Blood Glucose Concentrations Research Articles

Effects of corn grain processing and phosphorus content in calf starters on intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives

Corn grain with a high phosphorus (P) content (mainly in the form of phytate-P) may need to be processed to improve the digestibility of nutrients for young calves. Processing corn grains can improve the accessibility of phytate-P to the rumen enzymes and increase the bioavailability of P, which benefits the growth and development of calves. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding starter diets with steam-flaked corn (SFC) compared with ground corn (GC) with 2 P contents of 0.4% and 0.7% DM basis on intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and urinary purine derivatives (PD) in dairy calves. A total of 48 female Holstein dairy calves (3 d old; average initial weight 39.7 ± 3.9 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (12 calves/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The treatment groups were: (1) a starter diet of GC with 0.4% P (GC-0.4P); (2) a starter diet of GC with 0.7% P (GC-0.7P); (3) a starter diet of SFC with 0.4% P (SFC-0.4P); (4) a starter diet of SFC with 0.7% P (SFC-0.7P). Calves received 6 L/d of transition milk on d 2 to 3 and 5 L/d of whole milk on d 4 to 30, which was increased to 7 L/d on d 31 to 45, then decreased to 5 L/d on d 46 to 60 and reduced to a single feeding of 2 L on d 61 to 62. All calves had free access to starter feed and water. All calves were weaned on d 63 and remained in the study until d 83. Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 38 (preweaning) and d 76 (postweaning). Blood samples were collected on d 40 and 80 and urine samples were collected on 4 consecutive days from d 79 to 82 to analyze urinary excretion of PD. The phytate-P content ranged from 0.23 to 0.17 for GC and SFC, respectively. In particular, the interaction between corn processing method and P content showed that the SFC-0.7P diets had a greater intake of starter feed during the pre- and postweaning periods compared with the other experimental groups. In addition, calves fed the SFC-0.7P diet had greater ADG, BW, withers height at weaning, better OM digestibility, higher blood BHB levels, and higher microbial protein synthesis compared with all other groups. Feeding the SFC diet also resulted in improved feed efficiency, improved P digestibility, and a tendency toward a lower rumen pH, albeit with a tendency toward an increase in blood glucose concentration during the preweaning period. In addition, the inclusion of 0.7% P to the starter diet resulted in increased fiber digestibility and a slight improvement in growth performance, which was particularly evident in hip height. Overall, the inclusion of SFC in the calf starter diet, especially in combination with a 0.7% DM basis P supplement, improved growth performance and nutrient utilization in dairy calves compared with GC.

Systematical Investigation on Anti-Fatigue Function and Underlying Mechanism of High Fischer Ratio Oligopeptides from Antarctic Krill on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice.

High Fischer ratio oligopeptides (HFOs) have a variety of biological activities, but their mechanisms of action for anti-fatigue are less systematically studied at present. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the anti-fatigue efficacy of HFOs from Antarctic krill (HFOs-AK) and explore its mechanism of action through establishing the fatigue model of endurance swimming in mice. Therefore, according to the comparison with the endurance swimming model group, HFOs-AK were able to dose-dependently prolong the endurance swimming time, reduce the levels of the metabolites (lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and blood ammonia), increase the content of blood glucose, muscle glycogen, and liver glycogen, reduce lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase extravasation, and protect muscle tissue from damage in the endurance swimming mice. HFOs-AK were shown to enhance Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities and increase ATP content in muscle tissue. Meanwhile, HFOs-AK also showed significantly antioxidant ability by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the liver and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde. Further studies showed that HFOs-AK could regulate the body's energy metabolism and thus exert its anti-fatigue effects by activating the AMPK signaling pathway and up-regulating the expression of p-AMPK and PGC-α proteins. Therefore, HFOs-AK can be used as an auxiliary functional dietary molecules to exert its good anti-fatigue activity and be applied to anti-fatigue functional foods.

Myths and methodologies: Assessing glycaemic control and associated regulatory mechanisms in human physiology research.

