Alkaloid Content Research Articles

Formulasi Gel Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) Menggunakan Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose(HPMC) dan Uji Aktivitas terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

The content of flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins in fragrant pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) can be antibacterial to inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the skin. The extract obtained from fragrant pandan leaves (DPW) is processed into a gel, with the consideration that the gel adheres well, does not block skin pores, is easily rinsed with water and has very good absorption. The purpose of this study was to determine the HPMC content as a gelling agent so as to obtain an antibacterial gel preparation of DPW extract with the best physical quality and antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus (SA). The DPW ethanol 96% extract gel made from 2%, 3%, 4% HPMC was tested for the physical stability of the gel stored at room temperature for 21 days which included evaluation of organoleptic, homogeneity, degree of acidity, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion. Gel activity against SA was carried out using the well method. Antibacterial gel from DPW extract using 2% HPMC concentration has the best physical quality compared to DPW extract gel with other HPMC concentrations. Antibacterial gel from DPW extract with 2% HPMC concentration in gel form, dark green color, pandan aroma, homogeneous and uniform, pH 6 ± 0, pH is not harmful to skin, viscosity 325 ± 0 dPa.s, spreadability 7.5 gcm /s , adhesion 15.17 ± 0.00 seconds, antibacterial activity against SA with an inhibition zone of 27.26 ± 25.30 mm was classified as very strong. The result of preparations were stable for 21 days.

Skrining Fitokimia Sayur Bening Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera)

Introduction: The mortality rate is an important health indicator and reflects the degree of health in an area. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Indonesia is still high. The infant mortality rate is largely due to nutritional factors. Some diseases that arise due to malnutrition include pneumonia, diarrhea, and perinatal. Exclusive breastfeeding can reduce infant morbidity and mortality. The most common reason found in breastfeeding mothers who stop breastfeeding is due to insufficient milk production. Utilization of plants/vegetables such as Moringa Oleifera is often used by the community to increase milk production. The most widely used processing of Moringa Oleifera by nursing mothers is to make it a clear vegetable. The aim of this study was to screen for phytochemicals on the clear vegetables of Moringa Oleifera.
 Methods: The method in this study was to carry out laboratory tests on clear vegetable Moringa Oleifera consisting of 150 grams of Moringa Oleifera, 750 cc of water, and salt to taste. Alkaloid screening used Mayer's and Dragendorff's reagents, while steroids used acetic acid, anhydrous and concentrated H2SO4 reagents.
 Results: The results showed that the clear vegetable of Moringa oleifera showed the content of alkaloid and steroid compounds.
 Conclusion: Utilization of clear vegetable moringa leaves is an alternative that can be used to overcome the problem of insufficient milk production, besides being cheap and easy to obtain.
 Suggestion: Future researchers are advised to conduct research that can be directly applied to breastfeeding mothers to prevent failure of exclusive breastfeeding due to insufficient milk production.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium guajava (Pomifera and Pyrifera) Aqueous Leaf Extract Varieties’

Aims: Psidium guajava (Pomifera (red) and Pyrifera (white)) is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of P. guajava (Pomifera (Red) and Pyrifera (White) leave varieties were investigated.
 Methodology: The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents and antioxidant capacities in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, were determined, and the correlations among the results were assessed. The antimicrobial activity was assessed through agar disc diffusion assays.
 Results: Phytochemical screening showed that the extracts had alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids, phenols, and flavonoids in different abundances. The aerial part- (Pomifera (red) and Pyrifera (white)) extract contained 106.502.97 and 122.072.73 mg/g in QAE phenolic content, 2650.6527.48 and 2486.829.10 mg/g in RE of flavonoids, 17.860.19 and 10.160.07 mg/g in TAE of Tannins, 69.500.14 and 10.500.01 alkaloid content, and 7.25.500.11 and 17.750.09 saponin content and displayed significant antioxidant capacity in the DPPH (IC50 = 52.17 ± 7.30 μg/mL) assay. By contrast, the P. guajava Pyrifera (white) extract contained high amounts of TPC (87.72 ± 7.75 mg GAE/g) and TFC (25.60 ± 1.57 mg QE/g). The leaf extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against highest activity was observed against E. Coli, S.E, and S. aureus (14, 15, and 16) respectively. GC-MS revealed presence of Sesquiterpenes, terpenes, and triterpenes. The leaves also contain vitamins of measurable amounts. Generally, the extracts evaluated showed potent antifungal activity against selected bacterial strains.
 Conclusion: The results showed that P. guajava (Pomifera (red) and Pyrifera (white)) possesses different phytochemicals displaying significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, thus lending credence to its use in traditional medicine.

The Efficacy of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Rind Extract in Healing Burns in Balb/C Male Mice


 
 
 
 Burns are skin tissue damage that occurs as a result of direct contact with a heat source. One of the natural treatments for burns is watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind. Watermelon rind contains citrulline, an alkaloid that plays a role in wound healing. This study aims to explore the potential of watermelon rind to become extract gel as a burn remover in male Balb/C strain mice. This research method is a true experiment that begins with the preparation of watermelon rind extract by maceration with ethanol. Furthermore, the polyphenol, flavonoid, saponin, and alkaloid content of the extract was identified through the phytochemical screening. The next stage was the preparation of a gel with three variations of extract concentrations, namely 25%, 50%, and 75% w/v. The gels were characterized by organoleptic, pH, and spreadability. The final stage tested the gel’s activity as a burn wound healing in male Balb/C strain mice. The results showed that the extract contained saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The spreadability test results of the gel showed that all gels met the requirements. All gels had activity against burns in male Balb/C strain mice. Thus, watermelon rind extract can be used as a medicine for burns.
 
