Direct Bilirubin Concentrations Research Articles

Ameliorative effect of Quercetin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on haematological and liver function impairment induced by mosquito coil smoke in male Wistar rats

The use of mosquito coils is one method adopted to control malaria Inhalation of the coil smoke causes adverse effects, including hepatic and haematological toxicities associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of phytochemical antioxidants (Quercetin and Omega-3) on mosquito coil smoke-induced haematological and hepatic impairments. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups viz control, mosquito coil-only (MC), mosquito coil+Quercetin (MC+Q) and mosquito coil+Omega-3 (MC+OM3) groups of five rats each. Quercetin and Omega-3 were administered daily at 20mg/kg and 600mg/kg respectively. The duration of daily exposure and treatment was 42 days after which blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for determination of relevant haematological and hepatic parameters. The RBC count was significantly reduced in the MC group compared with the control (P<0.05) but was higher in the MC+Quercetin group than in the MC group. Haemoglobin was decreased in the MC and MC+Omega-3 groups compared with the control (P<0.05). White blood cell count was higher in the MC group than in the control group (P<0.05) but lower in the MC+OM3 and MC+Q groups than in the MC group (P<0.05). The lymphocyte count was higher in the MC group than in the control group (P<0.05). Serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the MC group compared with the control group but were reduced (P<0.05) in the MC+OM3 and MC+Q groups compared with the MC group. Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the MC group than in control (P<0.05) but significantly lower (P<0.05) in the MC+OM3 group than in the MC group. Serum total bilirubin was significantly elevated in the MC group compared to that in the control group (P<0.05). The serum concentration of direct bilirubin was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the MC group than in the control group. We conclude that Omega-3 and Quercetin ameliorate haematological and hepatic function impairments in Wistar rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke.

Exposure to Synthetic Psychoactive Substances: A Potential Cause for Increased Human Hepatotoxicity Markers.

Approximately 30 million people worldwide consume new psychoactive substances (NPS), creating a serious public health issue due to their toxicity and potency. Drug-induced liver injury is the leading cause of liver disease, responsible for 4% of global deaths each year. A systematic literature search revealed 64 case reports, in vitro and in vivo studies on NPS hepatotoxicity. Maximum elevated concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (136 to 15 632 U/L), alanine transaminase (121.5 to 9162 U/L), total bilirubin (0.7 to 702 mg/dL; 0.04 to 39.03 mmol/L), direct (0.2-15.1 mg/dL; 0.01-0.84 mmol/L) and indirect (5.3 mg/dL; 0.29 mmol/L) bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (79-260 U/L), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (260 U/L) were observed as biochemical markers of liver damage, with acute and fulminant liver failure the major toxic effects described in the NPS case reports. In vitro laboratory studies and subsequent in vivo NPS exposure studies on rats and mice provide data on potential mechanisms of toxicity. Oxidative stress, plasma membrane stability, and cellular energy changes led to apoptosis and cell death. Experimental studies of human liver microsome incubation with synthetic NPS, with and without specific cytochrome P450 inhibitors, highlighted specific enzyme inhibitions and potential drug-drug interactions leading to hepatotoxicity. Mild to severe hepatotoxic effects following synthetic NPS exposure were described in case reports. In diagnosing the etiology of liver damage, synthetic NPS exposure should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis. Identification of NPS toxicity is important for educating patients on the dangers of NPS consumption and to suggest promising treatments for observed hepatotoxicity.

Risk factors for post-cerebral infarction cognitive dysfunction in older adults: a retrospective study

ObjectiveOur research aims to elucidate the significance of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and provides an insight into a novel risk model for post-cerebral infarction cognitive dysfunction (PCICD).MethodsOur study recruited inpatients hospitalized with cerebral infarction in Xijing hospital, who underwent cognitive assessment of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) from January 2010 to December 2021. Cognitive status was dichotomized into normal cognition and cognitive impairment. Collected data referred to Demographic Features, Clinical Diseases, scale tests, fluid biomarkers involving inflammation, coagulation function, hepatorenal function, lipid and glycemic management.ResultsIn our pooled dataset from 924 eligible patients, we included 353 in the final analysis (age range 65–91; 30.31% female). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to show that Rural Areas (OR = 1.976, 95%CI = 1.111–3.515, P = 0.020), T2D (OR = 2.125, 95%CI = 1.267–3.563, P = 0.004), Direct Bilirubin (OR = 0.388, 95%CI = 0.196–0.769, P = 0.007), Severity of Dependence in terms of Barthel Index (OR = 1.708, 95%CI = 1.193–2.445, P = 0.003) that were independently associated with PCICD, constituting a model with optimal predictive efficiency.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this study provides a practicable map of strategical predictors to robustly identify cognitive dysfunction at risk of post-cerebral infarction for clinicians in a broad sense. Of note, our findings support that the decline in serum direct bilirubin (DBil) concentration is linked to protecting cognitive function.

