mixture. Indeed, the recovery of Cu(II) can be advantageous towards of Pb(II) if the molar composition of Cu/Pb in mixture was of 0.65. Response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Benheken Design (BBD) was used for the statistical study. So, the reduced cubic of the quadratic model showed that the predicted values were in good agreement with those found experimentally and the parameter of ionic liquid concentration has an important individual effect on the response. Therefore, the recovery of Pb(II) can be predicted at 82.14% with the best desirability of the chosen model under our experimental conditions.