Digestible Energy Content Research Articles

Feeding Sows Lucerne, or Diets with Similar Energy and Nutritional Profiles to Lucerne, Improves the Pre-Weaning Performance of Piglets

Feeding fibre and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to sows during late gestation and lactation, respectively, have been shown to improve litter weights at weaning. Therefore, supplementing primiparous sow diets with lucerne chaff, a feedstuff high in fibre, BCAA and tryptophan, may improve the performance of their progeny. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of feeding primiparous sows (n = 118) either (i) a control diet (CON); (ii) CON with 1 kg of lucerne chaff (LUC); or (iii) a diet formulated to have a similar digestible energy and BCAA content as CON + LUC (SIMLUC 1) until farrowing. The LUC and SIMLUC 1 diets improved day 21 litter weight (p = 0.055). In Experiment 2 primiparous (n = 111) and multiparous sows (parities 2–5, n = 112) were fed either the CON or SIMLUC diet (SIMLUC 2) from day 110 of gestation to farrowing (PreF), or to day 10 post-farrowing (PreF + PostF). The SIMLUC 2 diet tended to be more beneficial to primiparous compared to multiparous sows when fed PreF, as indicated by an interaction between diet and parity on day 21 average piglet weights (p = 0.078). Overall, SIMLUC is most effective in improving primiparous progeny performance as evidenced by their D21 weights.

Effects of neutral detergent fiber digestibility estimation method on calculated energy concentration of canola meals from 12 Canadian processing plants.

Our aim was to determine whether the method used to estimate truly digestible neutral detergent fiber (tdNDF) affects calculated concentrations of total digestible nutrients (TDN1x) and net energy of lactation (NEL3x) of canola meal (CM). Samples were collected from 12 CM processing plants in Canada over 4 yr (2011 to 2014, n = 47) and analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (ADL), and neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP). Ruminal in situ incubation of CM samples was performed at 0, 24, 48, 96, and 288 h to determine NDF fractions (A, B, and C), effective ruminal NDF digestibility (ERNDFD), and indigestible NDF (iNDF) of CM. Three tdNDF-estimation methods were evaluated: 1) National Research Council (NRC) = 0.75 × (NDF - NDICP - ADL) × {1- [ADL/ (NDF - NDICP)]0.667}; 2) iNDF = 0.75 × (NDF - NDICP - NDF remaining after 288 h in situ); and 3) ERNDFD estimated from in situ NDF digestion kinetics. Resulting tdNDF values were used for calculation of TDN1x and NEL3x according to NRC (2001) equations. Data were analyzed with MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 to determine the effect of processing plant on chemical composition, NDF degradation kinetics and NEL3x of CM. Effect of tdNDF estimation method on calculated TDN1x and NEL3x of CM was also evaluated. Model for analysis of processing plant included the fixed effect of plant and the random effect of year (plant) as replication, while analysis of tdNDF methods included the fixed effect of tdNDF estimation method and the random effects of processing plant and of year(plant) as replication. There was an effect of processing plant on DM (P = 0.03), CP (P < 0.01), EE (P < 0.01), and NDF (P < 0.01) of CM. Processing plant also had an effect on NDF fractions A (P < 0.01) and B (P = 0.02) but did not affect fraction C and ERNDFD. The tdNDF estimation method had an effect on tdNDF (P < 0.01), TDN1x (P < 0.01), and NEL3x (P < 0.01) of CM, yielding average NEL3x values of 1.72, 1.87, and 2.07 Mcal/kg for NRC, iNDF, and ERNDFD, respectively. Our results indicate that calculated energy concentration of CM according to NRC (2001) equations varies depending on the method used for estimation of tdNDF. Further research will be needed to determine the most accurate estimation method.