Hepatic and renal lesions in sheep intoxicated with Urochloa hybrid Mulato II in Argentina.

A flock of 48 sheep in Argentina grazing on a pasture of hybrid Urochloa (formerly Brachiaria) Mulato II (Urochloa ruziziensis × Urochloa decumbens × Urochloa brizantha) developed facial dermatitis, severe jaundice, and weakness after brief physical activity. Blood biochemistry of 3 animals revealed azotemia, elevated aspartate aminotransferase activity, and increased direct, indirect, and total bilirubin concentrations. The urine was markedly turbid and contained large concentrations of bile pigments and protein. At autopsy of 2 animals, there was severe jaundice and subcutaneous submandibular edema. The livers were enlarged, intensely yellow, and had a marked acinar pattern. Gallbladders were distended, and the kidneys were diffusely dark in one animal and yellow-green in the other. Microscopically, there was lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic cholangiohepatitis with abundant crystals in the lumen of bile ducts and in the cytoplasm of macrophages. The proximal and distal convoluted renal tubules had protein casts in their lumens, and crystals were observed in the lumen and epithelial cells. Lectin histochemistry showed strong affinity for Arachis hypogaea agglutinin in hepatic macrophages. In the one sheep that was tested for heavy metals, copper concentrations in the liver and kidney were within the RIs. Despite the immediate change of pasture, morbidity and mortality were 100% within 3 mo. The association between the consumption of this pasture, and the clinical, biochemical, pathology, and lectin histochemistry findings confirmed intoxication with Urochloa hybrid Mulato II. To our knowledge, intoxication by this hybrid of Urochloa has not been reported previously.

Spectral analysis with highly collimated mini-LEDs as light sources for quantitative detection of direct bilirubin

Because the human eye cannot visually detect the results of direct bilirubin test papers accurately and quantitatively, this study proposes four different highly collimated mini light-emitting diodes (HC mini-LEDs) as light sources for detection. First, different concentrations of bilirubin were oxidized to biliverdin by FeCl3 on the test paper, and pictures were obtained with a smartphone. Next, the red, green, and blue (RGB) channels of the pictures were separated to average grayscale values, and their linear relationship with the direct bilirubin concentration was analyzed to detect bilirubin on the test paper noninvasively and quantitatively. The experimental results showed that when green HC mini-LEDs were used as the light sources and image analysis was performed using the G channel, for a direct bilirubin concentration range of 0.1–2 mg/dL, the G channel determination coefficient (R2) reached 0.9523 and limit of detection was 0.459 mg/dL. The detection method proposed herein has advantages such as rapid analysis, noninvasive detection, and digitization according to RGB grayscale changes in the images of the detection test paper.

OUTCOME OF AZITHROMYCIN AND MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON HISTOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN RATS’ LIVER

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavouring, mediated hepatotoxic and pro-inflammatory responses. Azithromycin (AZT), an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory activity, may be co-consumed with MSG to present unknown outcomes on the liver, a major organ for the detoxification of xenobiotics. Aim: This study evaluated the effect of AZT and MSG on histologic and biochemical changes in rats’ liver. Methods: Thirty rats in five groups were for seven successive days orally exposed to groups 1, (distilled water 1 mL Kg−1), 2, (MSG 8000 mg/kg), 3, overdose AZT, OAZT (AZT 412.5 mg Kg−1), 4, therapeutic concentration AZT, TAZT, (AZT 82.5mg Kg−1), and 5, (TAZT 82.5 mg Kg−1 + MSG 8000 mg Kg−1). Liver function markers in therats’ serum and liver tissue, and changes in the liver histologic were assessed by acceptable protocols. The mean of numeric data were tested for significance at p value less than 0.05 by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: MSG treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased hepatic and serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), total bilirubin concentration (T-BIL), and direct bilirubin concentration (D-BIL) but decreased albumin concentration (ALB) compared to control and others. TAZT treatment caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in these effects unlike MSG and OATZ treatments while TAZT + MSG co-treatment significantly (p<0.05) reversed these effects compared to MSG-treated rats. Rats’ liver sections for rats in groups 2 and 3 showed severe hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis compared to others while those in group 4 (TAZT) showed the normal hepatic histo-architecture comparable to those in group 1 (control). Those in group 5 showed marked cellular swelling and leukocytic infiltration in only the centrilobular areas, suggesting active restorative responses. Conclusion: Thus, TAZT significantly mitigated the compromised histologic and biochemical integrities of liver function due to MSG treatment in rats via probable normalization of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic indicators of liver function. This suggests that TAZT could be useful in managing histologic and biochemical malfunction of rats’ liver due to MSG assault. Peer Review History: Received: 12 October 2023; Revised: 9 November; Accepted: 13 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Idoko Alexander, Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria, idokoalexander1@gmail.com Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate, Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. amaechitoexcel@yahoo.com

