Blood Glucose Concentrations Research Articles

Retrospective cohort study on diseases and risk factors associated with death in hospitalized neonatal foals.

The care of sick neonatal foals is labor-intensive and costly. Prediction of risk of death upon admission is often difficult but might support decision-making. To determine diseases and risk factors associated with death in neonatal hospitalized foals. Two hundred twenty-two hospitalized foals, ≤7 days old. Retrospective cohort study. Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated for their association with death by means of Cox survival analysis and by classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Most prevalent diseases were sepsis (43.9%), enteritis (14.0%), and omphalitis (9.0%). Case fatality rate was 33.3%. Neonatal sepsis significantly increased the risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.0; P = .009). Multivariable Cox regression in foals ≤7 days old revealed comatose mental state (HR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.1-8.1; P = .04), L-lactatemia (≥373.8 mg/L [4.2 mmol/L]; HR = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.7-11.7; P = .003) and increased serum amyloid A (SAA; ≥2054 μg/mL; HR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.2-12.7; P = .02) as risk factors for death, with a sensitivity and specificity of 7.5% and 95.7%, respectively. The CART analysis highlighted L-lactatemia, comatose mental state, and hypercapnia as risk factors for death, with a sensitivity of 38.1% and specificity of 86.1% after validation. In this study sample, sepsis was associated with the highest risk of death. Identified risk factors such as SAA, L-lactate, and comatose mental state might guide veterinarians and owners in better decision-making for economic or welfare reasons. Frequently measured laboratory variables, such as blood glucose concentration and Immunoglobulin G, were not sensitive and specific enough to provide reliable decision support for survival estimation.

PROFOUND HYPOGLYCEMIA AND BLOOD GLUCOSE TESTING METHODOLOGIES IN FLORIDA MANATEES (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS) PRESENTED TO A CRITICAL CARE CENTER.

Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) continue to experience pressure from various stressors that frequently result in the need for rescue and veterinary assistance. Interestingly, a subset of rescued manatees in critical condition exhibits profound hypoglycemia. The goals of this study were to enhance our understanding of this important aspect of manatee care by 1) characterizing the clinical presentation and factors associated with manatees that present with profound hypoglycemia, and 2) assessing agreement across blood glucose testing modalities [glucometer (whole blood), in-house bench-top analyzer (whole blood), a point of care analyzer (whole blood), and a local human hospital laboratory analyzer (serum)]. Twenty-five manatees were admitted to the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens from 2017 to 2021. Seven manatees were profoundly hypoglycemic on presentation with blood glucose concentrations of < 30 mg/dL. Hypoglycemic manatees were admitted due to cold stress syndrome (n = 3; 1 calf, 2 adults) or emaciation consistent with an unusual mortality event (n = 4; 2 calves, 2 adults). Physical examination findings in hypoglycemic animals included emaciation (n = 7, 100%), lethargy (n = 7, 100%), and intermittent mild muscle fasciculations of the muzzle (n = 3, 42.8%). Hypoglycemia resolved with intense supportive care and monitoring in all affected animals within 32 h of admission. No associations were identified between hypoglycemia on presentation and life-stage, sex, transport distance to JZG's critical care facility, or rehabilitation outcome (death/euthanasia vs. release). Statistical agreement was observed between all blood glucose testing modalities except for the glucometer vs. the human hospital analyzer. Despite the limited sample size, these findings inform on the clinical presentation of severe hypoglycemia, the importance of close blood glucose monitoring after admission, blood glucose testing modalities, and clinical decision-making in Florida manatees admitted to critical care centers.