Effects of different banana crop residue hays on ensiling BRS capiaçu grass on fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritional value of silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the BRS capiaçu grass silage combined with different hays of banana crop residue on fermentation profile, aerobic stability and nutritional value. The treatments consisted of elephant grass cv. BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) ensiled with 37.44% banana peel hay, 36.06% banana pseudostem hay and 37.00% banana leaf hay, on a dry matter (DM) basis and control silage (no additive). The experimental design used was completely randomized, with five treatments and five replicates. Forage was collected when it reached 3.5 meters in height (90 days). Experimental PVC silos of known weight, 50 cm long, 10 cm diameter, were used for silage making. For all treatments, silage aerobic stability breakdown started after 64 hours exposure to air. The BRS capiaçu grass control silage or silage combined with pseudostem hay (mean of 73.15 kg t GM-1) presented effluent losses 40.46% higher than those observed for BRS capiaçu grass silage + banana leaf hay and 69.17% in relation the BRS capiaçu grass silage + banana peel hay. The inclusion of banana crop residue (hay) when ensiling BRS capiaçu grass decreased 13.93% gas losses compared to the control silage (mean of 3.11% DM). Higher values of total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy and digestible energy content was found in BRS capiaçu grass silage + with banana peel hay. The greater in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility was observed for BRS capiaçu grass silage combined with pseudostem hay. The inclusion of 37.44% banana peel hay improves the fermentation profile and aerobic stability of BRS capiaçu grass silage.

PSI-9 Digestibility and metabolizable energy content of supplemented diets based on native shrubs and buffelgrass for small ruminants in northeastern Mexico

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing 10% of sorghum grain (SG), soybean meal (SBM) or dried citrus pulp (DCP) upon dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and metabolizable energy content (ME) of diets based on dried leaves of two shrub species (Acacia farnesiana and Acacia rigidula) and one grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) browsed by small ruminants. Twelve experimental diets were elaborated using three forage sources: C. ciliaris, A. farnesiana and A. rigidula and evaluated either alone (0% supplementation) or supplemented with 10% of SG (9.0% CP, 22.3% NDF), SBM (42.8% CP, 16.3% NDF) or DCP (4.9% CP, 19.1% NDF). In vitro DMD (Daisy incubator, ANKOM) at 48 h, and in vitro gas production (GP, in calibrated 100 mL glass syringes) at 24 h, were determined by incubating samples in an inoculum prepared by using rumen liquor of two rumen fistulated sheep and artificial saliva in a 1:4 ratio. OMD and ME content were calculated from the gas production, crude protein, ash, and ether extract content. Data were evaluated according to a 3 x 4 factorial experiment. There were no significant (P &amp;gt; 0.05) forage source x supplement interaction effects. Leaves of A. farnesiana had higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) DMD (64%), GP (26 mL), ME (1910 kcal ME/kg DM), and OMD (53%) than other forages (mean 47% DMD, 17 mL GP, 1232 kcal ME/kg DM, and 39% DMO). Supplements increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) DMD (average +8%), but only DCP increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the GP (+23%) of evaluated forages. Leaves of A. farnesiana had higher DMD (P &amp;lt; 0.05; 64%). There were no effects (P &amp;gt;0.05) of the 10% added supplements in ME content or DMO. In conclusion, leaves of A. farnesiana and DCP are valuable sources of nutrients and energy for small ruminants in northeastern Mexico.

PSIV-B-25 Digestible energy and metabolizable energy of high-fiber ingredients in growing pig diets

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in high-fiber ingredients fed to growing pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 57.5 kg (SD = 5.7) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A replicated 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets and 3 periods was employed. A basal diet was composed of 75.0% corn and 22.7% soybean meal (SBM) as the sole energy sources. Four experimental diets were prepared by replacing 40% of corn and SBM with soybean hulls (SH), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), or rice bran (RB). An additional diet was prepared by replacing 10% of corn and SBM with cashew nut hulls (CNH). Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 4-d collection period, and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for total collection of feces and urine. The DE and ME values in RB (3,969 and 3,936 kcal/kg DM) were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than those in CGF (2,654 and 2,520 kcal/kg DM) and SH (2,492 and 2,541 kcal/kg DM) and the energy values in WB (3,162 and 3,118 kcal/kg DM) were not different from those in RB, CGF, or SH. The DE and ME values in CNH (350 and 572 kcal/kg DM) were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than those in all other test ingredients. In conclusion, energy concentrations in RB were greatest among the high-fiber test ingredients, whereas CNH had the lowest values.