Accurate measurements of glycaemic control and the underpinning regulatory mechanisms are vital in human physiology research. Glycaemic control is the maintenance of blood glucose concentrations within optimal levels and is governed by physiological variables including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and β-cell function. These can be measured with a plethora of methods, all with their own benefits and limitations. Deciding on the best method to use is challenging and depends on the specific research question(s). This review therefore discusses the theory and procedure, validity and reliability and any special considerations of a range common methods used to measure glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and β-cell function. Methods reviewed include glycosylated haemoglobin, continuous glucose monitors, the oral glucose tolerance test, mixed meal tolerance test, hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp, hyperglycaemic clamp, intravenous glucose tolerance testand indices derived from both fasting concentrations and the oral glucose tolerance test. This review aims to help direct understanding, assessment and decisions regarding which method to use based on specific physiology-related research questions.

Facile biotic/abiotic sandwich detection system for the highly sensitive detection of human serum albumin and glycated albumin

Quantifying glycated albumin (GA) levels in the blood is crucial for diagnosing diabetes because they strongly correlate with blood glucose concentration. In this study, a biotic/abiotic sandwich assay was developed for the facile, rapid, and susceptible detection of human serum albumin (HSA) and GA. The proposed sandwich detection system was assembled using a combination of two synthetic polymer receptors and natural antibodies. Molecularly imprinted polymer nanogels (MIP-NGs) for HSA (HSA-MIP-NGs) were used to mimic capture antibodies, whereas antibodies for HSA or GA were used as primary antibodies and fluorescent signaling MIP-NGs for the Fc domain of IgG (F-Fc-MIP-NGs) were used as a secondary antibody mimic to indicate the binding events. The HSA/anti-HSA/F-Fc-MIP-NGs complex, formed by incubating HSA and anti-HSA antibodies with F-Fc-MIP-NGs, was captured by HSA-MIP-NGs immobilized on the chips for fluorescence measurements. The analysis time was less than 30 min, and the limit of detection was 15 pM. After changing the anti-HSA to anti-GA (monoclonal antibody), the fluorescence response toward GA exceeded that of HSA, indicating successful GA detection using the proposed sandwich detection system. Therefore, the proposed system could change the detection property by changing a primary antibody, indicating that this system can be applied to various target proteins and, especially, be a powerful approach for facile and rapid analysis methods for proteins with structural similarity.Graphical

Correlation analysis of dynamic changes of abdominal fat during rapid weight loss after bariatric surgery: A prospective magnetic resonance imaging study

ObjectiveThe factors related to the changes in the liver and abdominal adipose tissue during the rapid weight loss after bariatric surgery remain uncertain. MethodsThis study included 44 participants who had undergone sleeve gastrectomy. The study aimed to analyze changes and correlations of body weight (BW), laboratory tests, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicators of the liver and abdominal adipose tissue conducted before and after bariatric surgery at 1, 3, and 6 months. ResultsFollowing a rapid weight loss within 6 months of surgery, there was a concurrent decrease in blood glucose, blood lipids, and fat content of the liver and abdomen and the changes showed a correlation. The change of BW (ΔBW) was positively correlated with the change of hepatic proton density fat fraction (ΔPDFF) in one and three months after surgery and was positively correlated with the change of abdominal visceral fat area (ΔAVFA) in six months after surgery, (P<0.05). In one month after surgery, ΔPDFF was positively correlated with the change of aspartate aminotransferase (ΔAST), change of alanine aminotransferase (ΔALT), and change of triglyceride glucose (ΔTYG) index (P<0.05). ΔPDFF was positively correlated with the change of hepatic native T1 values (P<0.001) and was moderately negatively correlated with the change of hepatic apparent diffusion coefficient (ΔADC) values in three months after surgery (P<0.05). ConclusionΔBW can serve as an indirect indicator for evaluating changes in liver fat fraction at 1 and 3 months after bariatric surgery and indicative of changes in visceral fat 6 months after surgery. ΔPDFF was positively correlated with ΔAST, ΔALT and ΔTYG index in 1 months after surgery.

