Concentrations Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Determination of Biological Activity and Biochemical Content of Ethanol Extract from Fruiting Body of Tricholoma bufonium (Pers.) Gillet

The current study investigates the biochemical composition and biological activities of ethanol extract from the fruit body of Tricholoma bufonium, marking the first detailed examination of this species. The primary goal was to assess the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract from the fruit body of T. bufonium against a range of bacterial strains. Conventional microbiological and biochemical techniques were employed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the extract and to determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Furthermore, a GC-MS analysis identified bioactive compounds, such as palmitic acid and oleic acid, which are likely contributors to the observed antimicrobial activity. The anti-biofilm activity was tested using glucose monohydrate-modified environments for biofilm formation, while the antioxidant potential was measured using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay, and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) assay. The ethanol extract exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, with MIC values as low as 0.0338 mg/mL for several pathogens. Additionally, the extract exhibited significant anti-biofilm activity against Bacillus cereus and antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 11.745 mg/mL. These results suggest that ethanol extract from the fruit body of T. bufonium may be a potent candidate for developing novel antimicrobial agents, particularly against resistant strains such as MRSA, while also providing antioxidant benefits.

Formulation of Ethanol Extract Cream of Sikkam Leaves (Bischofia javanica Blume) as an Antifungal Against Candida albicans

Skin health issues in Indonesia, including those caused by fungal infections such as (Candida albicans), can lead to various conditions like candidiasis, scabies, tungiasis, and leprosy. This study aims to evaluate the potential of sikkam leaf extract in developing an antifungal cream to combat (Candida albicans). Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that cannot photosynthesize and reproduce through branching filaments composed of hyphae. Fungi can thrive in diverse environments such as water, soil, and decaying organic matter. A cream is a semi-solid emulsion preparation in which one or more medicinal substances are dissolved or dispersed within a base. This formulation determines the cream’s effectiveness, including the optimal ethanol extract concentration needed for antifungal activity. Extraction of sikkam leaves was conducted using maceration with 70% ethanol, and creams were formulated with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The study results showed that sikkam leaf-based creams meet quality standards, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and physical stability. Effectiveness testing indicated that creams with 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations produced inhibition zones against (Candida albicans) with average diameters of 6.3 mm, 9 mm, and 15.3 mm, respectively. The higher the extract concentration, the stronger the inhibition of fungal growth. The cream with a 15% concentration proved to be the most effective, with inhibition classified as strong. Thus, sikkam leaf extract shows potential as a key ingredient for antifungal cream formulations.

Formulasi Hair Tonic Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) dan Uji Efektivitas Pertumbuhan Rambut pada Marmut Jantan (Cavia porcellus)

Hair for humans has an important role, in addition to protecting the skin from adverse environments, hair also plays an important role in a person's appearance. Losing a lot of hair due to hair loss can cause a lack of self-confidence, disappointment, and frustration, so it must be addressed immediately so as not to worsen the condition that can cause baldness. This study aims to determine whether there is a content of secondary metabolite compounds in fresh herbal medicine, herbal medicine powder and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin; ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) can be formulated in the form of hair tonic preparations; whether the difference in concentration of ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) provides different activities in triggering hair growth in guinea pigs. This research method uses a quantitative approach and is experimental with independent variables, namely papaya fruit skin, herbal medicine, and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%. Research stages: phytochemical screening of fresh papaya fruit peel, powdered simplicia and ethanol extract, hair tonic formulation containing ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel 10%, 20% and 30%, hair tonic evaluation includes: organoleptic, viscosity, stability, pH, irritation, and preference test. And hair growth activity test on male guinea pigs. The results showed that the ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, can be formulated into hair tonic (EEKP) that meets physical quality requirements. Hair tonic EEKP 30% is the best because it has high hair growth activity, which is an average of 16.375 mm where this EEKP 30% hair tonic has almost the same hair growth activity as the positive control, which is an average of 16.782 mm.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content of Ethanol Extract of Black Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) by Folin-Ciocalteu Method Spectrophotometrically

Due to the high concentration of secondary metabolites present in nearly every part of the plant, black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.), a traditional medicinal plant, may provide a natural supply of antioxidants. The objective of this research is to determine the total phenolic content of the black turmeric rhizome ethanol extract using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The extraction was performed by macerating the material in a solution consisting of 70% ethanol. We employed the Folin-Ciocalteu method to ascertain the total phenolic content, which was then represented as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The research revealed that there were 192 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in the ethanol extract of black turmeric rhizome. According to the metrics measuring total phenolic content, the black turmeric rhizome ethanol extract may have antioxidant properties. This study provides important information about black turmeric's antioxidant potential which can be used to develop herbal products based on this plant.