Association Between Melanoma Metastasis and Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Chinese Population.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains a significant global public health concern. However, the relationship between MetS, its individual components and melanoma metastasis remains unexplored. We analysed the clinical data of 258 Chinese melanoma patients who had not undergo systemic therapy. Binary logistic regression, adjusted for sex and age, was employed to evaluate the connection between MetS and its components and melanoma metastasis. Of the 258 melanoma patients, 92 met the MetS criteria upon diagnosis. No direct association between MetS and melanoma metastasis was identified. However, specific components of MetS, namely low HDL-cholesterol levels (OR = 2.85, 95% CI:1.50-5.41, p < 0.05) and dysglycaemia (OR = 4.23, 95% CI:1.80-8.96, p < 0.05), were associated with melanoma metastasis. In subgroup analysis, hypertriglyceridemia correlated with melanoma metastasis in non-elderly patients (< 65 years) (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.14-6.33, p < 0.05). Central obesity and hypertension showed no association. A dose-response analysis further indicated that melanoma metastasis risk escalated with increasing fasting blood glucose and blood triglyceride concentrations, and with decreasing blood HDL concentration. Our results suggest that monitoring and managing individual components of the MetS, particularly HDL-cholesterol levels, fasting glucose and triglyceride levels, may have potential prognostic benefits for melanoma in the Chinese population.

Fabrication and mechanical/biological evaluations of dissolving bird-bill microneedle arrays.

Coated microneedles (MNs) have several disadvantages, including limited drug doses, decreased skin puncture ability due to drug coating, and a risk of clogging and infection due to repeated application. We aimed to fabricate a dissolving bird-bill MN (dBB MN) with a vertical groove between two thin plate-shaped needles and needle pedestal. Moreover, we evaluated its ability to transdermally deliver a large-molecular-weight insulin into the systemic circulation. Hydrogels with various concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or sodium hyaluronate (HA) were prepared, and dBB MN arrays were fabricated by micromolding under negative pressure for potential mass production. The needle height of the dBB MN was at the maximum when the hydrogel was 25 w/w% PVP, with a viscosity of 8-9Pa∙s. Furthermore, the buckling force of dBB MNs made from 25 w/w% PVP was 130.6 ± 51.0 mN, which increased to 195.6 ± 65.3 mN when insulin was added at 1 w/w%. The skin insertion ability of dBB MN was investigated using swain skin, with micro-holes were confirmed on the skin surface. dBB MN showed biphasic dissolution in the skin; the plate-shaped needles were immediately dissolved within 10min, while the needle pedestal was slowly dissolved over 180min. The blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats decreased slowly and significantly after a 3-h application of the insulin-loaded dBB MN array. Therefore, the dBB MN array demonstrated sufficient ability to puncture skin and transdermally deliver a large-molecular-weight drug into the systemic circulation. These findings suggest that the dBB MN array holds promise as a minimal invasive drug delivery platform, with potential applications in improving patient adherence and expanding access to essential therapies, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Principal Component Analysis and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as Noninvasive Blood Glucose Assay Methods.

In this paper, a new model is presented for estimation of the blood glucose level from the measured near-infrared absorbance. The model has been developed in such a way that the regression coefficients of this linear relation have been approximated by considering only the molar absorptivity of the glucose and the obtained coefficients have been utilized to estimate the blood glucose levels from the measured absorbances. The estimation of the blood glucose concentrations by this blind approach exhibited an acceptable accuracy in comparison to the more accurate principal components regression method. The blood sample absorbances have been measured using a Fourier transform infrared device while the blood glucose levels have been determined by a commercial finger-prick glucometer device.

Functional Feed for Laying Hens: Application of Saffron Extract as Eco-Friendly Supplement With Cholesterol-Lowering Properties.

