Concentrations Of 6-benzylaminopurine Research Articles

Optimization of the in-vitro culture protocol of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncata

This study was conducted to optimize the in vitro culture of Haworthiopsis viscosa and Haworthia truncata var. truncate. The full and half concentration of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B5) after the disinfection of the explants was used to determine the suitable medium culture. The effect of the different concentrations of 6-benzyl aminopurine (BA) and Kinetin (Kin) (0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 mg/L) was investigated on the percentage of regeneration, callus formation and the number of seedlings regenerated. The different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) were used to investigate the seedlings rooting. Finally, the cocopeat + perlite, the sand +perlite and the vermicolit +perlite substrates were studied to determine the suitable substrate for compatibility. The results show that the use of MS culture medium at complete concentration was more successful than the other treatments and increased the regeneration and seedling percentage in both species. Also, the use of BA at a concentration of 1 mg/L (H. truncata var. truncate) and at a concentration of 3 mg/L (H. viscosa) increased the percentage of regeneration and the number of regenerated seedlings significantly and the regenerated seedlings had a very good quality. The rooting of seedlings in both studied species was the highest at 1 mg/L IBA. The use of NAA in the culture medium produced roots that stuck together and were fragile in some cases, which was not suitable for the compatibility. By comparing different substrates, it was found that the use of cocopeat + perlite increased the seedling compatibility percentage to more than 95% in both species.

Optimizing Biomass and Steviol Glycoside Yield in Hydroponically Grown Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) with Ammonium Nitrate and 6-Benzylaminopurine Concentrations

Optimizing Biomass and Steviol Glycoside Yield in Hydroponically Grown Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) with Ammonium Nitrate and 6-Benzylaminopurine Concentrations

Effect of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) on the Leaf Growth of Vanda limbata Blume Orchid In Vivo

<p><em>Vanda limbata</em> is a natural orchid with slow growth and is often taken directly from the forest in large quantities, threatening its sustainability. Ex-situ preservation efforts are needed for this orchid, one of which is through cultivation with the addition of Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP), known to increase shoot growth. This research aims to analyze the effect of BAP and determine its optimal concentration on the growth of <em>V. limbata</em> orchids. This research used a single-factor completely randomized design in BAP concentrations of 0, 25 and 50 mg l<sup>-1</sup> with 5 replications. The method used was spraying BAP solution once a week on all parts of adult <em>V. limbata</em> orchids aged ±2 years. The research was conducted for 3 months in the experimental garden with parameters observed in the form of the number of new leaves, elongation of old leaves, the length of new leaves, increase in the width of old leaves, the width of new leaves, stomatal density and the number of roots. The results showed that the most effective BAP concentration was 50 mg l<sup>-1</sup> for the number of new leaves which increased by 200%, the length of old leaves which increased by 168.66% and the length of new leaves which increased by 800%, but resulted in less stomatal density than the control. BAP can increase the growth of <em>V. limbata</em> orchid leaves. This research can be a recommendation for ex-situ conservation efforts that have the potential to be developed as a means of orchid cultivation.</p>

Shoot Induction of Black Stem Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cingkariang) with Several Concentration of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP)

Black stem potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. cingkariang/cingkariang potato) are a specific germplasm of West Sumatra with low productivity. One method of propagating this plant is through tissue culture techniques. The addition of Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) determines the results of plant propagation through tissue culture technique. Cytokinins such as 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) play a role in cell division and accelerate shoot formation. This study expects to decide the impact of a few convergences of BAP on the shoot enlistment of cingkariang potato. The examination utilized a totally randomized plan (CRD) with four treatments (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/L BAP) and six replications. The result showed that BAP was able to induce Cingkariang potato shoots in all concentration. BAP 2 mg/L gave the fastest shoot and root emergence time and also gave the highest number of shoots and roots of Cingkariang potato. BAP 2 mg/L was the best concentration for shoot induction of black stem potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cingkariang).