Comparative Biochemical and Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. Mandshuricum (Maxim) Kitag and Asarum sieboldii Miq var. Seoulense Nakai Roots

Background:Asarum heterotropoides and Asarum sieboldii are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, little is known about how they differ in terms of essential oil (EO) and ethanol extract (EE) content and composition. Moreover, the effect of various geographical locations on the essential oil (EO), ethanol extract (EE), and asarinin content of different Asarum samples remains unknown. We tested four root-drying methods, i.e., soil removal and shade drying (P1), water washing and shade drying (P2), and water washing and drying at 30 °C (P3) and 40 °C (P4). We used LC-MS and GC-MS to investigate these differences. We also investigated the pharmacodynamic effects of EO and EE. Results: Overall, the EO, EE and asarinin contents of the analysed samples were 19.21–51.53 μL.g−1, 20.00–45.00 μL.g−1, and 1.268–2.591 mg.g−1, respectively. P1 treatment yielded the lowest volatile oil content compared to the other three treatments. GC-MS analysis revealed 78 EO components. Among the six major EO components, eucarvone, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, and methyl eugenol were higher in A. heterotropoides than in A. sieboldii. However, the latter had a higher myristicin content. LC-MS analysis identified 888 EE components in roots and leaves of A. heterotropoides and A. sieboldii; 317 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified. EO and EE showed a dose-dependent reduction in the degree of swelling and an increase in the inhibition rate of drug concentration on acetic acid writhing in mice. Asarum EO proved to be more effective than EE in the pharmacodynamic study. Conclusions: We conclude that Asarum species show inter- and intra-specific differences in EO and EE content and composition, which may influence the pharmacodynamics of Asarum root extracts.

The Effect of Keluwih (Artocarpus camansi) Leaves Extract On Pro-Inflammatory Expression, Growth Factors and Bodies in Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio) Stunting Model

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that occurs during the first 1000 days of life which is considered a golden window of opportunity. Indonesia has the highest prevalence compared to other middle-income countries. Keluwih (Artocarpus camansi) is known to have various compounds that are beneficial for the body such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study was conducted to determine the potential of the ethanol extract of Keluwih leaves (Artocarpus camansi) zebrafish stunting model against inflammatory markers, growth factors and body size. Artocarpus camansi leaves were extracted using the maceration method for 3x24 hours with 96% ethanol solvent. Zebrafish larvae were obtained from male and female broodstock (2:1), then induced using rotenone and ethanol extract of Artocarpus camansi leaves, then immunohistochemical staining was performed using growh factor (VEGF and TGF-β), inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-α) and body length measurements on day 9 dpf. The results showed that rotenone can provide a picture of stunting in zebrafish larvae from observations of growth factors, inflammation and body length, by administering ethanol extract of Artocarpus camansi leaves this can improve stunting conditions due to administration of rotenone, the concentration of ethanol extract of Artocarpus camansi leaves 2.5 ppm is the optimal concentration in improve stunting conditions. The ethanol extract of Artocarpus camansi leaves can improve stunting conditions by increasing the expression of growth factors, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving body length in zebrafish larvae.

The ethanol extract of Sargassum duplicatum as an ovicidal agent against Aedes aegypti

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a major health concern in tropical and subtropical countries. Indonesia has DHF cases perennially every year. On the other hand, Indonesia is abundant with seaweed (Sargassum duplicatum), which can be found across its seashore. The macroalgae contains secondary metabolites with ovicidal activity; hence, it has the potential to be utilized in suppressing the Aedes aegypti. The aim of this study was to determine the ovicidal activity of S. duplicatum against the Ae. aegypti eggs. The algae were macerated with ethanol 70% before being subjected to qualitative phytochemical screenings. The ovicidal tests were conducted with an extract concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 1500 ppm, while distilled water was used as the control. The hatchability of Ae. aegypti was observed 24 hours a day for 4 days and the larval development was investigated under a microscope. Phytochemical screenings revealed that the extract was positive containing alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and phenols. The hatchability of Ae. aegypti eggs were significantly reduced following the S. duplicatum extract exposure for four days (p=0.000). The extract had LC50 of 828.653 ppm and LC50 of 1786.09 ppm for the ovicidal activity against Ae. aegypti eggs. The concentration of ethanol extract of S. duplicatum did not affect the mosquito development from larvae to adult stage (p=0.263). Further research is needed to explore the effect of specific compounds contained in the S. duplicatum and investigate their ovicidal potential.