Saffron has been utilized in numerous studies as an additive to augment egg quality and to enhance the oxidative stability of egg yolk.However, there is limited knowledge on the responses of hens to dietary supplementation with saffron petals on egg chemical composition, fecal mineral excretion, and ammonia emission. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of saffron petal extract-enriched diet on egg quality, blood metabolites and odorous gas emission from excreta in laying hens. The experimental methodology involved a feeding trial conducted over a period of 12 weeks, using 200 Hy-line W36 laying hens aged 39 weeks. The dietary intervention included a basic diet (serving as a control with no supplementation), as well as diets fortified with 40, 60 or 80 parts per million (ppm) of hydroalcoholic saffron petal extract in a completely randomized design. Results showed that the inclusion of saffron petal extract in the diet did not significantly affect the egg crude protein, fat and ash content. However, a significant reduction (p<0.05) in yolk cholesterol concentration was observed. No substantial effect was noted on feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and egg weight (p>0.05). On the other hand, a significant increase (p<0.05) was documented in the egg production percentage of hens fed on the 80ppm saffron petal extract diet compared to the control. Furthermore, saffron petal extract supplementation resulted in a significantly lower yolk cholesterol together with reduced serum cholesterol content (p<0.05). Blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations also demonstrated a decrease subsequent to the inclusion of 80ppm saffron petal extract. The excretion of faecal minerals did not show any significant alterations due to the dietary interventions (p>0.05). Notably, hens supplemented with 60 and 80ppm saffron petal extract displayed significantly diminished concentrations of faecal ammonia (NH3) emissions (p<0.05) compared to the control. The study suggests that the inclusion of 80ppm saffron petal extract in the diet of laying hens may serve as a functional food source to mitigate cholesterol levels in egg yolk and blood serum, as well as to reduce faecal ammonia emissions.

Utilization of peripheral glucose and lactate differences in the diagnosis of feline arterial thromboembolism: a multi-center study.

To establish lactate and glucose differences between affected and non-affected limbs in cats with feline arterial thromboembolism (FATE). To evaluate the correlation between these values and survival to discharge as well as congestive heart failure (CHF). Blood glucose and lactate concentrations were prospectively obtained on admission from client-owned FATE cats and client-owned cats presented for other conditions. The glucose and lactate concentrations of the front limbs (or non-affected) and the hind limbs (or affected) were measured. Lactate (Δlactate) and glucose (Δglucose) differences between the two limbs were calculated. The FATE group and control groups included 18 and 41 cats, respectively. The median age of the cats within the FATE group and control groups was 9.5 years and 5 years, respectively. The median Δlactate was significantly higher in the FATE group than in the control group (7.2 mmol/L versus 0.1 mmol/L, respectively; p ≤ 0.01). The median Δglucose was significantly higher in the FATE group than in the control group (155 mg/dL versus 3 mg/dL, respectively; p ≤ 0.01). A diagnosis of FATE was made using a ∆lactate cutoff of 2.2 mmol/L (100% sensitivity and 95% specificity) or a ∆glucose cutoff of 41 mg/dL (100% sensitivity and specificity). There was no correlation between Δlactate and Δglucose and survival to discharge. A higher ∆glucose was significantly associated with concurrent CHF (p = 0.01). Both Δlactate and Δglucose were accurate diagnostic tools for cats with FATE. Neither were correlated with survival to discharge. Higher Δglucose values were significantly associated with the presence of CHF.

Bariatric Surgery-Induced Weight Loss Reduces CD36 Expression in Association with the Improvement of Insulin Resistance in Monocytes of Obese Subjects

Obesity is often associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, which are known risk factors for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cell differentiating-36 (CD36) is a cell membrane receptor that is also implicated in early stages of insulin resistance and diabetes due to its ability to bind and internalize oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Bariatric surgery is an effective procedure that induces substantial weight loss and improves obesity-associated comorbidities. This study investigated the effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery (RYGB) on plasma oxLDL and CD36 expression and assessed possible link with insulin activity.Th study was conducted prospectively in thirty-six obese subjects who underwent RYGB. Weight loss was recorded before and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The expression of CD36 in monocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The concentrations of blood lipids, glucose, insulin and oxLDL were assayed in plasma, and the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was determined.There was a significant reduction of monocyte CD36 levels at 6 months (-48%) and 12 months (-63%) post-surgery. The concentrations of plasma insulin, oxLDL and triglycerides were reduced after 6 months (-38%, -41% and -29%, respectively) and after 12 months (-51%, -61% and -36%, respectively) post-surgery. The level of monocyte CD36 was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), blood insulin and HOMA-IR.The reduction of monocyte CD36 expression and plasma oxLDL level following RYGB-induced weight loss may contribute to the improvement of insulin resistance cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Evaluation of the Clinical Safety of the Low-Cost Warburg Therapy for the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Cancers.