125 Nutritional and Extra-nutritional Compounds in Fruit and Vegetable Waste and Their Potential for Use in Dietary Supplements

Abstract Since the beginning of the 20th century, fruits and vegetables have historically been promoted as an important part of the human diet. The plethora of epidemiological and intervention studies has shown, since then, positive associations between fruit and vegetable intake and improved health outcomes and/or prevention of certain chronic diseases. In this regard, dietary fiber has traditionally been viewed as having beneficial effects due to inherent physical properties of solution viscosity and insoluble particles coupled with fermentation by colonic bacteria. However, it is now clear that they exert an important function as a carrier for phytonutrients, which is particularly important for fruits and vegetables, which often have high contents of bioactive phytonutrients such as polyphenols. Remarkably, production and processing of fruit and vegetables for human consumption results in a large amount of food waste due to their high-water contents, fast respiration rate, high sensitivity to environmental factors, and/or presence of inedible parts. Although the utilization of fruit and vegetable waste as animal feed is limited due to their low content of digestible energy, their rich palette of dietary fibers and polyphenols could make it a rich source of health-promoting dietary compounds. As an example, interest in the ability of dietary fibers and (poly)phenolic compounds to influence carbohydrate metabolism and colonic health could make problematical fruit and vegetable biomass a game-changer source of dietary supplements. This presentation will cover recent progress on the nature of interactions between polyphenols and the plant cell wall, how this affects polyphenol bioaccessibility and bioavailability during digestion, and how processing can result in dietary supplements with tailored structure and solubility of their dietary fibers and chemical stability and bioaccesibility of their (poly)phenolic compounds.

Nutrients Profile of 52 Browse Species Found in Semi-Arid Areas of South Africa for Livestock Production: Effect of Harvesting Site.

The use of these browse plant species as feed supplements to livestock is restricted due to a lack of knowledge about their nutritional status. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of woody browse species found in a semi-arid, as influenced by harvesting, site (Limpopo and North West Province). Limpopo had a Glenrosa, Mispah and Lithosols (GM-L) soil type and North West sites had an Aeolian Kalahari sand, Clovelly and Hutton (AKS-CH) soil type. Fresh leaves from fifty-two trees (five trees per species) were randomly selected and harvested from the site by hand-picking. Limpopo had forty-five browse species and North West had twenty-one browse species, respectively. The samples were air dried at room temperature and ground for laboratory analysis (nutritive value). The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (for those species that were not common in both sites) and two-way factorial (for those species that were common in both sites) in a completely randomized design. In the GM-L soil type, M. azedarach (223.2 g/kg DM) had the highest (p < 0.05) crude protein content (CP), whereas in the AKS-CH soil type, V. hebeclada (189.2 g/kg DM) had the highest (p < 0.05) CP content. Within each species, V. nilotica. Subsp. Krasssiana had the highest (p < 0.05) dry matter digestibility (725.4 g/kg DM), non-fibrous carbohydrates (607.3 g/kg DM), digestible energy (3.375 Mcal/kg) and metabolizable energy (2.771) content when compared to all the other browse species in both GM-L and AKS-CH soils. Melia azedarach in GM-L had the highest (p < 0.05) values in most amino acids’ parameters measured when compared to the same species in AKS-CH. Though the harvesting site had an effect on the nutritive value, all species, irrespective of the harvesting site, had sufficient CP to be used as a supplement to livestock exposed to the low-quality roughages. The results from this study will be useful for farmers and researchers through the provision of relevant information on how to improve livestock production. There is a need to run in vivo trials to determine the best species suitable for livestock sustainability.