Evaluations of the effect of genetic variations on the serum renal function markers, bilirubin and lipid profile of laying domestic fowls

A total of 16, 18 weeks old chickens with mean weight 1.99±0.12 kg (1.85-2.30kg) were used to compare the serum biochemical characteristics of four chicken genotypes (breeds/strains) from south-eastern part of Nigeria. The chickens were grouped based on their genotypes (breeds/strain) in a Completely Randomized Design for the four-week study. The genotypes (breeds) considered were Black Australorp (BA), Isa Brown (IB), Noiler (NOI) and Local chicken (LC) at 4 chickens per genotype. At the end of the experiment, four (4) birds per genotype were drawn and their blood samples analysed for serum biochemical studies. The mean total cholesterol (TC), triaceylglycerol (TAG) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentrations of local chicken (LC) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the Isa brown (IB) values. Similarly, the mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations of LC was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the Noiler value. The mean high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) of black Australorp (BA) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the value of Noiler but showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference when compared to the values of IB and LC. There were however no significant (p > 0.05) variations in the mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and creatinine concentrations among all the breeds investigated. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study will be helpful in creating a baseline data on biochemical profiles of indigenous and exotic chicken breeds in Nigeria which in turn can be used for assessing the health status of these birds, improving desirable breeds/traits and designing appropriate breeding strategies for indigenous poultry birds in the country..

Investigation of Hepatic and Renal Parameters Content in Blood Samples of Snuff Addicted Individuals in Gusau Metropolis

In Nigeria, the use of dry nasal snuff is spreading considerably throughout all age groups in both rural and urban areas. This is due to various ethno-cultural beliefs that have not been scientifically confirmed. Various people do not realize the negative impact of snuff on one's health, such as liver and kidneys failure, elevation of blood pressure, and a higher chance of oral cancer. The hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of the local nasal snuff on snuff addicted individual was poorly understood. This study was carried out on snuff addicted individuals to assess hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of the local nasal snuff. One hundred and fifty individuals used in the study were group into three of fifty people each. Group one served as a control which include individuals who never use snuff, Groups two and three comprise individuals who are addicted to snuff, with ages ranging from 18 to 30, and above thirty, respectively. The hepatotoxicity study revealed that, there were significant (p<0.05) increase in concentration of ALT, AST, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin of group two and group three compared with control. The concentration of ALT, AST, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin of group three were also significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of group two. While there were significant (p<0.05) decrease in concentration of total protein and albumin in group two and three compared with control. The nephrotoxicity study revealed that, there were significant (p<0.05) increase in concentration of creatinine of group two and group three compared with control. The concentration of creatinine in group three was even significantly higher than that of group two. Whereas, there were significant (p<0.05) decrease in concentration of Urea, Sodium, Potassium and Chlorine in group two and three compared with control. This study was concluded that, there was health risks (Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity) associated with snuff addiction.