Rising cancer care costs are becoming cost prohibitive for lower income people worldwide. We developed the Warburg protocol as a low-cost option for the treatment of cancer that was inspired. It was developed to exploit an Achilles heel which is a hallmark of cancer cells; the metabolic requirement for higher levels of glucose than normal cells. The purpose of this report is to assess the clinical safety and affordability of the Warburg therapy as an option for patients with advanced cancers. Between 2021 and 2023, 251 patients with advanced cancers received a total of 8542 treatments with the Warburg therapy. To restrict the supply of blood glucose to cancerous tumors, regular human insulin was administered (IV) sufficient to reduce blood glucose concentrations to hypoglycemic levels for 40-60 min. Subroutine doses of fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide were administered intravenously during this hypoglycemic period. Food or intravenous glucose was given as needed to return blood glucose to euglycemic levels after treatment. Patient symptoms, status, vitals, blood glucose, and hypoglycemic symptoms were monitored throughout treatment. Various blood parameters were measured before and after patients' course of treatment. There were no irreversible adverse reactions in advanced tumor patients of different ages and different cancer types after treatment. There was no significant fluctuation in blood glucose levels in diabetic and non-diabetic patients after treatment, and the weight, vital index and blood biochemical index of patients before and after multiple treatments exhibited little variation. Warburg therapy for the treatment of advanced tumors is clinically feasible, and safe for multiple treatments. It is inexpensive and widely applicable to different patient groups.

Blood-glucose regulator design for diabetics based on LQIR-driven Sliding-Mode-Controller with self-adaptive reaching law.

Type I Diabetes is an endocrine disorder that prevents the pancreas from regulating the blood glucose (BG) levels in a patient's body. The ubiquitous Linear-Quadratic-Integral-Regulator (LQIR) is an optimal glycemic regulation strategy; however, it is not resilient enough to withstand measurement noise and meal disruptions. The Sliding-Mode-Controller (SMC) yields robust BG regulation effort at the expense of a discontinuous insulin infusion rate that perturbs the BG concentrations. Hence, the novel contribution of this article is the formulation of a hybridized LQIR-driven SMC strategy that retrieves the benefits of the aforesaid control schemes while avoiding their inherent problems. The proposed control approach is realized by linearly combining a glycemic LQIR law with an innovative sign function sliding mode reaching law that is driven by a customized LQIR-driven sliding surface. The hybridized control scheme generates optimal control decisions yielded by the LQIR while mimicking the robustness characteristic of SMC against bounded exogenous disturbances. Additionally, the SMC reaching law in the proposed control scheme is augmented with a nonlinear adaptation mechanism that flexibly modulates the control activity to effectively compensate for the external perturbations while minimizing the chattering content. The controller parameters are numerically optimized offline. The efficacy of the prescribed hybrid control law is analyzed via customized MATLAB simulations that normalize the patient's BG level to 80 mg/dL, under measurement noise and meal disruptions, from an initial hyperglycemic state. The results justify the improved BG regulation accuracy and disturbance-rejection capability of the proposed control procedure.

Investigation of the hypoglycemic bioactive components of Phyllanthi Fructus through biological assessment combined with ultrafiltration affinity mass spectrometry.