The addition of mycoprotein to a mixed-meal impacts postprandial glucose kinetics without altering blood glucose concentrations: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundMycoprotein is a high-fibre food previously shown to reduce postprandial glucose concentrations when ingested within a mixed-meal. We applied a dual stable isotope tracer approach to determine whether this is due to a reduced rate of appearance of glucose, in participants of ranging BMI.MethodsTwenty-four adults (F = 8, BMI 30 ± 6 kg·m−2) attended 2 trials in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. Participants ingested two energy and macronutrient matched milk-based drinks (enriched with 1000 mg [U-13C6] glucose in a subset of 12 participants), containing 50 g glucose and either 0 (CON) or 20 g (MYC) mycoprotein. A primed continuous intravenous infusion of D-[6,6-2H2] glucose determined plasma glucose kinetics over 6 h. Postprandial time-course, and AUC, of glucose and insulin concentration, rate of disappearance (RdT) and appearance of exogenous (RaEx), endogenous (EGP), and total (RaT) plasma glucose were assessed using two- and one-way ANOVA.ResultsDrink ingestion increased blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations (P < 0.05) and were comparable between conditions (P > 0.05). Both RaT and RdT were higher with MYC compared with CON over 6 h (mean 6 h glucose appearance and disappearance increased by 5 and 9%, respectively, P < 0.05). RaEx was not affected by MYC ingestion over 6 h (P > 0.05). The mean contribution of EGP to total glucose appearance was 15% greater with MYC, with a trend towards significance (P = 0.05). There was no relationship between BMI and the response to MYC ingestion for any of the variables (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe ingestion of mycoprotein within a mixed-meal impacted postprandial glucose kinetics, but not blood glucose or serum insulin concentrations, in individuals of ranging BMI.Clinical trial registry number and websiteThis trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04084639 and can be accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04084639.

Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and its association with the MTHFR C677T polymorphism.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common condition during pregnancy and is associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene plays a crucial role in folate metabolism and has been implicated in GDM. To investigate the relationship between the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism and the conditions of GDM and gestational prediabetes in pregnant women. A case-control study was conducted in 114 pregnant women with GDM and 96 pregnant women without GDM, from the first trimester to the prenatal examination at Can Tho Obstetrics Hospital. The pregnant women underwent a 1-hour (G1) and 2-hour (G2) oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and genetic polymorphism analysis based on real-time PCR technique. In pregnant women with GDM, weight, concentrations of G0, G1, G2, and folic acid were higher than those in the non-GDM group, with P < .05. When analyzing the subgroup without gestational diabetes, we found that the rate of prediabetes was 16.6% (16/96 pregnant women). In this group, blood glucose levels at 1 hour and 2 hours during the OGTT were higher compared to the normal glucose group (P < .05). A 2-hour post-OGTT glucose level of 7.78 mmol/L had a sensitivity of 93.8%, a specificity of 100%, and an area under the curve of 0.987 for diagnosing gestational prediabetes (P < .001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the CC, CT, and TT polymorphisms of the MTHFR C677T gene among pregnant women with or without pre-gestational and GDM. Both fasting blood glucose and 2-hour glucose concentrations during the OGTT, as well as folic acid concentrations, were higher in both the pre-gestational and GDM groups compared to the non-gestational diabetes cohort. However, the analysis of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms revealed no statistically significant differences among the groups, highlighting the necessity for more extensive investigations to gain deeper insights into this relationship.

Structural characterization and hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides of Polygonatum sibiricum.

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) was extracted and purified from raw material obtained from P. sibiricum. The structural features of PSP were investigated by Congo red, circular dichroism spectrum, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. In vitro simulations were conducted to investigate the kinetics of PSP enzyme inhibition. Moreover, a type II diabetes mouse model (T2DM) with streptozotocin-induced insulin resistance was established, and the indexes of lipid quadruple, insulin resistance index, oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), organ index, and pancreatic morphology of model mice were measured. The results showed that PSP mainly consists of monosaccharides, such as mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. It also has a β-glycosidic bond of a pyranose ring and an irregular reticulated aggregated structure with a triple helix. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays revealed that PSP acts as a reversible competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Furthermore, PSP was found to reduce insulin resistance index, increase OGTT and serum insulin levels, decrease free fatty acid content to improve lipid metabolism, and lower glycated serum protein content to enhance glucose metabolism in T2DM mice, thereby leading to a reduction in blood glucose concentration. Additionally, PSP exhibited reparative effects on the damaged liver tissue cells and pancreatic tissue in T2DM mice. The experiment results provide a preliminary basis for the therapeutic mechanism of PSP about type II diabetes and a theoretical reference for application in food and pharmaceutical development.