The Impact of Renal Function on Liver Cirrhosis among Patients in Wasit Governorate, Iraq

In Al-Kut city's AL-Zahraa general hospital, this study was carried out.for individuals with liver cirrhosis to evaluate their serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, urea, creatinine, T.Protien, Albumin, and Bilirubin. The 50 patients ranged in age from 20 to 60, with 29 male and 21 female individuals.Based on the patient's medical history and physical examination, liver cirrhosis was determined to affect both sexes of the patient. The 30 control groups were drawn from the medical personnel and family of those who did not exhibit any indications or symptoms of renal liver disease or kidney diseases. With ages ranging from 22 to 66, there were 20 men and 10 women. Eight to fourteen hours following the patients' overnight fasts, blood samples were obtained. The research reveals the following. Serum ALT, AST and GGT concentrations in liver cirrhosis patients were found to be significantly increased compared with control group (P<0.01).Serum Bilirubin (Total) and direct Bilirubin concentrations in liver cirrhosis patients were found to be significantly high compared with control group (P<0.5), (P<0.01) respectively. Serum Albumin concentrations in liver cirrhosis patients were found to be no significantly lower compared with control group (P>0.5). Serum Total protein concentrations in liver cirrhosis patients were found to be no significantly lower compared with control group (P≤0.5).Serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations in liver cirrhosis patients were found to be significantly increased compared with control group (P<0.01).Serum urea, creatinine, Uric acid and ammonia level concentrations in liver cirrhosis patients were found to be significantly high compared with control group (P<0.01).

Effects of Moringa oleifera Tea Supplement on the Biochemical Indices of Diabetes and Hypertension Co-Morbidity Patients

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Hypertension are the most common co-morbidities which has received attention worldwide. This research investigates the effect of Moringa oleifera tea supplements (MOTs) on the biochemical parameters of diabetic and hypertensive co-morbidity patients. Twenty-five participants of both genders were randomly distributed into five groups containing five patients each; group 1 (positive control), group 2 (negative control), group 3 (positive control+MOT), group 4 (standard drug) and group 5 (standard drug+MOT). All treatments were carried out for 14 days after which blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses. The lipid biochemical profile, liver function parameters and renal function parameters of the patients were analysed using standard procedures. The study revealed that the consumption of MOTs significantly (p<0.01) increased the serum high-density lipoproteins and reduced low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations of the patients that were given MOT supplements in comparison to the control patients. Conversely, there was significant (p<0.01) reduction in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and the concentration of albumin, total protein, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin in comparison to the negative control group. Hence, this study outcome revealed that supplementing the diet of diabetes and hypertensive patients’ diet with MOTs is beneficial to the health of the patients and is equally safe for consumption.

Machine learning to predict pediatric choledocholithiasis: A Western Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium retrospective study

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to accurately predict pediatric choledocholithiasis with clinical data using a computational machine learning algorithm. MethodsA multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed on children <18 years of age who underwent cholecystectomy between 2016 to 2019 at 10 pediatric institutions. Demographic data, clinical findings, laboratory, and ultrasound results were evaluated by bivariate analyses. An Extra-Trees machine learning algorithm using k-fold cross-validation was used to determine predictive factors for choledocholithiasis. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve on a validation dataset. ResultsA cohort of 1,597 patients was included, with an average age of 13.9 ± 3.2 years. Choledocholithiasis was confirmed in 301 patients (18.8%). Obesity was the most common comorbidity in all patients. Choledocholithiasis was associated with the finding of a common bile duct stone on ultrasound, increased common bile duct diameter, and higher serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lipase, and direct and peak total bilirubin. Nine features (age, body mass index, common bile duct stone on ultrasound, common bile duct diameter, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lipase, direct bilirubin, and peak total bilirubin) were clinically important and included in the machine learning algorithm. Our 9-feature model deployed on new patients was found to be highly predictive for choledocholithiasis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic score of 0.935. ConclusionThis multicenter study uses machine learning for pediatric choledocholithiasis. Nine clinical factors were highly predictive of choledocholithiasis, and a machine learning model trained using medical and laboratory data was able to identify children at the highest risk for choledocholithiasis.

Metabolic disorders in patients with post-COVID-19 Tuberculosis: A Peruvian unicentric experience