Phyllanthi Fructus (PF) is a tropical fruit with the potential to effectively reduce postprandial blood glucose. However, the lack of quantitative evaluation methods and comprehensive understanding of hypoglycemic active compounds has hindered the development and application of functional foods and dietary supplements derived from PF. In this study, based on the "mass reaction parallel line method", with acarbose as the control and PF extract as the test material, a biological evaluation method for PF hypoglycemic activity based on α-glucosidase inhibition was established for the first time. The in vitro and in vivo validation experiments showed that the coefficient (r) of correlation between the biological evaluation results and the AUC of rat postprandial blood glucose concentration was as high as 0.866, which confirmed the reliability of the evaluation method. The analysis of 20 batches of PF samples showed that the hypoglycemia potency of PF ranged from 2.66 to 8.39 U mg-1, with an average value of 4.00 U mg-1, and the standard deviation was 1.5. UF-LC-MS was used to identify 36 components of PF capable of binding to α-glucosidase. Molecular docking results showed that the binding energy was between -3.5 and -14.3 kJ mol-1. The hypoglycemic activity of 17 available control products was tested, and 8 inhibitors were found, including hyperoside, gallic acid, and corilagin. Dose-effect analysis suggested that flavonoids and polyphenols with a phenolic hydroxyl structure could inhibit α-glucosidase. In short, this study provides a basis for the development of PF hypoglycemic functional foods.

Validation of Electrochemical Biosensor based Hand-held Device for the Measurement of Blood Glucose in Lactating Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Background: Bovine ketosis is a major metabolic disorder emerging as a result of negative energy balance in the post calving period and subsequent lactation of lactating dairy animals. The measurement of the concentration of blood glucose was reported to be helpful for the early diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in buffaloes. Also, blood glucose will provide the overall energy status of the buffalo. Methods: The experiment was conducted on 56 healthy lactating Murrah buffaloes. Blood samples were collected in two slots for two consecutive days in the morning hour in an anticoagulant-added sodium fluoride bulb and in clot activator plain tubes by jugular venipuncture. Also, glucose concentration was measured by a handheld device (“Gluco One”, Model BG-03) by puncturing the small branches of the ear vein and the results were recorded. The estimation of blood glucose plasma and serum was done by standard laboratory enzymatic method i.e. Glucose Oxidase- Peroxidase (GOD-POD) on an automated chemistry analyzer. Result: There was no significant difference between the mean values of plasma glucose measured by the GOD-POD method and by the biosensor. But the regression analysis showed the blood glucose in plasma do not have a significant correlation with that measured by biosensor. The glucose measured in serum is significantly less than in plasma and measured by the biosensor. It is advisable to use fluoride-added preservative anticoagulant tubes and not to use a serum for the estimation of blood glucose.

Evaluation of point-of-care capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations in hospitalized neonatal foals.

To compare glucose measurements from capillary and venous blood samples using a point-of-care (POC) glucometer with a standard laboratory (colorimetric, glucose oxidase) assay (LABGLU) in a population of hospitalized, neonatal foals. Multicenter, prospective, experimental study, conducted between March 2019 and June 2020. Four university teaching hospitals and 1 private referral hospital. Fifty-four hospitalized neonatal (≤30days of age) foals. Simultaneous capillary (muzzle, POCMUZ) and venous (jugular, POCJUG) blood samples were obtained to determine POC glucose concentrations. Venous samples were also analyzed by LABGLU. Each foal was sampled at the time of enrollment or admission to the hospital and at 1 subsequent point during hospitalization. Indirect mean arterial pressure and hematocrit were concurrently recorded. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias (95% limits of agreement) of -28.0(-88.6to32.6)mg/dL for comparison of POCJUG with LABGLU, -8.2(-94.3to78.0)mg/dL for POCMUZ and LABGLU, and 18.8(-44.4to82.0)mg/dL for POCMUZ and POCJUG. A total of 63.5% of the POCJUG and 45.2% of the POCMUZ samples exceeded the reference value by ±15mg/dL (for LABGLU samples <75mg/dL) or ±15% (for LABGLU samples ≥75mg/dL). Concordance correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval [CI]) indicated a fair agreement between POCJUG and LABGLU (0.75, 95% CI: 0.66-0.82) and between POCMUZ and LABGLU (0.71, 95% CI: 0.58-0.80). Fifty percent (14/28) of hypoglycemic foals on the reference method were incorrectly classified as euglycemic by POCJUG, and 5 of 28 were incorrectly classified by POCMUZ. In the sampled population, the chosen POC glucometer lacked agreement with the standard laboratory measurement. Limits of agreement were wide for both POCJUG and POCMUZ. Inaccuracies in POC results could impact decision-making in the clinical management of glycemic control in hospitalized neonatal foals and, importantly, increase the risk of hypoglycemic events being underdiagnosed in critical patients.

