Concentrations Of Anionic Surfactants Research Articles

Surfactants in the sea surface microlayer, subsurface water and fine marine aerosols in different background coastal areas

This study aims to determine the concentrations of surfactants in the surface microlayer (SML), subsurface water (SSW) and fine mode aerosol (diameter size < 1.5μm) at different coastal stations in Peninsular Malaysia. The concentrations of anionic and cationic surfactants were determined through colorimetric methods as methylene blue active substances (MBAS) and disulphine blue active substances (DBAS), respectively. Water-soluble ions, for the determination of fine mode aerosol sources, were determined using ion chromatography (IC) for anions (SO42-, NO3-, Cl- and F-) and cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+). Principal component analysis (PCA), combined with multiple linear regression (MLR), was used to identify the possible sources of surfactants in fine aerosol. The results showed the concentrations of surfactants as MBAS and DBAS in the SML ranged between 0.23 ± 0.03 and 0.35 ± 0.01μmolL-1 and between 0.21 ± 0.02 and 0.29 ± 0.01μmolL-1, respectively. The enrichment factors (Efs) ratios between MBAS and DBAS in the SML and SSW ranged between 1.04 ± 0.01 and 1.32 ± 0.04, respectively. The station that is located near to tourism and industrial activities recorded the highest concentrations of surfactants in SML and SSW. The concentrations of surfactants in fine aerosol ranged between 62.29 and 106.57pmolm-3. The three possible sources of fine aerosol during the northeast monsoon were aged sea spray/biomass burning (which accounted for 69% of the atmospheric aerosol), nitrate/mineral dust (23%) and sulphate/fresh sea salt (8%). During the southwest monsoon, the three main sources of atmospheric aerosol were biomass burning (71%), secondary inorganic aerosol (23%) and sea spray (6%). This study suggests anthropogenic sources are main contributors to the concentrations of surfactants in SML, SSW and fine aerosols.

Direct Determination of Total Anionic Surfactant Concentrations by Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy

Direct Determination of Total Anionic Surfactant Concentrations by Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy

Synthesis of Two Anionic Gemini Surfactants and Their Self-Assembly Induced by the Complexation of Calixpyridinium.

The information in the literature concerned with lowering the critical aggregation concentration of anionic surfactants by macrocyclic compounds is scarce. This research develops an effective route for lowering the critical aggregation concentration of anionic gemini surfactants by the complexation of calixpyridinium. Furthermore, the size of complex self-assembled nanostructures can be well controlled by the different mixing ratio of the host and the guest.

Electrokinetic stacking of electrically neutral analytes with paper-based analytical device

Electrokinetic stacking (ES) is effective for improving sensitivity of paper-based analytical device (PAD) for charged analytes. In this paper, we successfully demonstrated ES of electrically neutral analytes on PAD, and the performance was characterized by smartphone-based colorimetry and fluorescence. Firstly, SDS from cathode reservoir stacked as a micelle band on an open paper fluidic channel by ES, and the target analyte was swept by the micelle. Meanwhile, the probes at the other side were carried by electroosmotic flow (EOF). Eventually, neutral components preloaded on the channel were concentrated as the narrow stacking band. Taking the rhodamine B as a probe, the effects of EOF, background electrolyte concentration and anionic surfactant concentration were investigated. Fluorescence detection of rhodamine B and colorimetric analysis of Sudan III demonstrated the sensitivity enhanced and its potential for the semi-quantitative test. Under the optimized conditions, fluorescence detection limit of 50 nM of rhodamine B was achieved with a linear range of 1.0–10 μM (R2 = 0.99). The colorimetric detection limit for Sudan III was 5.2 μM and the linear range was 5–40 μM (R2= 0.99). Compared with direct analysis without stacking, the signal levels of rhodamine B and Sudan III were increased by 30-fold and 6-fold, respectively. This study showed that with ES, sensitive and rapid PAD detection of electrically neutral analytes could be achieved.