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the diagnosis, monitoring, and prevention of many significant pathologies began to be ignored, tuberculosis (TB) being one of these pathologies. The objective was to determine metabolic disorders and their association with TB stages in post-COVID-19 TB patients from the Félix Torrealva Gutiérrez Hospital in Ica, Peru. Methods: The research was observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive-correlational. The study was carried out on 80 patients diagnosed with post-COVID-19 tuberculosis. A questionnaire was used to collect the sociodemographic characteristics and the metabolites analyzed were glucose, lipid profile, and hepatic profile. Results: Among the 80 patients, a mean age of 56.6 years was observed and 52.5% were male. The presence of sensitive tuberculosis (56.3%), multiresistant tuberculosis (15%), and recurrent tuberculosis (28.7%) with 5.94 months of treatment was found. Alterations were found in the concentration of glucose (36.3%), total cholesterol (31.3%), triglycerides (52.5%), HDL (52.5%), LDL (53.8%), albumin (32.5%), total bilirubin (46.3%), direct bilirubin (5.0%), TGO (30.0%), TGP (56.3%), alkaline phosphatase (50.0%), GGTP (46.3%) and total protein (22.5%). TB stage was significantly associated with sex (p=0.011), treatment time (p˂0.001) and total cholesterol (p=0.021). Conclusions: There are post-COVID-19 metabolic disorders in patients with tuberculosis at the Félix Torrealva Gutiérrez Hospital in Ica, Peru.

Evaluation of bioaccumulation and toxic effect of aluminum and molybdenum oxide nanoparticles used as an active component of bactericidal agents

Introduction. Nanoparticles (NPs) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and molybdenum oxide (MoO3) have the potential to be used as an active component of bactericidal agents. At the same time, there is information in the scientific literature about the negative effects of these NPs on organism. Given that, it seems relevant to perform the study and comparative analysis of the toxicity of Al2O3 and MoO3 NPs.&#x0D; Materials and methods. We examined physical properties of Al2O3 NPs and MoO3 NPs. In an experiment on Wistar rats, peculiarities of bioaccumulation and toxic action at multiply inhalation exposure was researched. &#x0D; Results. The examined samples were a nanomaterial judging by such parameters as particle size, shape, surface area and total pore volume. Under exposure to Al2O3 NPs, aluminum concentrations were statistically significant increase in the lungs, brain, liver and blood relative to the control; under exposure to MoO3 NPs – molybdenum concentration in heart, lungs, brain, kidney and blood. Under exposure to MoO3 NPs, a wider range of negative effects changed relative to the control of biochemical parameters (increased activity of ALP, LDH, concentrations of total and direct bilirubin, urea, creatinine) was established than during exposure to Al2O3 NPs (increased activity of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, concentrations direct bilirubin).&#x0D; Pathomorphological changes were identified in the lungs, brain, heart and liver under exposure to &#x0D; Al2O3 NPs; in lungs, brain and liver under exposure to MoO3 NPs in the lungs.&#x0D; However, tissue changes upon exposure to MoO3 NPs are more pronounced than those upon exposure to Al2O3 NPs. &#x0D; Limitations. The study involved only multiple inhalation exposure to Al2O3 NPs and MoO3 NPs in an experiment on Wistar rats.&#x0D; Conclusion. Differences in the toxicokinetics of Al2O3 and MoO3 NPs do not make it possible to single out among them those that are more dangerous for human health, and therefore additional studies are needed.

Comparison of Two Lipid Emulsions on the Incidence of Parenteral Nutrition Associated Cholestasis in Neonates.

Lipid emulsion contributes to parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC). For decades, soybean oil-based intravenous lipid emulsion (SO-ILE) was the predominant product. Recently, a multicomponent lipid emulsion containing soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil and fish oil (SMOF-ILE) has been used off-label in neonatal care. This study evaluates the incidence of PNAC in neonates who received SMOF-ILE or SO-ILE. This was a retrospective review of neonates who received SMOF-ILE or SO-ILE for at least 14 days. Patients receiving SMOF-ILE were matched based on gestational age (GA) and birth weight to a historical cohort receiving SO-ILE. The primary outcomes were the incidences of PNAC among all patients and patients without intestinal failure. The secondary outcomes were clinical outcomes and incidence of PNAC stratified by GA. Clinical outcomes included liver function tests, growth parameters, and development of retinopathy of prematurity and intraventricular hemorrhage. Forty-three neonates who received SMOF-ILE were matched to 43 neonates who received SOILE. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. The incidence of PNAC in the total population was 12% in the SMOF-ILE cohort and 23% in the SO-ILE cohort (p = 0.26). The lipid dosage of SMOF-ILE was significantly higher at time of peak direct serum bilirubin concentration compared with SO-ILE cohort (p = 0.05). Clinically significant differences were noted in laboratory endpoints in several subgroups. There was no significant difference in the incidence of PNAC among neonates in a SMOFILE cohort compared with a historical SO-ILE cohort.