Induksi Tunas Beberapa Varietas Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) dan Konsentrasi BAP Secara In Vitro Shoot Induction of Several Varieties of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and Concentration of BAP In Vitro

Conventional propagation of patchouli plants has not met the demand for superior seeds. Propagation of superior seeds in a relatively short time can be done using in vitro culture techniques. This research aims to determine the induction of patchouli shoots of Tapaktuan, Lhokseumawe and Sidikalang varieties with Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) concentrations in vitro. This research was carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. This research used a Randomized Block Design with a 3x4 factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was patchouli variety which consisted of 3 levels, namely: Tapaktuan, Lhokseumawe, and Sidikalang. The second factor was BAP concentration which consisted of 4 levels, namely: 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L-1. The results showed that the percentage of live patchouli explants was 100% in all treatments. The time and percentage of shoot emergence tended to be faster in the Lhokseumawe + BAP 0.5 mgL-1, namely 17.5 days after planting (DAP) and 100%. The number of patchouli explant shoots tended to be high in the Sidikalang + BAP 0.5 mgL-1, namely 12 shoots. The number of patchouli explant leaves tended to be high in the Lhokseumawe + BAP 1 mgL-1, namely 13 sheets. Patchouli explants tended to be taller in the Sidikalang + control, namely 8 cm. The percentage of callus formation tends to be high in the varieties Tapaktuan + BAP 1 mgL-1, Sidikalang + BAP 0.5 mgL-1, Sidikalang + BAP 1 mgL-1, Tapaktuan + BAP 1.5 mgL-1, Sidikalang + BAP 1.5 mgL-1 and Sidikalang + control were above 50% at 4 WAP. The number of patchouli explant roots tended to be high in the Tapaktuan + control, namely 16.50 roots. 
 
 Keywords: Aceh Patchouli, BAP, Cytokinin, Explant, Patchouli Shoots

In vitro Propagation of Lagenaria Siceraria: A Plant of the Cucurbitaceae Family with High Medicinal Value

Background and Objective: Lagenaria siceraria is extensively grown as a vegetable crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the world as a source of food and for it’s medicinal potential. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimal conditions for plantlet regeneration of Lagenaria siceraria microshoots on various concentrations of benzyl amino purine and naphthalene acetic acid in vitro.
 Materials and Methods: The research was designed as a completely randomized design. Shoot tips of Lagenaria siceraria were surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl) at different concentrations (0,3,4,5,6 and 7 mg/L) and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) solidified medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at different concentrations of (0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3.0mg/L) for shoot induction and the obtained shoots were transferred to MS medium containing naphthaleneacetic Acid(NAA) at different concentrations (0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 AND 3.0mg/L) for root induction.
 Results: Surface disinfection was optimal after immersion of shoot tips and/or nodal explants in cleaning detergent (5 min), ethanol 70% (1 min), and sodium hypochlorite 5mg/L (15 min). MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP was most effective in inducing shoot multiplication (100%), with an average of 4,33 shoots per explant after 4 weeks. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L NAA was most appropriate for rooting (100%) with an average of 5.33 roots per shoot after 4 weeks.
 Conclusion: shoots sterilized with 5mg/L NaOCl and inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/LBAP and 2.0 mg/L NAA were optimal conditions for the surface sterilization, shoot and root induction of Lagenaria siceraria shoots.

The Effect of Growmore and BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) Concentrations on The Growth of Dendrobium bigiante agrihorti Orchid In-Vitro

The increase in production of Dendrobium bigiante agrihorti orchids by in vitro culture is to produce numerous and uniform seedlings. This study aimed to determine the effect of Growmore and BAP concentrations on the growth of orchid plantlets. The experiment consisted of two factors namely Growmore concentration (0; 3; 6; 9 ppm), and BAP concentrations (0; 1; 3; 5 ppm). The factors combination on ½ MS media was repeated 3 times and obtained 48 experimental units. Observation parameters included the percentage of live plantlets, number of roots, number of leaves, plant height (cm), and wet weight of plantlets (g). Results showed that a Growmore concentration of 3 ppm had a significant effect on the number of roots and plant height at 4.36 units and 4.17 cm. BAP concentration of 3 ppm also had a significant effect on the number of roots, plant height, and wet weight of respectively 4.72 units, 3.22 cm, and 0.63 g. A combination of Growmore 3 ppm + BAP 0 ppm produced the largest percentage of live planets at 100% and plant height at 7.37 cm, Growmore 9 ppm + BAP 0 ppm produced the largest number of roots at 6.33 units and Growmore 6 ppm + BAP 3 ppm produced the largest number of leaves at 8.78 strands. Keywords: BAP, Dendrobium bigiante, Growmore.