Investigation on the Effect of Sacoglottis gabonensis on Blood Glucose, Body Weight and Behavioural Changes of Mice Exposed to Non-nutritive Sweeteners during Gestation Period

Aim: Aim of this research was to investigate the role of Sacoglotts gabonensis on blood sugar, body weight and behavioural changes of mice exposed to artificial sweeteners. Study Design: A total of 16 female mice (mean weight 18.6±2.32g) divided into four groups were used in this study. Methodology: Group A received no sweeteners or S. gabonensis, B received 50mg of sweeteners only, C received 50mg of sweeteners and 250mg/kg/bw of S. gabonensis, D received 250mg/kg/bw of S. gabonensis only for 8weeks. Results: show that group A and D had significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in blood glucose concentration with 7.27±3.53 mmol/L and 8.22±1.87 mmol/L respectively compared to group B and C with 9.12±1.03 mmol/L and 8.22±1.87 mmol/L. There was a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in body weight in groups A 32.60±7.34g and B 31.38±4.53g compared to groups C, 22.45±15.49g and D, 24.00±14.71g. Gestation length was between 19 and 20 days for the different groups and behavioural changes such as climbing, running, nesting and restlessness were observed in all the groups. Conclusion: The administration of S. gabonensis did not alter gestation length and behavioural changes during gravid period in experimental animals but altered the blood glucose concentrations However, administration of S. gabonensis is recommended for individuals who are at risk of developing high blood glucose concentration and increased body weight as it has shown modulatory effect on blood glucose and body weight gain.

Late-gestation maternal undernutrition induces circulatory redistribution while preserving uteroplacental function independent of fetal glycaemic state.

Programming effects of maternal undernutrition on fetal metabolic and cardiovascular systems are well elucidated, yet a detailed characterization of maternal haemodynamics is not available. This study used comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to quantify maternal haemodynamics after 29days (111-140 days) of late-gestation undernutrition (LGUN) in pregnant sheep. Control ewes received 100% of metabolizable energy requirements (MERs, n=15), whereas LGUN ewes were globally nutrient restricted to 50% MER (n=18), with a subset of fetuses undergoing continuous glucose infusion (LGUN+G, n=6/18). Ewes underwent CMR (138-140 days' gestation), and placental tissue was collected the next day. Ewes in both LGUN groups had reduced body weight and mean blood glucose concentration across gestation. Ventricular dimensions were lower in both LGUN groups. Uterine artery blood flow (QUtA) was elevated in the LGUN group compared with controls, whereas peripheral blood flow was reduced and further diminished in LGUN+G. Maternal weight change correlated with all haemodynamic parameters across all groups. Uteroplacental oxygen and glucose delivery were increased in LGUN compared to control ewes, whereas uteroplacental oxygen consumption was preserved. LGUN did not impact placental or fetal weight, and markers of brain-sparing physiology were absent. Placental expression of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and their receptors, glucose, fatty acid (FA) or amino acid transporters and markers of angiogenesis was not impacted. FA transporter expression was positively correlated with QUtA, and FA binding protein correlated negatively with maternal weight change. Maternal cardiovascular adaptations in response to LGUN manifest as preservation of placental growth and function, thereby preserving fetal growth. KEY POINTS: Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy alters fetal metabolic and cardiovascular physiology, but little is known about alterations in maternal haemodynamics. Late-gestation undernutrition (LGUN) and LGUN+G redirected maternal blood flow from the periphery to the uteroplacental unit, concomitantly increasing the delivery of glucose and oxygen to the uteroplacental unit. Substrate transporter expression and uteroplacental oxygen consumption were preserved in LGUN and LGUN+G, suggesting prioritization of the placenta. This study is the first to report detailed maternal haemodynamics in the setting of maternal undernutrition, where placental growth and function were maintained, ultimately preserving fetal oxygen metabolism and growth.