Greenhouse gases and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme.

The objective of this project was to determine the impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets supplemented with a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (amylase, cellulase, glucanase, xylanase, and invertase activities) on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and greenhouse gas (GHG) output (carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrous oxide, N2O; methane, CH4). Three experiments were conducted utilizing six treatments arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial (0%, 15%, or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the digestibility experiment or as a 2 × 2 factorial (0% or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the performance and GHG experiments. The digestibility, performance, and GHG experiments utilized 48 individually housed pigs, 180 pigs housed 5 per pen, or 96 pigs housed 6 per chamber, respectively. Increasing wheat millrun up to 30% in the diet of growing pigs resulted in decreased energy, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) apparent total tract digestibility and net energy content (P < 0.01). Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio were reduced in pigs fed wheat millrun (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation had minimal effects on the digestibility or performance parameters measured. Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect GHG output (CH4: 4.7 and 4.9; N2O: 0.45 and 0.42; CO2: 1,610 and 1,711 mg/s without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P > 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG emissions (CH4: 4.5 and 5.1; N2O: 0.46 and 0.42; CO2: 1,808 and 1,513 mg/s without or with enzymes, respectively; P > 0.51). Overall, the carbohydrase enzyme had minimal effects on parameters measured, regardless of wheat millrun inclusion (P > 0.10). Although energy, N and P digestibility, and ADG were reduced, the inclusion of up to 30% wheat millrun in the diet has no effect on GHG emissions from growing pigs (P > 0.10).

The usefulness of NIRS calibrations based on feed and feces spectra to predict nutrient content, digestibility and net energy of pig feeds

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used to predict the potential nutritive value of feeds. Near infrared spectroscopy calibrations based on a combination of feed and feces spectra may reflect the effective nutritive value. We investigated the usefulness and accuracy of NIRS based on combined spectra from pig feed and feces to predict their chemical composition as well as nutrient digestibility and net energy (NE) content. A total of 62 feeds and 310 freeze-dried feces samples (5 per feed) from 3 in vivo digestibility experiments were used. First, calibrations based on either feed spectra or feces spectra only were developed to predict their chemical composition. Then, calibrations based on combined feed and feces spectra were developed, thereby comparing 3 possibilities: merging, subtracting or averaging spectra. The calibrations were evaluated by cross-validation either by leave-one-feed-out or by splitting the dataset in 4 random groups. Most of the chemical parameters of the feed and the feces could be predicted accurately (residual prediction deviation, RPD ~ 3, R2 > 0.8), but predictions for feed were somewhat less accurate for crude protein (RPD = 2.1), non-starch polysaccharides (RPD = 2.0) and sugar (RPD = 1.0); and for feces, crude fiber (RPD = 2.1), organic matter (RPD = 2.2) and gross energy (RPD = 1.8). Net energy was better estimated using feed spectra than feces spectra, with a standard error of cross validation (SECV) of 0.33 and 0.46 MJ/kg, respectively. The digestibility of nutrients was poorly estimated from both calibrations based on feed or feces spectra alone (RPD ~ 1.5). The combination of spectra resulted in an overall better estimation of the digestibility and NE especially with merging and subtracting; for NE, these combinations resulted in an SECV of 0.26 and 0.27 MJ/kg, respectively. For all calibrations based on feces spectra, either singular or combined, the leave-one-feed-out cross-validation resulted in higher SECV than the validation with 4 random groups. However, the latter cross-validation method may lead to over-optimistic results as the group to be validated may contain spectra which are not independent.