Methodology of Micropropagation of Elite Genotype in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Genotype Lakshmi

The lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic plant grown extensively throughout Asia, mostly for commercial and ornamental purposes. It is mostly propagated via rhizomes. A potent and reproducible plant regeneration system for lotus has been developed in this work employing rhizomes, shoot tips from the mother plant, and mature and immature embryos collected from eighteen and twenty-six-day-old aseptically fertilized seed. Shoot induction, number of shoots, and length of roots were induced on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) mgL-1 (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4). The response of the explant varied with different BAP concentrations. The most favorable outcomes were achieved using MS medium treated with 0.5 mgL-1 6-Benzylaminopurine (T2).

The Effect of IAA and BAP on Root Induction of Cattleya Orchids

Orchid is an ornamental plant commodity that has an important meaning in international trade. Until now, orchids are still the center of attention of farmers and lovers of ornamental plants, because of their bright potential as cut flowers and potted plants. The popular and widespread type of orchid is Cattleya sp. The Cattleya orchid is also called the queen of orchids because of its colorful flowers. Cattleya sp. orchids take a long time to propagate by seed, about 4 to 7 years, so other methods are needed to deal with them. Tissue culture is a method for isolating plant parts such as cells, tissues or organs, and cultivating them in an aseptic environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal interaction of growth regulators indole acetic acid (IAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP), and their interactions with the root induction of Cattleya sp. Cytokinins interact with auxin in determining the direction of cell differentiation. In this research method, differences in concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA: 0, 2, 4, 6 ppm) and concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP: 0, 0, 5, 1 ppm) were carried out. Parameters observed were the number of roots and root length. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using ANOVA. The highest number of roots was obtained in the treatment medium containing 0.5 ppm BAP and 6 ppm IAA, which was 6.33. The highest root length was found in the B0I4 treatment (BAP 0 + IAA 4 ppm). The results of the analysis of the interaction variance between the IAA treatment and the BAP treatment were 0.005, meaning that there was a significant effect of the combination of IAA and BAP on the leaf length of Cattleya sp.

Effect of BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and NAA (α-Napthalene Acetic Acid) treatment on Micropropagation of Adansonia digitata L.

The African Baobab, also known as Kalpvriksha (Adansonia digitata L.), is a significant multi-purpose tree that has gained popularity among people, primarily in African countries, for its use as food, fodder, clothing, and ropes. There is one of the obstacle arises in growing this plant by farmers in India is the lack of planting materials. The young plants of A. digitata L. have to be imported form selected nurseries. Therefore, micropropagation can be used as a substitute method to create offspring that are genetically similar to the parent plant. In order to micropropagate Kalpvriksh (A. digitata L.), this experiment is being conducted utilizing shoot tip explants. For shoot proliferation, these explants are grown in MS medium containing various concentrations of BAP (6- Benzylamino purine): 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0 mg/L. Shoots are rooted in a medium containing at the same concentration of NAA (α-Napthalene Acetic Acid) 0.5 mg/L alone or with combination. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) is used to conduct each experiment. ANOVA and the Duncan New Multiple Range test are used to examine the data. According to the technique for micropropagation of A. digitata L. The concentration of BAP and NAA was found to be 1.5 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively which showed better enhancement for shoot regeneration and rooting for micropropagation of Kalpvriksha (Adansonia digitata L.) tree.