Effect of surgery on oxidative stress and endogenous tocopherol concentrations in juvenile female dogs

BackgroundSurgery such as ovariectomy causes an inflammatory and oxidative stress. This study was designed to evaluate endogenous tocopherol levels in response to surgical oxidative stress induced by abdominal surgery (ovariectomy) in thirty-two juvenile female dogs. The dogs received meloxicam before surgery (0.2 mg/kg SC) and after surgery (0.1 mg/kg OS every 24 h), 0.03 mg/kg of atropine sulfate (IM), and propofol 4 mg/kg intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. Physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) and α-, δ-, γ-tocopherols were evaluated at baseline, 36 and 48 h after surgery.ResultsThe physiological parameters remained within normal ranges. Blood glucose concentration increased, while the albumin levels decreased after surgery. Rescue analgesia was not required. MDA levels increased above the baseline at 36 and 48 h after surgery (P < 0.001). The α-, δ-, and γ-tocopherol concentrations decreased from baseline at 36 and 48 h after surgery (P < 0.001).ConclusionsSurgery in juvenile female dogs revealed oxidative, increased MDA concentrations, reduced tocopherol levels, and had a clinically insignificant influence on homeostasis.

Levels of Corticosterone and Glucose in Blood of Rats under Conditions of Chronic Unpredictable Stress of Different Duration

INTRODUCTION: Mammals are almost constantly exposed to a variety of stressors. The changes in the concentration of corticosterone and the level of glucose in blood of animals under such conditions seems relevant for understanding the influence of repeated stress effects on endocrine and metabolic processes. AIM: To study the concentrations of corticosterone and glucose in blood of rats in different time periods of prolonged low-intensity unpredictable stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were carried out on 42 male Wistar rats. Individuals of the experimental groups were subjected to 7-day cycles of alternating stressors using a modified model of chronic unpredictable mild stress with presentation of different stressors. The concentration of corticosterone and glucose in blood was determined at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of observation. RESULTS: A pronounced decrease in corticosterone levels was found in rats at 1 week of stress exposure, followed by a slow recovery by the end of 4th week. Blood glucose level increased at 2 weeks of exposure. CONCLUSION: The data obtained illustrate the specificity of changes in the levels of glucose and corticosterone in the blood of mammals in different time periods of chronic stress. These changes characterize the dysregulation of the integrative physiological systems in relatively early periods of chronic stress with the subsequent development of adaptation in the later stages of repeated stress exposures.

Correlates of Co-Infection with Coccidiosis and Avian Malaria in House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus).

Pathogens have traditionally been studied in isolation within host systems; yet in natural settings they frequently coexist. This raises questions about the dynamics of co-infections and how host life-history traits might predict co-infection versus single infection. To address these questions, we investigated the presence of two parasites, a gut parasite (Isospora coccidians) and a blood parasite (Plasmodium spp.), in House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), a common passerine bird in North America. We then correlated these parasitic infections with various health and condition metrics, including hematological parameters, plasma carotenoids, lipid-soluble vitamins, blood glucose concentration, body condition, and prior disease history. Our study, based on 48 birds captured in Tempe, Arizona, US, in October 2021, revealed that co-infected birds exhibited elevated circulating lutein levels and a higher heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio) compared to those solely infected with coccidia Isospora spp. This suggests that co-infected birds experience heightened stress and may use lutein to bolster immunity against both pathogens, and that there are potentially toxic effects of lutein in co-infected birds compared to those infected solely with coccidia Isospora sp. Our findings underscore the synergistic impact of coparasitism, emphasizing the need for more co-infection studies to enhance our understanding of disease dynamics in nature, as well as its implications for wildlife health and conservation efforts.