Antioxidant effect of negative air ions in correction of hepatic dysfunction in mechanical jaundice

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of negative air ions in eliminating hepatic dysfunction in mechanical jaundice. Materials and methods. Experiments on 30 rats were carried out in two series. In the first experiment series, the mechanical jaundice was simulated with subsequent decompression of common bile duct and injection of 0.9% sodium chloride solution in the volume of 40 ml/kg. In the second experimental series, negative air ions (3 mln particles per 1 cm3 ) were exposed for 60 min once a day over the course of 12 days. The levels of bilirubin, malondialdehyde, ALT and AST, alkaline phosphatase and catalase were studied. Results. The use of negative air ions in mechanical jaundice contributed to significant correction of the liver functional activity. Concentration of total and direct bilirubin decreased to 84.4 ± 7.6 and 42.1 ± 5.4 μmol/l, which is 25% and 56% lower than in the control series. The activity of AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as the concentration of malondialdehyde were reported to be lower in than control series (by 17%, 22%, 18%, 47%, correspondingly), while the catalase activity was 3.6 times higher. Conclusion. Application of negative air ions in treatment of mechanical jaundice stimulates production of own antioxidative enzymes which protect hepatocytes from free radical damage.

Serum bilirubin levels are negatively associated with atherogenic lipids in Saudi subjects with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study

&lt;b&gt;Background: &lt;/b&gt;Recent research has demonstrated the possible relevance of bilirubin in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Lipid abnormalities are a major problem that is related with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetics. This study examined the relationship between serum bilirubin and direct bilirubin concentrations and atherogenic lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt;: This cross-sectional included 67 patients with type 2 diabetes and 39 matched healthy control. The lipid profile, including total cholesterol, HDL-C, and TG levels, fasting blood glucose, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALP were measured using a dimension EXL clinical chemistry analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics). Cholesterol in VLDL, LDL, and sdLDL were calculated from standard lipid assay results by the equations of Sampson et al.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;: Serum bilirubin was lower in non T2DM subjects nearly significant (p=0.0.51) whereas direct bilirubin concentrations were lower in T2DM (p=0.008). ALT, AST, and ALP levels were higher in T2DM groups. The mean values of LDL-C, sdLDL-C, non HDL-C and VLDL-C were significantly increased in T2DM group and lower HDL-C. An inverse relationship could be observed with increase in serum total bilirubin and serum levels of LDL-C (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.139, p&amp;lt;0.005), sdLDL-C (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.137, p&amp;lt;0.005), VLDL-C (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.074, p&amp;lt;0.044), and non HDL-C (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.166, p&amp;lt;0.002) in T2DM group. The same inverse relationship was observed with serum direct bilirubin and serum levels of LDL-C (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.133, p&amp;lt;0.006), sdLDL-C (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.172, p&amp;lt;0.001), VLDL-C (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.118, p&amp;lt;0.01), and non HDL-C (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.182, p&amp;lt;0.001) in T2DM group.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;: A significant negative association was found between serum bilirubin levels and direct serum bilirubin with atherogenic lipids, suggesting that serum bilirubin may protect T2DM patients from development of cardiovascular disease. These findings indicate the need for additional research in a large cohort.

Noninvasive direct bilirubin detection by spectral analysis of color images using a Mini-LED light source

Urine test paper is a standard, noninvasive detection method for direct bilirubin, but this method can only achieve qualitative analysis and cannot achieve quantitative analysis. This study used Mini-LEDs as the light source, and direct bilirubin was oxidized to biliverdin by an enzymatic method with ferric chloride (FeCl3) for labeling. Images were captured with a smartphone and evaluated for red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors to analyze the linear relationship between the spectral change of the test paper image and the direct bilirubin concentration. This method achieved noninvasive detection of bilirubin. The experimental results demonstrated that Mini-LEDs can be used as the light source to analyze the grayscale value of the image RGB. For the direct bilirubin concentration range of 0.1–2 mg/dL, the green channel had the highest coefficient of determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9313 and a limit of detection of 0.56 mg/dL. With this method, direct bilirubin concentrations higher than 1.86 mg/dL can be quantitatively analyzed with the advantage of rapid and noninvasive detection.