Callogenesis and Morphohistological Characterization of Hancornia speciosa Gomes

Hancornia speciosa Gomes belongs to the family Apocynaceae and is distributed across different regions of Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate callus induction and histodifferentiation in five mangaba accessions under different in vitro culture conditions. Five acessions from the Active Germplasm Bank of Mangaba (Embrapa, Brazil) were evaluated. In vitro-germinated plant seedlings were used for the excision of different explants (internode and node segments, and foliar section). These segments were inoculated in a culture medium containing different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). There was a significant effect of accessions, treatments, and time on the callus mass (g). There was no callus induction in the absence of regulators. After 60 days of in vitro culture, all treatments exhibited a linear positive cellular growth. The highest callus mass was observed in the BI accession, in the presence of 22.62 µM 2,4-D and 11.10 µM BA.

Effect of Seed Treatments on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of <em>Madhuca longifolia</em> var. <em>longifolia</em> (“Mee”)

Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) J.F. Macb. var. longifolia is a forest tree species with high reforestation potential in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Seasonality in seed production and lack of plant production are the drawbacks of this species regenerating naturally. Seeds were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3), potassium nitrate (KNO3), distilled water (DW), and scarified in addition to control without any treatment. Data were evaluated for germination and seedling growth under ex vitro and in vitro conditions. The objective of this study is to determine the dormancy associated with M. longifolia seeds and the effect of pre-treatments on seedling growth. Mechanically scarified seeds, under ex vitro conditions, showed higher germination than all the other treatments after 28 days and a significantly higher percentage (p<0.05) than the control under both light (90.00%) and dark (85.45%). Dark conditions stimulated germination significantly within the first seven days of sowing. The highest shoot growth was observed for GA3, KNO3, and DW (8.3, 8.6, and 8.5 cm, respectively) treatments while rooting was not significantly affected by the applied treatments. In vitro germination was tested for de-coated, surface sterilized seeds on half-strength liquid Murashige and Skoog (½ MS) media with different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) such as 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L. The germination percentage of ½ MS with 0.5 mg/L BAP (77.71%) was higher than all the other media compositions. Results revealed that M. longifolia seeds show a lower level of germination due to physical dormancy, and it can be released by mechanical scarification.

The influence of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) on yield responses and photosynthetic physiological indices of soybean

Soybean plants produce a large number of flower buds. However, the majority of them do not become pods and die during development. The bulk of total reproductive abscission is caused by flower and pod drop, or abortion, which impacts prospective soybean yield. Plant growth regulators serve critical functions in plant development, but only recently have their tasks been recognized in the manifestation of yield components, product, and seed qualities in soybean. The objectives of this study were to see how different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) affected photosynthetic physiological indexes, as well as gene expression of chlorophyll synthesis at the transcript level in soybean plants. In the current investigation, spraying different concentrations of BAP had no significant effect on the soybean yield. However, the BAP generated significant alterations in chlorophyll content as compared to the control. Consequently, the use of BAP significantly boosted the net photosynthetic rate. Furthermore, the current study found that BAP significantly influenced stomatal conductance and net transpiration compared to the control plant. The application of BAP significantly improves the expression of all genes that encode for chlorophyll biosynthesis. The expression of genes in leaves exhibited more up-regulation as compared to the stem. In general, this work offers a new and better understanding of how BAP might be employed to boost yield and chlorophyll biosynthesis.

Micropropagation of Endemic Endangered Taxa of the Italian Flora: Adenostyles alpina subsp. macrocephala (Asteraceae), as a Case Study.

The conservation of endangered, rare, and endemic plant species is based on in situ and ex situ conservation strategies. When in situ conservation alone is not sufficient to guarantee the survival of the species, ex situ techniques are adopted in support. This study aimed to develop an efficient micropropagation protocol for Adenostyles by evaluating the effect of different plant growth regulators on leaf explants. Adenostyles alpina subsp. macrocephala (Asterace) is a perennial herbaceous plant endemic to Calabria (Southern Italy). The genus Adenostyles includes three species confined to the mountains of the Mediterranean and southern Europe. For callus induction, media supplemented with different concentrations of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg L-1), Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) (1 mg L-1), and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) (1 mg L-1) were tested. Shoot regeneration and proliferation were obtained in media supplemented with BAP (1, 2, and 3 mg L-1) and NAA (1 mg L-1). Root induction was obtained in media supplemented with IBA (0.25, 0.50, and 1 mg L-1) and NAA (0.25, 0.50, and 1 mg L-1). Statistically significant differences in callus induction and shoot regeneration were observed between the various media tested. The medium containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with 3 mg L-1 of BAP and 1 mg L-1 of NAA showed the highest percentage of callus induction and increased shoot regeneration. The regenerated shoots showed more effective root induction in the hormone-free MS medium and in the presence of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, and 1 mg L-1. These results can be used as a basis for the preparation of a micropropagation protocol for different taxa of Adenostyles, as well as other species of Asteraceae specialized to the Mediterranean mountain habitat.