Hypoglycemic Effect of Polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L. in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mice.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disease that adversely impacts patient health. In this study, a T2DM model was established in ICR mice through the administration of a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to explore the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L. After six weeks of treatment, the mice in the high-dosage group (800 mg/kg bw) displayed significant improvements in terms of fasting blood glucose concentration, glucose tolerance, serum insulin level, insulin resistance, and weight loss (p < 0.05). The polysaccharides also significantly regulated blood lipid levels by reducing the serum contents of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins and increasing the serum content of high-density lipoproteins (p < 0.05). Furthermore, they significantly enhanced the hepatic and pancreatic antioxidant capacities, as determined by measuring the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and the total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the P. alkekengi polysaccharides can increase the expression of GPR43 in mice colon epithelial cells, thereby promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. In summary, P. alkekengi polysaccharides can help to regulate blood glucose levels in T2DM mice and alleviate the decline in the antioxidant capacities of the liver and pancreas, thus protecting these organs from damage.

Evaluating the Bias of Two Point-of-Care Glucometers for Calves and Ewes: Awareness for Ruminant Practitioners

(1) Background: Multiple point-of-care (POC) glucometers are in use in veterinary medicine, but few are compared to each other. This leaves the potential for clinicians to be unaware of the effect of bias when comparing results from different POC glucometers. (2) Methods: Samples from healthy calves and ewes were simultaneously compared with two POC veterinary glucometers, the Precision Xtra and the AlphaTrak2, under both the “canine” and “feline” settings. The results of each sample were statistically analyzed with linear regression and Bland–Altman analysis. (3) Results: 170 samples from healthy calves and 108 samples from healthy ewes were available for comparison. Calves: The AT2 consistently overestimated blood glucose concentrations when compared to the PX device with the calves. Correlationt with the PX was r = 0.8496 (canine setting) and r = 0.8861 (feline setting). Both the canine and feline settings demonstrated a consistent bias (41.11 and 33.64 mg/dL, respectively). Ewes: The AT2 consistently overestimated blood glucose concentrations when compared to the PX device with the ewes. Correlation with the PX was R = 0.4710 (canine setting) and R = 0.7269 (feline setting). Both the canine and feline settings demonstrated a consistent bias (21.23 and 14.54 mg/dL, respectively). (4) Clinicians should be aware of the potential for consistent bias when evaluating calf and sheep blood glucose concentrations as the AT2 device, at both settings, overestimated blood glucose compared to the previously validated PX. This reliability appears to change when the values are farther from the normal ranges, which should be considered when making clinical decisions based on data from these devices.

Comprehending the inhibition mechanism of indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds on α-glucosidase: Spectral and theoretical approaches

Indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds can inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase and control the concentration of blood glucose. In this paper, the characteristics of three indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds with different inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase as well as the interaction with α-glucosidase were studied by experiments and computational simulation techniques. Enzyme kinetic and spectral experiments showed that the indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds were able to inhibit enzyme activity through mixed inhibition dominated by competitive inhibition, and during the binding reaction, indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds can quench the intrinsic fluorescence of α-glucosidase through static quenching and an aggregation of the indole-based bis-acylhydrazone with α-glucosidase produces a stable complex with a molar ratio of 1:1, and the combination of indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds could lead to slight change in the conformation of α-glucosidase. The theoretical simulation demonstrated that the stability of the complex systems was positively correlated with the inhibitory activity of indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds, and the indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds occupied the active site in the multi-ligand system, resulting in a significant decrease in the binding ability of starch to active amino acids. These results suggested that indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compound was expected to be a new type of α-glucosidase inhibitor.