Experimental study on methane solubilization by organic surfactant aggregates

Seeking to enhance coal mine safety, an experimental study of a kind of water-based explosion suppression medium for the absorption of mine gas was carried out. Using methane as the model gas, solubilizing experiments with different concentrations of anionic and nonionic surfactants were carried out using headspace gas chromatography for surfactants consisting of sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate (AEC), fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate (MES), fatty methyl ester ethoxylate (FMEE), hexyl d-glucoside (APG06), octyl beta-d-glucopyranoside (APG08) and n-decyl glucoside (APG10). By selecting individual surfactants, the study investigated the methane solubilization performance of water mist with binary anionic–nonionic surfactants. Furthermore, the release of methane in solution was also examined. The results show that the apparent solubility of methane in solution is linearly and positively correlated with the surfactant concentration. The methane solubilization is significantly improved by the addition of anionic–nonionic surfactants. The optimal solubilizing ratio of the anionic–nonionic surfactant varies with the solution compositions. For a fixed ratio, surfactant compositions exhibit the most distinct synergistic effect and the best performance for methane solubilization. The release of methane from mixed micelles composed of the compound solution is superior to that of a single surfactant. Through the analysis of the solubilization effect and the stability of different absorbents, it is concluded that the anionic–nonionic surfactant system shows much better capability than the other selected surfactants.

Anionic Surfactants Levels in M’Koa Lake Water (Jacqueville, C&amp;#244;te d’Ivoire)

In this study, anionic surfactants concentrations and other physico-chemical parameters of surface water quality were assessed in the water of M’Koa Lake in the city of Jacqueville (Cote d’Ivoire). Three sampling campaigns were conducted at different seasons at six (6) sampling stations, identified in M’koa Lake by taking into account potential sources of pollution. The analyses of physico-chemical parameters were carried out using both the French AFNOR standard and the methods described by Rodier. The anionic surfactants concentrations were performed by using the methylene blue colorimetric method. The average concentrations of anionic surfactants in the water of M’koa Lake ranged from 0.23 ± 0.04 mg·L-1 to 1.43 ± 0.68 mg·L-1. They are high compared to both population density and socio-economic activities of Jacqueville’s town. These values can be explained by the characteristics of the studied Lake that do not allow enough dilution of the discharged effluent. The results indicate that M’koa Lake is subjected to harmful pollution by anionic surfactants. And among the physicochemical parameters studied, only turbidity and transparency values show water quality deterioration, favoured by wastewater discharge and direct human activities around the Lake.

Effect of Monovalent and Divalent Salts on the Interfacial Tension of n-Heptane against Aqueous Anionic Surfactant Solutions

A very low interfacial tension, γ, can be achieved between an oil phase and an aqueous solution containing anionic surfactant and salt at a very low concentration. This phenomenon can have potential applications in recovering residual oil from the reservoir through low salinity–low surfactant enhanced oil recovery flooding. Measurements of γ between n-heptane and aqueous solution of anionic surfactants in the concentration range of 0.141–2.167 mM and salts in the concentration range of 9.010–119.780 mM at 313.15 ± 0.1 K have been carried out. The experimental results show that the value of γ falls to a lowest value at a temperature above the Krafft point when the concentration of anionic surfactants [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT)] is increased up to a maximum surface excess concentration in an aqueous solution in the presence of monovalent [sodium chloride, (NaCl)] and divalent [calcium chloride, (CaCl2)] salts in the low concentration range. To understand and a...

Influence of Hydrophobe, Surfactant and Salt Concentrations in Hydrophobically Modified Alkali-Soluble Polymers Obtained by Solution Polymerization

The viscosity of hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble polymers to different hydrophobic macromonomer concentrations in the presence of various concentrations of anionic surfactant and salt were investigated. Associative polymers containing both ionic sites and small number of hydrophobic groups were prepared, and their thickening properties in aqueous solution were investigated. Solution polymerization was used for obtained the different polymers. Relationships between hydrophobe, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and salt (NaCl) concentrations are proposed. Owing to the competition between attractive hydrophobic interaction and repulsive electrostatic interactions, such hydrophobically modified polymers exhibit various rheological behaviors in aqueous solution depending on hydrophobic macromonomer, SDS and NaCl concentrations.

Recovery of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance from Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10 using surfactant precipitation

Bacteriocin is an important peptide which can be used as an anti-microbial agent in food. However, simpler and more cost-effective purification methods need to be developed compared to chromatography to enhance its commercial viability. Surfactant precipitation was employed for the first time to purify bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) from a fermentation broth of Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10, and the amount precipitated was investigated as a function of anionic surfactant (AOT) concentration, and pH. Protein recovery from the precipitate was accomplished using solvent extraction, and solvent type, NaCl concentration, and ionic strength of the final solution were optimised. Optimal conditions were; 1.05mM of AOT at pH 4 for precipitation, and acetone extraction (with 1mM NaCl), which resulted in an 86.3% yield, and 53.8 purification factor. This study highlighted the fact that surfactant precipitation can be used as a primary recovery method for BLIS from a complex fermentation broth.