A hasznosítási gyakoriság és az időjárás hatása száraz és üde fekvésű gyepek takarmány-minőségére

Irrigating pastures is a viable option only in a few selected areas in Hungary, even though pasture is a water demanding culture. Species composition will be impacted by the climate change, reduced winter and spring precipitation and the increasing number of hot days as well as the rise in temperature. Coverage by dicots and C4 grasses will increase, resulting in a change in feed quality. Yield losses and deteriorating quality should be compensated by an adaptive agricultural technology. We examined the impacts of 3 utilization technologies and seasonal weather conditions on dry and mesic pastures in the years 2006-2010. Results indicated a significant difference in feed quality and factors determining nutrient content caused by water supply. On the dry pasture, humidity had a significant and substantial negative impact (highest significance, highest r-value) whereas the mesic pasture was essentially affected by precipitation. On the mesic pasture, high temperatures, strong radiation and high amounts of precipitation all had negative impacts on the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of grass. Crude protein contents showed strong correlation only with annual precipitation.

Digestibility of amino acids and concentration of metabolizable energy are greater in high-oil corn than in conventional corn when fed to growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of amino acids (AA), concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the coefficient of standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of phosphorus (P) in high-oil corn is greater than in conventional corn. In experiment 1, 9 pigs (81.5 ± 5.9 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods for 9 replicates per diet. A nitrogen-free diet and 2 diets that contained conventional corn or high-oil corn as the only source of crude protein (CP) and AA were formulated. Results indicated that the CSID of CP and most AA was greater (P < 0.05) in high-oil corn than in conventional corn, which consequently resulted in greater concentrations of standardized ileal digestible AA in high-oil than in conventional corn. In experiment 2, 64 pigs (18.75 ± 2.2 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 2 sources of corn (conventional corn or high-oil corn) and 4 levels of microbial phytase (0, 500, 1000, or 2000 phytase units/kg). Feces and urine were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-day adaptation and 4-day collection periods. The digestibility of gross energy (GE) was not different between diets containing high-oil corn and diets containing conventional corn. However, because of the greater GE in high-oil corn than in conventional corn, concentrations of DE and ME in high-oil corn were greater (P < 0.01) than in conventional corn. Addition of microbial phytase to diets increased (P < 0.01) the CSTTD of P in both corn sources, and the CSTTD of P was greater (P < 0.01) in high-oil corn than in conventional corn. In conclusion, high-oil corn contained more standardized ileal digestible AA, DE, and ME than conventional corn. The CSTTD of P in high oil corn, regardless of phytase supplementation, was also greater than in conventional corn. These results indicate that high-oil corn has greater nutritional value than conventional corn when fed to pigs.

Kandungan Energi Bruto, Energi Tercerna dan Energi Metabolis Pakan Cair Fermentasi Berbahan Biji Asam Utuh pada Babi Grower

Tamarind seeds have a high energy content but have limited use for pigs because the seed coat is tough and contains anti-nutrient tannins. Therefore, liquid feed fermentation technology is carried out. The aim of this research was to assess the gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy content of liquid feed fermentation (Lff) with different fermentation times in growing pigs. The research materials were whole tamarind seeds, bran, corn, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal. The study used a completely randomized design and consisted of 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment = Lf0: Lff time 0 days; Lf1: Lff for 7 days, Lf2: Lff for 14 days, Lf3: Lff for 21days, Lf4: Lff for 28 days fermentation. The research variables were the energy content of the ration and the prediction of digestible energy and metabolic energy value. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's advanced test. The results showed that the Lff with different fermentation time had a significant effect (P &lt;0,05) on gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy value. The best value of energy is Lff for 21 days. It was concluded that the time for fermentation of liquid feed made from tamarind seeds which can produce good energy content, digestibility, and metabolic energy is 21 days.