Short-Term Flow Velocity Stress on the Behavioral, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of the Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Flow velocity is a key environmental factor that affects the behavioral strategies and physiological homeostasis of fish. To study the effects of flow velocity on the behavioral changes and blood physiology of the yellow croaker, the behavioral patterns of yellow croakers in response to flow velocity stress were obtained by analyzing changes in tail wagging frequency and amplitude. Differences in blood glucose, lactate, and cortisol were compared to determine their appropriate flow rate ranges. The juvenile stage of the large yellow croaker is crucial, as environmental changes can affect the physiology of fish. Therefore, juvenile yellow croakers were selected as the experimental subjects for this study. Twenty-four healthy and uniformly sized large yellow croakers with body weights of (90.26 ± 9.91) g and body lengths of (19.91 ± 0.69) cm were randomly assigned to one control group and three experimental groups, with five fish in each group. The experimental group was set with three flow rates, namely 1 bl/s (20 cm/s), 2 bl/s (40 cm/s), and 3 bl/s (60 cm/s), with a flow rate stress duration of 1 h. The results showed that: (1) Under different flow velocities, the fish exhibited different tail wagging patterns. At low flow velocities, their tail fins exhibited a “C”-shaped swing, while at high flow velocities, their bodies exhibited an “S”-shaped swing. (2) Oscillation frequency and amplitude both increased with increasing flow velocity. At a flow velocity of 2 bl/s, the oscillation frequency significantly increased. When the flow velocity reached 3 bl/s, the oscillation amplitude significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05). (3) Blood physiology showed significant changes with increased flow rate, and blood glucose content continuously decreased with increased flow rate, significantly decreasing at a flow rate of 2 bl/s (p &lt; 0.05). Lactic acid and cortisol both increased with increasing flow rate, and significantly increased at a flow rate of 3 bl/s (p &lt; 0.05). In summary, under high-flow velocity stress, significant changes occurred in the behavior and physiology of large yellow croakers, which were consistent with physiological changes in the blood. A flow rate higher than 2 bl/s can lead to intense swimming behavior, decreased blood sugar concentration, and increased lactate accumulation and stress levels. Therefore, the short-term tolerance of yellow croakers is 2 bl/s, and a flow rate of 1 bl/s is more suitable.

Cardiometabolic risk factors are affected by interaction between FADS1 rs174556 variant and dietary vegetable oils in patients with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

FADS1 rs174556 polymorphism influences on dietary fats metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study aimed to compare the effect of three oils of sesame, canola and sesame-canola on cardio metabolic factors across genotypes of rs174556 variant in patients with type 2 of diabetes. This study was a randomized triple-blind three-way cross-over clinical trial. 95 Subjects with T2DM replaced their regular dietary oil with sesame oil, canola oil, or sesame-canola oil for three 9-week phases and completed the study. There were three anthropometric measurements, blood sampling and biochemical assessments at the beginning, middle, and at the end of each phase for assessments. Genotyping was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) method. In the crude model, there was an interaction between consumed oils and rs174556 variant on serum concentration of Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-1). During intake of sesame oil, lower levels of triglycerides (TG) were observed in individuals with TT genotype compared to C allele carriers’ allele, which remained significant in adjusted models. Compared to C allele carrier’s, the people with TT genotype experienced significant increase and decrease in serum levels of HDL and TG, respectively in adjusted models. Also, the subjects who consumed sesame-canola oil had lower serum concentrations of fasting blood glucose than those who received sesame and canola oils, regardless of used oils and genotypes. FADS1 Gene variant (rs174556) might modify cardiometabolic changes following dietary vegetable oils. Larger longitudinal studies especially randomized clinical trials are needed to clarify these associations.