Вплив поверхнево-активних речовин на поверхневий критерій в ламінарному приграничному шарі

Показано, що на межі потік теплоносія − стінка трубопроводу, тобто в межах ламінарного приграничного шару (ЛПШ), виникає потужне поле сил поверхневого натягу. Інтенсивність поверхневих сил характеризується поверхневим критерієм. Експериментально знайдено значення коефіцієнта поверхневого натягу , косинуса кута змочування та динамічного коефіцієнта в’язкості водних розчинів під впливом поверхнево-активних речовин (ПАР). До водних розчинів додавались найбільш поширені аніонна, неіонна та катіонна ПАР. Визначені оптимальні концентрації цих ПАР до «льодяної» води. Встановлено, що за оптимальних концентрацій ПАР значення поверхневого натягу є мінімальним. Обчислено середню товщину ламінарного приграничного шару за додавання до води оптимальних концентрацій досліджуваних ПАР. Встановлено, що зменшення коефіцієнта поверхневого натягу мінімізує товщини ЛПШ у системі стінка трубопроводу-вода. Показано, що середня швидкість в пристінних шарах за додавання оптимальних концентрацій досліджуваних ПАР зростає, і як наслідок така система здатна ефективніше передавати кількість тепла. Визначено числові діапазони поверхневого критерію для «льодяної» води за додавання різного виду ПАР.

Electroactive Self-Assembled Monolayers Detect Micelle Formation

The interfacial electrochemistry of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of ferrocenyldodecanethiolate on gold (FcC12SAu) electrodes is applied to detect the micellization of some common anionic surfactants, sodium n-alkyl sulfates, sodium n-alkyl sulfonates, sodium diamyl sulfosuccinate, and sodium dodecanoate, in aqueous solution by cyclic voltammetry. The apparent formal redox potential (E°'SAM) of the FcC12SAu SAM is used to track changes in the concentration of the unaggregated surfactant anions and determine the critical micelle concentration (cmc). The effect of added salt (NaF) on the sodium alkyl sulfate concentration dependence of E°'SAM is also investigated. Weakly hydrated anions, such as ClO4-, pair with the electrogenerated SAM-bound ferroceniums to neutralize the excess positive charge created at the SAM/electrolyte solution interface and stabilize the oxidized cations. E°'SAM exhibits a Nernstian-type dependence on the anion activity in solution. Aggregation of the surfactant anions into micelles above the cmc causes the free surfactant anion activity to deviate from the molar concentration of added surfactant, resulting in a break in the plot of E°'SAM versus the logarithm of the concentration of anionic surfactant. The concentration at which this deviation occurs is in good agreement with literature or experimentally determined values of the cmc. The effects of Ohmic potential drop, liquid junction potential, and surfactant adsorption behavior on E°'SAM are addressed. Ultimately, the E°'SAM response as a function of the anionic surfactant concentration exhibits the same features reported using potentiometry and surfactant ion-selective electrodes, which provide a direct measure of the free surfactant anion activity, thus making FcC12SAu SAM electrodes useful for the detection of surfactant aggregation and micelle formation.

The Lubricity Analysis of Cutting Fluid Emulsions

The new generation of cutting fluids should have some characteristics, such as low toxicity and biodegradability. A bio-cutting fluid emulsion are an excellent option because they present those properties, as well as good mechanical performance. The present study aims to investigate the lubricity of O/W emulsions (cutting fluid emulsion), varying the concentration of anionic surfactant (1%, 2.5% and 5%) and epoxidized oil (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% e 25%). A sunflower oil was chemically modified by epoxidation reaction, then its viscosity, iodine and oxirane index, density, and acidity were characterized. The performances of the emulsions were evaluated using a tribometer HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig), under hydrodynamic lubrication conditions. The ball wear scars were analyzed using an optical microscopy. The results showed that a low concentration of surfactant promote friction and wear reduction. Based on the tribological performance, the emulsions with 5% and 10% of epoxidized oil are more suitable.

Removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by means of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration

The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of micellar–enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) for removal of copper ions from water solutions in comparison with classic ultrafiltration process. The tests were conducted in a semi–pilot membrane installation with the use of ultrafiltration module KOCH/ROMICON® at a transmembrane pressure of 0.05 MPa. The effect of concentration of copper ions on ultrafiltration process efficiency was investigated. The second part of the tests concerned the removal of copper ions by MEUF under wide range of anionic surfactant concentration (0.25, 1, and 5 CMC (critical micelle concentration)). Concentration of copper ions in model solutions was equal to 5, 20, and 50 mg Cu/L. Furthermore, the effect of surfactant leakage to the permeate side during filtration was evaluated. Conducted experiments confirmed effectiveness of MEUF in copper ions removal. For the highest copper concentration in the feed (i.e. 50 mg/L), the average concentration of copper ions in the permeate ranged from 1.2–4.7 mg Cu/L depending on surfactant concentration. During filtration experiments, UF module exhibited stable transport properties for model solutions containing copper. For the highest concentration of metal, the decrease of permeate flux did not exceed 11% after 60 minutes of filtration. In the presence of the surfactant, a slight deterioration of transport properties was observed.

NTiO2 mass transfer and deposition behavior in an aquatic environment

Nano-TiO2 (nTiO2) is widely used in industry, and some of it is inevitably released into natural aquatic environments. nTiO2 can be deposited on the streambed or transported along the stream and streambed, and it can also undergo exchange-transfer processes in these systems. The behavior of nTiO2 in rivers includes deposition-transfer processes in the stream and exchange-transfer processes between the stream and streambed. In this work, the deposition, mass transfer, exchange, and aggregation behavior of nTiO2 in a simulated river were studied as a function of the solution pH, stream velocity, and anionic, cationic, and neutral surfactant concentrations. In these experiments, a recirculating flume was used to simulate a natural stream. The nTiO2 deposition and aggregation phenomena in the river and streambed were characterized. Of the three surfactants studied, the anionic surfactant enhanced the nTiO2 stability in the river and limited its aggregation most effectively, resulting in slow nTiO2 deposition and nTiO2 transport over long distances. This study provides information about nanoparticle transport phenomena in simulated natural aquatic systems.

Evaluation of anionic surfactant concentrations in US effluents and probabilistic determination of their combined ecological risk in mixing zones

Alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES), linear alkyl benzenesulfonates (LAS) and methyl ester sulfonates (MES) are anionic surfactants that are widely used in household detergents and consumer products resulting in over 1 million tons being disposed of down the drain annually in the US. A monitoring campaign was conducted which collected grab effluent samples from 44 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across the US to generate statistical distributions of effluent concentrations for anionic surfactants. The mean concentrations for AS, AES, LAS and MES were 5.03±4.5, 1.95±0.7, 15.3±19, and 0.35±0.13μg/L respectively. Since each of these surfactants consist of multiple homologues that differ in their toxicity, the concentration of each homologue measured in an effluent sample was converted into a toxic unit (TU) by normalizing to the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) derived from high tier effects data (mesocosm studies). The statistical distributions of the combined TUs in the effluents were used in combination with distributions of dilution factors for WWTP mixing zones to conduct a US-wide probabilistic risk assessment for the aquatic environment for each of the surfactants. The 90th percentile level of TUs for AS, AES, LAS and MES in mixing zones were 1.89×10−2, 2.73×10−3, 2.72×10−2, and 3.65×10−5 under 7Q10 (lowest river flow occurring over a 7day period every 10years) low flow conditions. Because these surfactants have the same toxicological mode of action, the TUs were summed and the aquatic safety for anionic surfactants as a whole was assessed. At the 90th percentile level under the conservative 7Q10 low flow conditions the forecasted TUs were 4.21×10−2 which indicates that there is a significant margin of safety for the class of anionic surfactants in US aquatic environments.

Determination of the latex particle size in emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate with low emulsifier concentrations

The mean size of the latex particles formed in emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate under definite conditions (water: monomer volume ratio 15: 1, 80°C, potassium persulfate concentration 0.07 wt %) decreases from 200 to 9–10 nm as the concentration of an ionic surfactant (anionic Disponil AES 60, SDS, cationic C19H42BrN) is increased from 0.0 to 1.0 wt %. The nonionic surfactants studied influence the size of the latex particles formed differently: with ALM-10, the particle size decreases from 200 to 150–190 nm, whereas with ALM-7 and ALM-2 it increases from 200 to 320 nm as the surfactant concentration is increased from 0.0 to 1.0 wt %. An increase in the concentration of F127 amphiphilic ternary block copolymer from 0.0 to 1.0 wt % leads to a monotonic decrease in the size of the poly(methyl methacrylate) latex particles formed from 200 to 53 nm.