Optimization of Optical Biosensor Based on 1D Photonic Crystals with Metaheuristic Algorithms for Measuring Glucose Concentration

We aim to simulate an optimal optical biosensor based on one-dimensional crystal photonics, for measuring blood and urine glucose concentration. By optimizing the sensor structure through metaheuristic optimization algorithms, sensitivity was increased. To measure blood and urine glucose concentration, these materials are used as a defect layer in one-dimensional crystal photonics, consisting of three materials: magnesium fluoride (MgF2), borosilicate glass (BK7), and orphan iodide (LiI) with refractive indices of 37/1, 1/5, and 1/99. By changing the concentration of glucose, the refractive index of the defect layer changes, changing the optical properties of the defect layer in the photonic crystal and the spectrum of transmitted and reflected light. According to the amount of light absorption by glucose, a wavelength range of 900–2200 nm (near infrared) was used as the input light. The transfer matrix method was used to calculate multi-layer systems. This method is based on the definition of two matrices, the boundary matrix and the diffusion matrix, which can be used to directly apply the boundary conditions. By plotting the spectrum passing through the crystal using the transfer matrix method and determining the location of the peak in the spectrum, the sensitivity of the sensor was calculated for different concentrations of glucose in blood and urine. The sensitivity obtained before optimization was 530 nm RIU−1, while after optimization it reached 842 nm RIU−1.

BIDIRECTIONAL INTERACTION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE AND MENTAL STATUS AND ITS ROLE IN DEVELOPING DIABETES MELLITUS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS – SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Blood glucose concentration in certain situations affects current mental status. Anxiety occurring during hunger or lack of concentration associated with hypoglycemia are well-known phenomenon. Variations of glucose levels may also present a long-term impact on mental status and mental health. Moreover, impaired mental status leads to neglecting health-promoting life choices in some individuals, while psychiatric disorders may contribute much more to the development of metabolic diseases. Aims: The aim of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge about the bidirectional interaction of blood glucose levels, including its fluctuations and management, and mental status. Methods: In our publication we used scientific sources such as publications and textbooks. Results: Studies show the most significant correlation between diabetes and psychiatric disorders, mostly depression, but also indicate that healthy individuals may present a correlation of metabolic and mental disorders. Diabetic patients are more prone to develop psychiatric disorders, but also psychiatric patients are more commonly affected by diabetes mellitus. Moreover, those suffering from both diseases show the highest risk of overall mortality. Inflammatory pathology of both diabetes and depression, which is the most common psychiatric disorder in diabetic patients, suggests that chronic inflammation may play the main role in this relationship. Conclusion: Analyzing different risk factors of comorbidity, the significance of reversible ones is indisputable. Taking that into account, some lifestyle changes may be beneficial for metabolic and mental disorders prevention. Further studies could indicate certain pathological relationships and help understand the correlation between blood glucose and mental state in healthy individuals.

Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Lipids and Hemoglobin A1c in Healthy Pregnant Women: The FitMum Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveMaternal blood lipid and glucose concentrations during pregnancy affect fetal growth and the risk of pregnancy and delivery complications.We aimed to investigate the effects of physical activity (PA) during pregnancy on maternal blood lipid and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentrations. We hypothesized that higher PA was associated with improved lipid profile and glycemic control. MethodsIn a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, we included 216 pregnant women before week 15 + 0 and tested the effects of two different PA interventions throughout pregnancy compared to standard care on maternal blood lipid and HbA1c concentrations. Additionally, we investigated the effect of PA per se measured by an activity tracker. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride, and HbA1c concentrations were measured at week ≤15 + 0, 28+0-6, 34+0-6, and at delivery (week 32 + 1 to 42 + 0). Effects of the interventions and PA per se were tested using linear mixed effects models and linear regression analyses, respectively. ResultsNo effects of the PA interventions were detected on maternal lipids or HbA1c during pregnancy. In PA per se analyses, more minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA were associated with less increase in TC (−1.3E-04, P = .020) and LDL-C (−8.5E-05, P = .035) as pregnancy progresses. More active kilocalories were associated with less increase in TC (−5.5E-05, P < .001), HDL-C (−9.5E-06, P = .024), and LDL-C (−3.2E-05, P = .005). ConclusionWhilst there were no effects of offering PA interventions, higher PA was associated with reduced increases in TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C as pregnancy progressed.