Effects of Oven-Drying on the Phytochemical and Phenolic Acid Contents of Ethanol Extracts of the Root, Stalk and Leaves of Cymbopogon citratus

Effects of Oven-Drying on the Phytochemical and Phenolic Acid Contents of Ethanol Extracts of the Root, Stalk and Leaves of Cymbopogon citratus

Comparative assessment of antioxidant activity in red apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and Fig fruits (Ficus carica L.) cultivated in Nakhchivan AR, Azerbaijan

Red apricot (Prunus spp.) and Black Fig (Ficus carica L.) are two of the most commonly grown summer fruits in the Nakhchivan region. In this preliminary study, ethanol fruit extracts were compared based on their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties. According to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the TPC was found to be 176.20 mg GAE/100 g in red apricot and 45.30 mg GAE/100 g in fig. Their antioxidant capacities were assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The scavenging activity, identified as the concentration of ethanol extract needed to scavenge half of the radicals (SC50), was determined to be 3.52 mg/mL for red apricot and 6.46 mg/mL for fig. Based on these two biological activity assays, red apricot exhibited higher phenolic composition and radical scavenging activity. However, further studies are required to understand whether these differences are attributed to secondary metabolites in these fruits.

Anticancer Potential of Ethanolic Extract Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Leaves against Human Colon Cancer WiDr Cell Line

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a plant contains various compounds that has potential as anticancer drugs. Secondary metabolites of jackfruit leaves are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins. A typical flavonoid compound group in the Artocarpus genus, namely artocarpin, is able to kill cancer cells through apoptosis. Not many have conducted cytotoxicity research and apoptosis induction of ethanolic extracts from jackfruit leaves, especially against WiDr colon cancer cells. Therefore, this study aims to study the cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction of ethanolic extracts of jackfruit leaves against WiDr colon cancer cells. The research was conducted by cytotoxicity test using the MTT assay. Apoptosis test was done using double staining method with AO/PI dye. The treatment was conducted at various concentrations of ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaves, doxorubicin as positive control, and DMSO as solvent control. The data were analyzed by one way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05) and continued using Tukey HSD Post Hoc test. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaves was not toxic to WiDr cells with an IC50 740.43 μg/mL, but could significantly reduce cell viability at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. The ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaves could also induce apoptotic cell death at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Based on these results, ethanolic extract of jackfruit leaves has little potential to be developed as an anticancer drug.

Synergistic effect of Salvadora persica and chitosan nanoparticles against oropharyngeal microorganisms

Herbal medicine combined with nanoparticles has caught much interest in clinical dental practice, yet the incorporation of chitosan with Salvadora persica (S. persica) extract as an oral care product has not been explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effectiveness of Salvadora persica(S. persica) and Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) against oropharyngeal microorganisms. Agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimal lethal concentration assays were used to assess the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of S. persica and ChNPs against selected fungal strains, Gram-positive, and Gram-negative bacteria. A mixture of 10% S. persica and 0.5% ChNPs was prepared (SChNPs) and its synergistic effect against the tested microbes was evaluated. Furthermore, the strain that was considered most sensitive was subjected to a 24-h treatment with SChNPs mixture; and examined using SEM, FT-IR and GC–MS analysis. S. persica extract and ChNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antimicrobial activities against all tested strains. S. persica extract and ChNPs at 10% were most effective against S. pneumoni, K. pneumoni, and C. albicans. SEM images confirmed the synergistic effect of the SChNPs mixture, revealing S. pneumonia cells with increased irregularity and higher cell lysis compared to the individual solutions. GC–MS and FT-IR analysis of SChNPs showed many active antimicrobial phytocompounds and some additional peaks, respectively. The synergy of the mixture of SChNPs in the form of mouth-rinsing solutions can be a promising approach for the control of oropharyngeal microbes that are implicated in viral secondary bacterial infections.

Gene expression and anticancer evaluation of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Extracts using MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines.