In vitro Propagation and Assessment of Genetic Homogeneity using RAPD and ISSR Markers in Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Hook. F. & Thoms, An Important Medicinal Plant of Nepal

The Menispermaceae family includes the widely glabrous, succulent, climbing shrub Tinospora cordifolia (Gurjo), which has been found to have a variety of pharmacological and ethnomedicinal characteristics. T. cordifolia is also one of the most commercially exploited plants in pharmaceuticals. The nodal segment explants were initially cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), and/or Kinetin (KIN) among which MS +BAP (2.0 mg/l) induced shoot initiation after 7 days of post-inoculation. The nodal segments were then excised and treated with various concentrations of BAP, BAP with KIN, and coconut water for the proliferation among which 5 mg/l induced significant nodal segment proliferation (9.0 nodal segments/per explant) and shoot length (8.0 cm). The efficacy of coconut water in increasing the nodal segment proliferation of T. cordifolia was tested and the shoot proliferation increased significantly at 5% and 10% of coconut water, however, the maximum response of shoot number (23.0), shoot length (12 cm) was in the MS medium supplementation with BAP (5mg/l) and 10% coconut water. The genetic fidelity of these plants was also confirmed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers in wild and in vitro cultures. This protocol is an efficient way for the in vitro mass propagation of true-to-type plantlets of T. cordifolia which provides a basis for germplasm conservation and sustainable utilization.

Effects of basic media and plant growth regulators on Direct-somatic embryogenesis induction in vegetative strains obtained from the tissue culture of digitalis purpurea

This study aimed to investigate the effects of certain nutrient medium types enhanced with plant-growth regulators on the direct inductionof somatic embryogenesis in vegetative strains produced and propagated from a tissue culture of Digitalis purpurea. The results showthat MS medium was superior to other tested nutrient media-B5, LS, and 5C01—in terms of the days required to initiate direct somaticembryogenesis induction and induction rate. In contrast, the LS medium resulted in the highest number of embryos. Moreover, 2 mg/LBA (benzyl adenine) was superior to similar concentrations of BAP (benzyl aminopurine) and Kin (kinetin) in the MS medium, whereasBAP performed better in LS and B5. On the other hand, auxin 2.4D (dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) inhibited somatic embryogenesis, as didNAA (naphthalene acetic acid) and IAA (indole acetic acid) when added individually. Regarding the type of explant, the stems showedthe induction rates and numbers of direct-somatic embryos produced in all the basic media.Keywords: Digitalis purpurea; Vegetative strains; Direct-somatic embryogenesis; Explant; Basic media

Assessment of Genetic Stability on In Vitro Propagation of Ardisia crenata var. bicolor Using ISSR Markers

Ardisia crenata var. bicolor is a multi-purpose plant and has important ornamental and medicinal properties. Conventional methods of propagating the species from seeds and cuttings have low efficiency because of the recalcitrant properties of seeds and low survival rate of high-quality cuttings. This work aims to study the in vitro regeneration protocol for direct organogenesis from nodal segments of A. crenata var. bicolor on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, with different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). The treatments used for the establishment and proliferation of shoots included MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of Benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). For rooting, IBA was used in combination with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in full- and half-strength MS media. Maximum shoot establishment (76.67%) and the highest shoot length (6.6 cm) were observed on MS medium with 1.0 mg·L−1 BAP with 0.5 mg·L−1 IBA, while BAP at 1.0 mg·L−1 with 0.25 mg·L−1 IBA obtained the highest shoot proliferation (4.5 ± 1.53). The best rooting response (83.33%) was achieved on half-strength MS including 1.0 mg·L−1 IBA with 0.25 mg·L−1 NAA, and the maximum survival rate of 84.4% was observed after acclimatization under 75% shading. To define their genetic stability, using eleven primers of ISSR markers to assess the genetic stability of the unstable leaf color samples compared with their mother plant, the ISSR markers demonstrated a level of genetic polymorphism in plantlets, but without other morphological variations. This indicates the genetic resemblance to the mother plant and the reliability of this protocol for the efficient micropropagation of A. crenata var. bicolor.