Estimation of Blood Concentration of Glucose in Cattle Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Convolutional Neural Network

Estimation of Blood Concentration of Glucose in Cattle Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Convolutional Neural Network

Trends in Presentation and Management of Endogenous Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia Over the Last Three Decades at a Tertiary Care Centre (1992-2022).

Endogenous hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (EHH) is characterized by inappropriate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells despite low blood glucose concentrations. We aimed to evaluate the secular changes in presentation and management of EHH due to insulinoma/non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycaemia syndrome (NIPHS) at our centre. This was a single-centre ambispective study (2014-2022). The clinical, biochemical, hormonal and radiological parameters (n = 63) collected as part of this study were compared with our earlier studies (1992-2005, n = 31; and 2006-2013, n = 35) and with other centres across the world. A total of 63 patients (39 males) with a preoperative diagnosis of EHH (insulinoma, n = 58; and NIPHS, n = 5) and a mean age of 40.7 years were studied. The mean lag time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis decreased from 4.6 years during the first study period to 1.9 years during this study period. However, the majority presented with fasting hypoglycaemia of 98.4%, and both fasting and postprandial hypoglycaemia of 32%. Exclusive postprandial hypoglycaemia was present in 1.7% of insulinoma. A histopathological diagnosis of insulinoma was made in 52 patients and nesidioblastosis in two patients. Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) and intraoperative palpation (IOP) yielded 100% sensitivity, while endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and 68Ga-DOTA-Exendin-4 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) yielded sensitivity of 86% and 85%, respectively, for localizing insulinoma. Resolution of hypoglycaemia was noted in 53 of 57 (93%) patients who underwent surgery with a preoperative diagnosis of insulinoma. We observed a trend towards earlier diagnosis of EHH, increased patient numbers and availability of nuclear imaging techniques for preoperative localization in the last decade compared to earlier.

Effective Dose Regimen of Streptozotocin for Inducing Diabetes in a Rat Model

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an elevated blood sugar level due to problems with insulin synthesis, effect, or both. Various clinical signs follow DM: Hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. Worldwide prevalence is high and predicted to be 592 million by 2035. Animal models are used in the study of diabetes due to ethical issues. Although the streptozotocin (STZ) model is frequently used, it is unreliable due to unexplained acute toxicity and effective dose variability. Objectives: This research was conducted to determine the effective dose regimen of STZ for inducing diabetes in Wister rats. Methods: A total of 28 male Wistar rats (160-190 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (each 7 rats) and monitored for 21 days after diabetes induction with STZ: Control (CTR), diabetics (DIA)1 (60 mg/kg STZ), DIA2 (60 mg/kg STZ twice at 0 and 24 hours), and DIA3 (60 mg/kg STZ thrice at 0, 24 and 48 hours). Plasma glucose was determined with a glucometer. Body weights, feed intake, and fecal output were weighed with a digital balance, while water intake and urine output were measured with a measuring cylinder. Analyses of data obtained were performed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: There was a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in body weight of the diabetic groups (-15.53%±1.2%, -26.8%±1.2%, -28.5%±1.9%) compared to the CTR (10.5%±2.5%). There was a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in fasting blood glucose concentrations (135.2±9.0, 273.2±6.5, 257.0±5.3 mg/dL) in the people with diabetes compared to the CTR (79.3±1.1 mg/dL). Water intake (56.9±0.9, 72.1±1.7, 77.8±5.5 mL), feed intake (19.4±0.6, 23.3±1.9, 42.1±2.1 g), voided urine (6.34±0.1, 8.39±0.88, 9.8±0.50 mL) and voided feces (10.4±0.26, 11.7±0.43, 8.5±0.17 g) in the diabetic groups increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) compared to the CTR (26.5±0.8 mL, 13.4±0.3 g, 1.84±0.08 mL, and 6.5±0.33 g, respectively). Conclusion: The dose regimen of 60 mg/kg STZ administered intraperitoneally twice (24 hours apart) sustained diabetes for 21 days. We recommend adopting this dose regimen in STZ-induced diabetic studies in male Wistar rats.