In recent years, a cancer research trend has shifted towards identifying novel therapeutic compounds from natural assets for the management of cancer. In this study, we aimed to assess the cytotoxic activity of Kigelia Africana (KA) extracts on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and noncancerous kidney cells (HEK-293T) to develop an efficient anticancer medication. We used gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS to analyze the constituents of EKA and HKA extracts meanwhile the crystal violet and the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assays were used to examine the possible cytotoxic effects of plant extracts on our cancer cell lines along with non-cancerous control. The quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was run on cell samples to evaluate the differential expression of cell proliferative markers of cancer (BCL-2 and TP53). These phytochemicals have been reported to have binding affinity for some other growth factors and receptors as well which was evaluated by the in-silico molecular docking against Bcl2, EGFR, HER2, and TP53. Our Morphological observation showed a significant difference in the cell morphology and proliferation potential which was decreased under the effect of plant extracts treatment as compared to the control samples. The ethanol extract exhibited a marked antiproliferative activity towards MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 = 20 and 32 μg/mL, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR gene expression investigation revealed that the IC50 concentration of ethanolic extract regulated the levels of mRNA expression of apoptotic genes. With the target and active binding site amino acids discovered in the molecular docking investigation, TP53/Propanoic acid, 3-(2, 3, 6-trimethyl-1, 4-dioxaspiro [4.4] non-7-yl)-, methyl ester (-7.1 kcal/mol) is the best-docked ligand. The use of this plant in folk remedies justifies its high in vitro anti-cancer capabilities. This work highlights the role of phytochemicals in the inhibition of cancer proliferation. Based on all these findings, it can be concluded that EKA extract has promising anti-proliferative effect on cancerous cells but more study is required in future to further narrow down the active ingredients of total crude extract with specific targets in cancer cells.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST OF SUNGKAI LEAF (Peronema canescens Jack) ETHANOL EXTRACT, N-HEXANE AND ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION

Research on antioxidant activity test of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate of Sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) has been carried out. Sungkai plant is a traditional medicinal plant that is widely used for traditional medicine. Sungkai leaf secondary metabolites (Peronema canescens Jack) contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, terpenoids. Sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) were extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent and fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. Testing the antioxidant activity using the DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-pikhrylhydrazil) obtained IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions, respectively 5.6356 µg/mL, 46.4707 µg/mL, and 153.7020 µg/mL.

Antibacterial Bioactivity Test of Bilimbi Fruit Ethanol Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn). Against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus

One of the causes of acnes is the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. An alternative solution to this problem is to develop natural medicines from plants, one of which is the star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn). The purpose of this study was to test the bioactivity of star fruit against the growth of P. acnes, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. This research method used an experimental research design with the treatment of A. bilimbi fruit ethanol extract concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%, chloramphenicol antibiotics as control (+), and sterile distilled water as control (-). All treatments were given to P. acnes, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus bacteria using the Kirby Baeur (disc diffusion) method. The results of this study were the effectiveness of the bioactivity compound of the ethanolic extract of A. bilimbi fruit seen on P. acnes and S. epidermidis bacteria with concentrations of 70%, 80%, and 90%. Thus, it can be concluded that A. bilimbi fruit has the potential to be developed as a natural medicine for acne caused by P. acnes and S. epidermidis.

Antioxidant Properties of Azadirachta Indica Leave Extracts

Background: Azadirachta Indica is an important medicinal plant commonly found in India, Africa, America, Europe, and many other regions of the world. The current study was designed to investigate the concentrations of important phenolic/flavonoid contents of ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta Indica (neem) leaves (Lahore, Pakistan). Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of three phenolic compounds (gallic acid, sinapic acid, and caffeic acid) and two flavonols (Myricetin and Kaempferol). The plant extract contained the highest and lowest concentrations of myricetin acid (26.41µg/g) and kaempferol (3.35µg/g) among flavonols, respectively. Results: Both acids are helpful in the manufacturing of antioxidant medicines. Among phenolics, sinapic acid (45.73µg/g) and gallic acid (1.96µg/g) were present in highest and lowest concentrations in plant leaves, respectively. Conclusion: Gallic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, and kaempferol possess antioxidant and therapeutic potential and are highly beneficial for human health. Human beings can get many benefits and produce more medicines from the leaf extract of neem in the future. Many more advantages can also be taken from different parts of neem (leaves, seeds, and bark).