Hepatocurative Effect of Some Ethnomedicinal Plants on Liver Function Indices in Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Rats

Aims: This research investigated the curative effects of Moringa oleifera (MO), Treculia africana (T.A.), and Albizzia chevalieri (A.C.) plant extracts on the liver function indices in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats.&#x0D; Study Design: Albino rats were grouped into five (5) main groups MO, TA, A.C., Normal Control (N.C.), and Diabetic Control (D.C.) groups.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda, between May 2021 and July 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: Diabetes mellitus was caused by a single dose intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan 150 mg/kg body weight. Liver function indices were determined using standard methods.&#x0D; Results: Intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of Alloxan in the albino rats resulted in a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, Direct and Total bilirubin while total protein concentration was significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased in the diabetic albino rats when compared with that of the non-diabetic rats (N.C.) group. Oral administration of MO, TA, and A.C. extracts to the diabetic albino rats for 21 days significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased AST, ALT, and ALP activities, direct and total bilirubin concentration. While total protein concentration was significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased in the diabetes-treated groups. Histopathological studies confirmed the toxic effect of Alloxan in the liver of induced diabetic albino rats and the hepatocurative effect of the studied medicinal plants. MO (800mg/kg) demonstrated the most significant (p&lt;0.05) curative effect compared to T.A. and A.C. Possible mechanism for hepatocurative of the studied medicinal plants may be due to free radical scavenging potential in the plant extracts.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that Moringa oleifera, in a dose-dependent manner, has the most potent hepatocurative effect, followed by Albizzia chevalieri, then Trecullia Africana against Alloxan-induced liver damage.

Effect of various level of MDMP-4en-PINACA Orally Gavaged to Wistar rats

This research studied effects MDMB-4en-PINACA on white Wistar rats’ liver, kidney, and heart, as well as their biologicaland hematological parameters. For 14 days, 24 male albino rats received orally. First group was the control group; groups2 and 3 received 5 and 50 mg/kg (bw) MDMB-4en-PINACA. Liver and kidneys deteriorated in treated rats. Small clustersof inflammatory cells, “cytoplasmic degeneration with karyolysis”, “venous congestion with hemorrhage” and “edema”,and “steatosis deterioration” were among the liver’s histological abnormalities. Tubular deterioration increased, as did theappearance of tubular casts, and glomeruli suffered from atrophy followed by an increase in Bowman’s gap in renal tissue.Tubular also showed signs of disintegration, including the formation of foam cells that seemed empty in the glomerulus.Myocardial fibers, the central disc nucleus, and endothelial cells were all healthy. The value of HGB, RBC, HCT and MCHCwere higher in groups 2&amp;3 and the values of MCV, MCH and WBC were decreased in groups 2&amp;3. The activity of serumAST, ALT, ALP and Creatinine Kinase and the concentrations of total protein, Albumin, Triglyceride, Total Bilirubin, DirectBilirubin, Urea, and Creatinine in number 2 group and 3 were greater than that of the control. and that of Cholesterol andHDL were lower in groups 2and 3. According to this research, synthetic cannabis’ (MDMB-4en-PINACA) negative effects areworse on the liver and kidneys in group 3 than group 2.

Clinical evaluation of Ageratum houstonianum Mill intoxicated goats

Ageratum houstonianum Mill (A. houstonianum) is a widespread, highly invasive, and drought-resistant annual semi-shrub easily found in the pasture fields. It is called Gandhey Jhar locally. This study was conducted at the livestock farm of Rampur Campus, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal, to determine the clinical progression and clinical parameters in A. houstonianum intoxicated goats to diagnose its toxicosis in small ruminants. Full blossomed A. houstonianum was fed ad libitum to six goats until the death of the animals. The time to develop the clinical signs and symptoms in goats ranged from 22 to 49 days. All the goats exhibited similar symptoms and signs such as stiffness of the neck, low temperature, respiratory distress, low pulse, anorexia, ruminal atony, general weakness, and finally, recumbency till death. After the onset of clinical symptoms, the entire clinical course persisted for 10-15 hours, followed by death. Two goats died on the 22nd day, and the rest goats died on 27th, 46th, 48th, and 49th days respectively. Hematologic examination revealed a significant decrease in hemoglobin and an increase in total WBC count. The serum biochemical values showed substantial alterations in ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, albumin, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, glucose, urea nitrogen, and creatinine concentrations. These biochemical changes suggested hepatic and renal dysfunction. Therefore, clinical signs, hematology, and serum biochemistry can be of optimal diagnostic value for the A. houstonianum intoxication in goats.