Determination and analysis of trace metals and surfactant in air particulate matter during biomass burning haze episode in Malaysia

Trace metal species and surface active agent (surfactant) emitted into the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic source can cause various health related and environmental problems. Limited data exists for determinations of atmospheric particulate matter particularly trace metals and surfactant concentration in Malaysia during biomass burning haze episode. We used simple and validated effective methodology for the determination of trace metals and surfactant in atmospheric particulate matter (TSP & PM2.5) collected during the biomass burning haze episode in Kampar, Malaysia from end of August to October 2015. Colorimetric method of analysis was undertaken to determine the concentration of anionic surfactant as methylene blue active substance (MBAS) and cationic surfactant as disulphine blue active substance (DBAS) using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer. Particulate samples were also analyzed for trace metals with inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) followed by extraction from glass microfiber filters with close vessel microwave acid digestion. The result showed that the concentrations of surfactant in both samples (TSP & PM2.5) were dominated by MBAS (0.147–4.626 mmol/m3) rather than DBAS (0.111–0.671 mmol/m3) and higher than the other researcher found. Iron (147.31–1381.19 μg/m3) was recorded leading trace metal in PM followed by Al, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and others. During the haze period the highest mass concentration of TSP 313.34 μg/m3 and 191.07 μg/m3 for PM2.5 were recorded. Furthermore, the backward air trajectories from Kampar in north of peninsular Malaysia confirmed that nearly all the winds paths originate from Sumatera and Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Effect of head/tail groups on molecular induced aggregation of polycationic cyclodextrin towards anionic surfactants

A polycationic cyclodextrin significantly decreased the critical aggregation concentrations of anionic surfactants with different head/tail groups by a factor of 14–467 through the molecular induced aggregation.

Enhancing the Colloidal Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Water

In this article, the results of a focused systematic investigation of the nature, type, and concentration of cationic and anionic surfactants and proteins required to simultaneously disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and enhance their electrical conductivities in water are presented. The dispersibility of SWNTs suspended in aqueous solutions is evaluated via light scattering to characterize the average particle size, particle size dispersion, electrophoretic mobility, and ζ-potential of the dispersions. It is found that the colloidal stability of SWNT dispersions is influenced by the surfactant charge and concentration – i.e., above or below its critical micelle concentration and for proteins its charge. The amphiphilicity, concentration, and charge of the surfactant or protein determine their surface coverage on the SWNT and simultaneously increase electrostatic and steric repulsion and decrease surface chemical heterogeneity. It is found that the electrical conductivities of SWNT films stabilized with surfactant are as high as that without surfactants, with the added advantage of being homogeneously dispersed in water with significant enhancement in the long-term stability of the nanotubes in water. These findings suggest that enhancement of the electrical properties of SWNTs requires selection of a surfactant that has strong adsorption, and thus strong interactions with the nanotube – i.e., π–π stacking – and using concentrations above the CMC. Overall, these results demonstrate the importance of understanding the structure/property relationships between SWNTs and their dispersants in order to achieve high colloidal stability and electrical conductivities.

Determination of surfactants and levoglucosan from selected vegetation by spectroscopic colorimetric method

ABSTRACTVegetation is one of the natural sources which contribute to the amount of surface active agent into the environment. It is believed that surfactants can be derived from various kinds of sources such as biomass burning or soil and these excessive level of surfactants emitted into the atmosphere can influence both cloud formation and climate. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of both anionic and cationic surfactants as well as levoglucosan from vegetation and soot and at different weather conditions around the tin mine lakes environment. The samples were prepared by cutting several parts of tropical plant species, namely Cinnamomum Iners, Gliricidia Sepium and Hopea Odorata, which were mainly leaves and stems. After that, samples were allowed to dry in an oven at a temperature of 40°C for 2 h. The concentrations of levoglucosan and surfactant such as methylene blue active substance (MBAS) and disulphine blue active substance (DBAS) were analysed through the colorimetric method. The results showed that higher concentrations for both anionic and cationic surfactants were found in C. Iners leaves which give the concentrations of 86.92 ± 38.99 and 22.33 ± 10.59 µg/g. It was noted that the concentrations of anionic and cationic surfactants in this research were correlated to each other, indicating the possibility of similar sources that affect both levels of surfactants in the vegetation. In addition, the highest level of levoglucosan was dominated by the leaves from G. Sepium species with the concentration of 25.62 ± 12.65 mg/g, respectively. A positive significant correlation (r = 0.8447, 0.8355 and p = 0.0001 < 0.05) between anionic surfactants and levoglucosan was also discovered in this study.