Oral administration of tannic acid attenuates dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress in high‐fat and fructose diet‐induced obesity in rats

AbstractObesity and diabetes are considered life‐threatening conditions, characterized by increased oxidative stress, insulin resistance, hepatotoxicity, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, we studied the effects of tannic acid in a high‐fat and fructose‐diet‐induced rat model of obesity. Administration of tannic acid at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced fasting blood glucose concentration, reversed disoriented lipid profile, decreased liver enzyme activities, and inhibited oxidative stress compared to the high‐fat, high‐sugar group. Histopathological examination showed preserved pancreas and liver architecture in the tannic acid‐administered groups. The in vitro inhibitory activity of tannic acid against alpha‐amylase, alpha‐glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase showed good inhibitory potential. Molecular docking studies showed high binding affinity and more hydrogen bond interactions between tannic acid and receptor proteins (alpha‐amylase, alpha‐glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase) implicated in obesity and diabetes. In conclusion, tannic acid prevented the onset of oxidative stress, preserved the liver, and restored the disoriented lipid profile in high‐fat and fructose diet‐induced obesity in rats.

Impact of health systems interventions in primary health settings on type 2 diabetes care and health outcomes among adults in West Africa: A systematic review protocol.

Type 2 diabetes is a major global public health challenge, particularly in the African region. Though evidence exists on pharmacological agents and non-pharmacological interventions in maintaining blood glucose concentration, the healthcare systems' ability to meet patients' needs may be inadequate. The management of non-communicable diseases, particularly diabetes, has been postulated to depend on functioning health systems. This systematic review will, therefore, summarize the current evidence on existing health systems interventions in primary health settings for type 2 diabetes care and health outcomes in West Africa and will explore the impact of these system-level interventions on service availability, accessibility and quality, as well as individualized outcomes such as glycemic control, disease awareness and treatment adherence. The review will be conducted according to the reporting guidance in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P). The health system framework by Witter et al., 2019 will guide the system-level interventions and the search strategy to be explored in this review. This framework was designed to integrate the six building blocks of the World Health Organization (WHO) health systems framework and it delineates how they work synergistically to improve specific health outcomes. We will search the following databases PubMed, Google Scholar and Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) between January 2000 to January 2024. We will also search Cairn.info for articles published between January 2005 to January 2024. The Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing Risk of Bias will be implemented in each included study. We will conduct a narrative synthesis and make comparisons across findings using Excel-generated tables. In Conclusion, this systematic review will outline the existing system-level interventions that aim to or already improve type 2 diabetes services in primary health settings in West Africa and will offer suggestions for the strengthening and co-production of successful interventions that can be generalized to the entire sub-region.

Comparative Effects of Durian and Banana Consumption on Thermic Effect of Food and Metabolic Responses in Healthy Adults

Objective In traditional Chinese philosophy, durian is classified as a “yang” food with heaty properties, believed to raise body temperature and blood pressure (BP) after consumption. In contrast, bananas are considered as “yin,” possessing cooling effect. However, scientific evidence supporting these concepts is limited. This study aims to compare the metabolic effects in response to durian and banana ingestion. Methods This randomized cross-over clinical study recruited 16 young, healthy Chinese participants (8 males and 8 females). All participants ingested isocaloric portion (367.5 kcal) of durian and banana with a wash-out period of at least 5 days. 3-h thermic effect of food (TEF) and substrate oxidation were assessed by indirect calorimetry. Postprandial vital signs and metabolic responses were measured over a period of 3 h. Results Durian induced a higher and longer-lasting TEF than banana in most participants. Additionally, durian significantly lowered BP and increased triglyceride (TG) levels during 3 h after consumption, whereas bananas had no significant effects on these measures. Despite containing much fewer carbohydrates, durian prompted a comparable postprandial rise in blood glucose concentrations to that of banana. Conclusion While durian offers nutritional benefits and a BP-lowering effect, moderation is recommended due to its high sugar and fat content, which can elevate blood glucose and lipid levels, and its “heatiness” may cause digestive discomforts and a sore throat according to anecdotal experiences.