Nutritive value of dehydrated sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoliae) for growing rabbits, according to the harvesting stage

In rabbit production, the use of dehydrated sainfoin, a Legume containing phenols and condensed tannins (CT), has received recent attention because of its nutraceutical properties. Here, we aimed to compare the nutritive value of dehydrated Perly cultivar sainfoin for a first cut (SC1: crude protein = 200 g/kg, Acid detergent fiber (ADFom) = 208 g/kg, CT = 11.8 g/kg), or a third cut (SC3: crude protein = 159 g/kg, ADFom = 228 g/kg, CT = 17.5 g/kg). The digestibility of two sets of 4 diets, made either with SC1 or with SC3, and containing either 0, 120, 240, or 360 g/kg of dehydrated sainfoin (DS0, DS120, DS240, DS360) in dilution with a basal mixture was compared based on a regression statistical procedure. A direct measure of the nutritive value of SC1 was performed with a supplemental diet containing 980 g/kg (DS980) of SC1. In trial 1, four groups of 12 growing rabbits received SC3 diets. In the trial 2, five groups of 8–9 rabbits received SC1 diets. Rabbits were allotted at weaning (35 days), housed individually in metabolism cages and fed ad libitum during six weeks. Sainfoin digestibility was measured for both trials in 6 weeks old rabbit, and in 8 weeks old rabbit only for trial 2. The digestibility of energy and particularly that of protein linearly decreased with the increase in SC3 incorporation in diets (P < 0.001). Using a regression procedure, SC3 digestible energy (DE) and protein (DP) concentrations were respectively 6.70 ± 0.15 MJ DE/kg and 53 ± 4 g DP/kg as fed, corresponding respectively to a 40 % and 33 % digestibility coefficient. On the contrary energy digestibility was relatively stable from 0 to 360 g/kg SC1 incorporation in diets, in both 6 wks. and 8 wks. old rabbits whereas the digestibility of protein decreased linearly with SC1 incorporation in diets (P < 0.001) as observed with SC3 incorporation. SC1 DE and DP concentration were respectively 8.84 ± 0.25 MJ DE/kg, corresponding to an energy digestibility of 58 %, and 79 ± 5 g DP/kg corresponding to a protein digestibility coefficient of 40 %. Nitrogen retention coefficients slightly decreased with SC3 incorporation. With SC1 incorporation, nitrogen retention coefficients were stable. With SC3 incorporation level the protein digestibility decreased sharper (P < 0.05) than for SC1. The DE content of SC1 calculated by regression gave similar results than a direct measurement (DS980), while the DP content was lower by regression compared to the direct measure (74 vs 92 g/kg). Thus for future assays of sainfoin nutritive value the use of a direct measure could be recommended for DE estimation.

Additivity of digestible energy and nutrient concentrations in hatchery byproducts fed to nursery pigs.

ObjectiveThe objective was to test additivity of digestible energy and nutrient concentrations in the hatchery byproduct mixture fed to nursery pigs.MethodsIn the previous studies, energy, phosphorus, calcium, and amino acid digestibility of infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and a mixture of 3 hatchery byproduct ingredients was determined in nursery pigs (initial body weight = 9.4 to 14.2 kg). An additivity test was conducted using these determined values.ResultsNo difference was observed between determined and predicted metabolizable energy values in the mixture (3,998 and 3,990 kcal/kg as-is basis, respectively). Measured standardized total tract digestible phosphorus in the mixture was less than the predicted value (4.5 vs 5.3 g/kg as-is basis, respectively; p<0.05). Measured standardized total tract digestible calcium in the mixture was greater compared with the predicted value (40.0 vs 31.7 g/kg as-is basis, respectively; p<0.05). Measured standardized ileal digestible tryptophan in the mixture was greater than the predicted value (3.7 vs 3.1 g/kg as-is basis, respectively; p<0.05) whereas other amino acid values were additive.ConclusionEnergy and most of amino acid concentrations in hatchery byproducts are additive in the mixture fed to nursery pigs.