Reguladores de crescimento vegetal na micropropagação de cultivares de Actinidia

ABSTRACT Actinidia Lindl., commonly known as kiwifruit, is a valuable berry crop. The area of commercial kiwifruit plantations is increasing; the global production of kiwifruit is about 0.62% of the total production of major fruit crops. The use of biotechnological methods, which can significantly accelerate the propagation of quality planting materials, is considered to be relevant for the propagation of this crop. In this study, we optimized the culture medium composition at the micropropagation stage for the effective cultivation of promising cultivars of A. arguta, A. kolomikta, and A. polygama. We investigated the features of Actinidia morphogenesis depending on the genotype, the concentration of 6-Benzylaminopurine (0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 mg L-1), and plant growth regulators (6-Benzylaminopurine, meta-topolin, and 2-isopentenyladenine at a concentration of 0.5 mg L-1) in the media Quoirin and Lepoivre. Actinidia arguta (multiplication rate of 8.0) and A. polygama (6.8) developed faster at the micropropagation stage compared to A. kolomikta (4.9). The studied Actinidia representatives were cultured most effectively on Quoirin and Lepoivre media supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 meta-topolin, compared to the media containing 0.5 mg L-1 6-Benzylaminopurine and 0.5 mg L-1 2-isopentenyladenine. The use of meta-topolin in the medium contributed to the increase in various morphometric traits, such as the height of microshoots (up to 28% depending on the species), their number (up to 52%), and their multiplication rate (up to 42%). We also recorded a high morphogenic capacity of the investigated species.

The effect of indole-3-acetic-acid and benzyl amino purine concentrations on matoa (Pometia pinnata) growth in vitro

Matoa, a Papuan fruit, is known to taste like a cross between longan, rambutan, and durian. Therefore, Matoa has seed storage and plant propagation restrictions. The tissue culture method of matoa propagation is used to solve this issue. This research aims to provide vegetative planting material that can be propagated in vitro. The study was conducted from June 2021 to January 2022 at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, using a completely randomized design pattern (CRD) 2x4 treatment factors for growth regulators. There were 16 treatment combinations, which were repeated three times. The first factor is Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) concentration, which has four levels: 0 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, and 1.5 ppm. The second factor is Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) concentration, which has four levels: 0 ppm, 2 ppm, 4 ppm, and 6 ppm. The results revealed that root emergence time, leaf emergence time, root number, and leaf number all had high growth rates. The number of leaves and stem nodes correlated, indicating that matoa explant growth was linked.

In vitro seed germination of local red pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) from Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi

South Sulawesi is one of the centers of citrus development in Indonesia. Potential production centers are in Pangkep Regency. One of the cultivars that are cultivated and become a commercial farm is the red pummelo. Red pummelo has higher total phenolic and carotenoid content, so it is a good source of antioxidants and has the potential to become a superior functional food. The aim of this study was to obtain the optimal concentration of benzyl amino purine (BAP) hormone on in vitro germination of red pummelo. Planting material used in this study was seeds extracted from fruit obtained from citrus plantations in Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi. After sterilization, the seeds were planted on MS media with the treatment of BAP 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5 ppm. Observations were made for 8 weeks with the parameters of the number of shoots, number of leaves and number of roots. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test at the 5% level, and if there was a significant effect, it was continued with the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the BAP had a significant effect on the parameters of the number of roots with a value of 0.11 and the number of shoots with a value of 0.16. The results of the Mann-Whitney further test showed that there was a significant difference between the 2.5 ppm and 0 ppm BAP treatments on the number of roots and the 2.5 ppm and 1.5 ppm BAP treatments on the number of shots.