Isolation and Characterisation of Essential oils of Mango (M. indica) Leave

This research work aimed at isolation and characterisation of essential oils of Mangifera. indica (M. indica) leaves. Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the bioactive components present in the leaf sample as well as the antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanolic extract. The percentage yield of essential oils (colourless) of the leaf was 0.19%. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, glycoside, flavonoid, saponin and tannin. Steroids was absent in the extract. The antimicrobial evaluation of the essential oil of M. indica leaf revealed a significant activity (zone of inhibition). The percentage (%) of Diphenyl picryl hydrazine (DPPH) scavenged of antioxidant activities for the essential oils of M. indica at different concentration of 5µl, 10µl, 25µl and 100 µl showed a significant antioxidant activity. In concluded results, it’s clearly observed that, when the concentration of both ethanolic extract and essential oils leaf sample increases, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties increases when compared to the standard (Amoxicillin) and that of essential oils has a significant property than other extracts. Considering the results of phytochemical screening, it’s also a potential source of cost-effective food supplements, nutritive ingredients and antibacterial agent for improving human health and curing acute and chronic diseases. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oils for the leaf sample revealed fifty two (52) different chemical compounds which include Alloaromadendrene, Humulene, Bicyclo[4,4,0]dec-1-ene, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9-methylene, Bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene,4,11,11,-trimethyl 8-methylene-,[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)].

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines of <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. Bark Extract

Background: The euphorbiaceous plant family includes Phyllanthus emblica, which demonstrates a variety of pharmacological qualities. Aim: This study aims to investigate any potential medical benefits that the Phyllanthus emblica tree’s bark may have. Methods: An aqueous extract was made with sterile water, and alcohol-based extracts were obtained by macerating with 100% ethanol. Different extraction parameters were changed to evaluate their impact on polyphenol extraction, such as the concentrations of ethanol and aqueous extracts. The phosphomolybdate method was used to assess antioxidant activity and Total Phenol Content (TPC). Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts were found to have antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to compare the extracts’ metabolite profiles. The MTT assay was employed to detect cell growth and survival, and the ethanolic bark extract showed potential cytotoxic action against the MCF 7 cancer cell line. Result: The results of the aforementioned tests showed that the ethanolic bark extract had greater antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract. Furthermore, the MTT assay showed that the ethanolic bark extract may have cytotoxic effects on the cancer cell line MCF 7. Conclusion: In summary, more research is necessary to completely understand the antibacterial and chemotherapeutic effects of the active ingredients, opening the door for their possible development as effective anticancer treatments.

Formulation, characterization, and antibacterial testing of cream supplemented with Aloe vera (Aloe vera L.) gel and Nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) rhizome ethanol extract

Various brands and forms offer a wide array of cream-based cosmetic products. However, only some of these products meet safety specifications. <em>Aloe vera</em> and nutgrass, two plants rich in bioactive compounds, possess anti-inflammatory, soothing, and antibacterial properties, making them ideal for health-safe cosmetic formulations. This research was conducted to develop antibacterial cream formulations incorporating these natural additives. The study focused on quality, organoleptic testing, and the formulated cream's antibacterial assessment. The research methodology encompassed several key processes: preparation of <em>Aloe vera</em> gel and nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract, formulation of the cream, quality testing by SNI 16-6069-1999 standards, organoleptic testing as per SNI 01-2346-2006, and antibacterial activity testing using <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC 25923 and <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 25922 bacterial strains. Results indicated that the cream formula enriched with <em>Aloe vera</em> gel and nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract meets the standards for skin-lightening creams and exhibits significant antibacterial capabilities. Furthermore, it was observed that the antibacterial effectiveness of the cream increases with the concentration of the nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract. These findings highlight the potential for integrating natural ingredients into modern cosmetic formulations, providing therapeutic and aesthetic benefits. This approach not only ensures compliance with safety standards but also leverages the natural properties of <em>Aloe vera</em> and nutgrass to enhance the product's functionality in skin care applications

In Vitro α-Glucosidase, α-Amylase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Root Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae)

Roots of Arbutus unedo (Ericaceae) have been used traditionally to treat diabetes in some countries. Conducting more experiments is needed to support this plant's potential antidiabetic properties, though. Ethanolic extract yielded by cold maceration was subjected into fractionation to get hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous fractions. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity have been estimated utilizing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay models, respectively. Antidiabetic activity of A. unedo extracts were evaluated using in vitro α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibition activity. The ethanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity among used extracts. While the results of both α-glucosidase, α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity was detected to be dose-dependent, the strongest inhibition activity for α-glucosidase and α-amylase was shown by ethanol extract (526.65 and 522.66 µg mL-1 respectively) compared to the standard acarbose. Results demonstrated the beneficial effects of A. unedo extracts by showing antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Minerals, Amino Acids and Essential Oil Contents of Ethanol Extracts from Seeds and Pulps of Artocarpus Heterophyllus

Minerals, Amino Acids and Essential Oil Contents of Ethanol Extracts from Seeds and Pulps of Artocarpus Heterophyllus