Top-spraying xylanase and β-glucanase improves digestible energy content and optimizes protein and amino acids digestibility in high-fiber diet fed to growing Nile tilapia

Recent evidence has shown that the advantage of top-spray enzymes is to surmount the problem caused by high temperature during extrusion and drying processes and ensure high residual content of exogenous enzymes in extruded aquafeeds. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of the liquid blend of xylanase and β-glucanase (XB) on the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and nutrients including amino acids (AA), as well impacts on digestible energy (DE) and nitrogen retention (Nr) in low and high-fiber diets fed to growing Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish (n = 192) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of fiber (low or high), either not supplemented (Control) or supplemented with XB (0.2 g/kg, contained analyzed 1130 TXU/kg of 1,4-β-xylanase and 512 TGU/kg of 1,4-β-glucanase). The chromium oxide was used as an indigestible marker. Data were obtained during 2 subsequent runs of feces collection of 10 days, run 1 (initial body weight of 60 g ± 3.4 g), and run 2 (initial body weight of 72 ± 3.7 g). Each diet was tested using 4 replicates with 2 replicates run. The low-fiber diet with XB exhibited significantly higher ADC of GE than other diets. However, the high-fiber diet containing XB revealed higher ADC of GE than that without XB addition. Compared to control, XB addition improved the ADC of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Relative to control, DE and Nr were notably higher in the XB-added diet by 0.41 MJ/kg and 0.21 g/kg diet, respectively. The high-fiber diet containing XB showed equivalent ADC of Thr than the low-fiber diet without XB inclusion. The high-fiber diet with XB exhibited comparable ADC of Thr than the low-fiber diet without XB addition. The low-fiber diet showed increased ADC of all essential AA, except Lys and Met. However, compared to control, XB addition improved the ADCs of branched-chain AA, Lys, and Thr. Overall, liquid XB at 0.2 g/kg onto extruded pellets optimized digestibility, increased digestible energy, and retained N contents, mainly in the high-fiber diet. This study identified the potential of liquid XB to be used on an industrial-scale by application onto extruded pellets for precision Nile tilapia feeding.

Energy content of intact and heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates per treatment). The three experimental diets were the following: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121 °C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P < 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation.

211 A Corn Protein Product Has Greater Concentration of Digestible Amino Acids and Energy Than Low-oil Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles When Fed to Pigs and May Be Used in Diets for Weanling Pigs

Abstract The hypothesis that the nutritional value of corn protein (approximately 50% protein) is greater than in two sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS1 and DDGS2) was tested. In Exp. 1, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (37.1 ± 2.4 kg) were allotted to a Latin square and fed a N-free diet or diets based on corn protein, DDGS1, or DDGS2. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SAS with treatment and replicate being fixed and random effects, respectively. Concentrations of standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in corn protein than in DDGS (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 32 barrows (16.5 ± 0.9 kg) in metabolism crates received diets based on, corn, corn protein, DDGS1, or DDGS2. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1. Corn protein had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) ME compared with DDGS1 and DDGS2 (Table 1). In Exp. 3, 160 pigs (6.02 ± 0.84 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments with 8 pens per treatment. Phase 1 and 2 diets contained 0, 5, 5, or 10% and 0, 2.5, 7.5, or 10% corn protein, respectively, which replaced enzyme-treated soybean meal (HP300) or plasma in phase 1 or HP300 in phase 2. Diets were formulated using ME and SID AA values from Exp. 1 and 2. A common phase 3 diet was used. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1. At the end of phase 1, BW was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for pigs fed the diet with the greatest inclusion of corn protein, but there was no difference at the end of the experiment (Table 2). Fecal score tended (P = 0.066) to be reduced in phase 2 for pigs fed the greatest inclusion of corn protein. In conclusion, corn protein has greater ME and digestible AA than DDGS and may reduce fecal scores of pigs

PSII-20 Energy Evaluation of Heat-treated and Intact Extruded-expelled Soybean Meal for Growing Pigs

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy contents of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of thermal treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM in a 70:30 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 120°C for 60 mins to make heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy contents of the tested DESBM were calculated by using the difference method. All data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P &amp;lt; 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM but comparable net energy contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and net energy are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,242 kcal/kg on a DM basis. However, thermal damage during EESBM production should be considered in terms of DE and ME content of EESBM fed to growing pigs.

253 Impact of Corn Hybrid Selection for Fiber and Starch Traits on in Vivo Nutrient Digestion in Beef Cattle

Abstract Evaluation of corn silage digestibility is normally done using laboratory techniques to predict the performance if fed to cattle, which may or may not predict actual performance when fed to cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate two Masters Choice corn silage hybrids previously selected for improved fiber and starch digestion on nutrient intake and digestion in cattle. In a 126-day digestion study, six ruminally fistulated beef steers were utilized in a 3×6 Latin rectangle design with three dietary treatments and six periods (21 days in length with 14 days of adaptation and 7 days of collection). Diets consisted of 80% corn silage (dry matter basis) of Masters Choice hybrid MCT6365 RIB (MC1; selected for greater fiber and starch digestion) and MCT6733 GT3000 (MC2; older hybrid selected for greater fiber digestion) and were compared to a conventional corn hybrid (CON; commonly grown in Eastern Nebraska). The remainder of the diet included 15% modified distillers grains plus solubles and 5% supplement. Corn silage hybrid did not impact dry matter or organic matter (OM) intake (P ≥ 0.68), but hybrid treatment impacted OM, starch, and energy digestibility (P &amp;lt; 0.02). Steers fed MC1 corn silage had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) total tract OM and energy digestibility, as well as digestible energy (DE, P = 0.02) content of the diet when compared to MC2, with steers fed CON being intermediate (P ≥ 0.09). Feeding MC1 also resulted in greater (P = 0.03) total tract starch digestibility than MC2, with no difference (P = 0.12) when compared to CON. Results indicated that feeding MC1 corn silage improved digestion and energy availability to the steers, which allowed for greater average daily gain and improved feed efficiency observed in the corresponding growing trial, while the opposite was true for MC2.

Nutritive value for ruminants of different fresh and ensiled sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) varieties harvested at varying maturity stages

ABSTRACT The occurrence of the Western corn rootworm and increasing frequency of summer droughts have reduced forage maize yields and quality in Central Europe in recent years. Therefore, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has been increasingly used as alternative forage in ruminant feeding, although information on the nutritive value of whole crop sorghum silage (WCSS) under Central European climate conditions is scarce. This research project aimed to study differences between sorghum varieties and harvest dates regarding dry matter (DM) yield, chemical composition of fresh panicle, fresh stover, fresh whole plant and WCSS as well as whole tract digestibility and energy content of WCSS. For this purpose, six sorghum varieties, classified by their predominant use (biomass, silage, grain), were cultivated and harvested at three maturity stages (late milk stage, dough stage, full maturity). Furthermore, WCSS quality was compared with feed value of fresh and ensiled forage maize. Dry matter yield was higher (p < 0.05) in biomass sorghum (24.9 t/ha) compared to other sorghum varieties (12.4 to 16.7 t/ha). However, panicle proportion was lowest in biomass sorghum (10.5%), highest in grain sorghum (59.1%) and intermediate in silage sorghum. Fibre content declined and starch content increased with rising panicle proportion in fresh panicle, fresh whole plant and WCSS. Therefore, whole tract organic matter digestibility (66.8%) and metabolisable energy (ME) content (9.49 MJ/kg DM) were highest in grain sorghum silage. Especially low ME content was found in the biomass sorghum silage (7.43 MJ/kg DM). Dry matter yield of sorghum increased between late milk and dough stage of maturity, while it remained constant afterwards. Furthermore, ME content of WCSS rose tendentially (0.05 < p < 0.10) between late milk and dough stage of maturity and dropped again between dough stage and full maturity. Highest nutritive value of WCSS is achieved if grain sorghum varieties are used and both nutritive value and DM yield are optimised if harvest is carried out at dough stage of maturity. However, compared to forage maize, grain sorghum varieties have disadvantages both in DM yield and in nutritive value under common Central European climate conditions.