 
 

Quantification of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from genus Tripterygium by band-selective HSQC NMR

Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids (SPAs) are bioactive analogues derived from the genus Tripterygium and have anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic properties. Attributed to the similar sesquiterpene structures, the total SPAs showed severe peak overlap in 1D NMR and HPLC, leading to difficulties in identification and quantification. Interestingly, the application of band-selective HSQC NMR that specifically excited the region corresponding to the H-3 of SPAs prompted a signal separation of the total SPAs. Based on the high resolution, 23 SPAs were identified from the band-selective HSQC spectrum. The coupling constants (JCH, JHH) and relaxation times (T1, T2) of SPAs were measured, and it was found that they caused less than 1% attenuation of the HSQC signals, so the HSQC signals of SPAs had almost uniform responses. The concentrations of 23 SPAs were determined by standard curve method, using wilforgine as the calibration. In addition, we extended the pulse length-based concentration determination (PULCON) as a more efficient external standard method to the band-selective HSQC spectrum, and the results showed that the concentrations of alkaloids determined by PULCON were consistent with those measured by standard curve method. The developed quantification approach was validated according to the <761> of United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), demonstrating that the established band-selective HSQC approach is reliable for the rapid quantification of analogues in botanical extracts.

Evaluation of alkaloids in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.): New insight to genetic resources diversity and future breeding perspectives

The agronomic potential of many species, including lupins, is underutilized due to poor characterization of the genetic resources conserved by genebanks. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the seed alkaloid content and alkaloid profiles of 292 yellow lupin (YL, Lupinus luteus L.) accessions from the Polish Lupinus Collection using gas chromatography, coupled to a flame ionization detector. The YL collection showed wide diversity, as indicated by a broad range of total alkaloid content (0.0004–1.8042%) and various qualitative alkaloids compositions in specific genotypes. A statistical approach allowed comparing classes at different domestication level and identifying divergent germplasm. Wild accessions had higher total alkaloid content, dominated by lupinine, whereas domesticated accessions had lower alkaloid content and alkaloid profiles mainly composed of sparteine and ammodendrine. The study identified accessions with promising breeding potential or for detailed research, such as wild, low-alkaloid germplasm or those with only one specific alkaloid detected. Furthermore, the study assessed the “breeding progress” toward reducing the total alkaloid content of YL cultivars in comparison with two other lupin crops (narrow-leafed and white lupin). This comparative study showed the significant progress in YL, which could be caused by lupinine synthesis inhibition. Overall, the study provides advanced knowledge on YL genetic resources and highlights the importance of their comprehensive characterization.

Exploration and Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum: GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profiling, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity Assessment

In this study, we investigated in vitro the potential of Trichoderma harzianum to produce bioactive secondary metabolites that can be used as alternatives to synthetic compounds. The study focused on analyzing two extracts of T. harzianum using ethyl acetate and n-butanol solvents with different polarities. The extracts were examined using phytochemical analysis to determine the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis were used to profile volatile organic metabolites (VOCs) present in the extracts. Furthermore, the extracts were tested for their antifungal ability using the poison food technique. For measuring antioxidant activity, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) test was used. Trichoderma harzianum was shown to have a significantly high content of tannins and alkaloids, with a noticeable difference between the two extracts. GC-MS analysis identified 33 potential compounds with numerous benefits that could be used in agriculture and the medicinal industry. Moreover, strong antifungal activity was identified against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by 94.44%, Alternaria sp. by 77.04%, and Fusarium solani by 51.48; similarly, the IC50 of antioxidant activity was estimated for ethyl acetate extract by 71.47% and n-butanol extract by 56.01%. This leads to the conclusion that Trichoderma harzianum VOCs play a significant role as an antifungal and antioxidant agent when taking into account the advantageous bioactive chemicals noted in the extracts. However, to our knowledge, this is the first study in Algeria presenting detailed phytochemical analysis and GC-MS profiling of Trichoderma harzianum for two extracts, ethyl acetate and n-butanol.

Uji Fitokimia, Kapasitas Total Antioksidan, Bslt Serta Kadar Total Fenolik pada Ekstrak Daun Meniran (Phyllanthus Niruri L.)

Indonesians believe in a tradition passed from generation to generation about the properties of herbal medicine. Meniran leaf is one of the ber grown in Asia and found in many parts of Indonesia. It contains flavonoids and alkaloid able to stimulate the immune system and antioxidants to combat ROS. Antioxidant can neutralize the effects caused by oxidative stress (a conndition where the is an imbbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in the body). Antioxidants can prevent degenerative diseases and malignancies caused by prolonged oxidative stress. Because of its ability to prevent oxidation, this study uses meniran leaves to further investigate its uses. This study aims to look into meniran leaves’ phytochemical constituents, antioxidant capacity, and toxicity. Meniran leaves extract was made by maseration using methanol, phytochemical screening used Harborne’s method, antioxidant capacity used Blois’ DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) method, total phenolic content used Singleton’s method, and toxicity with BSLT. Phytochemical screening of meniran leaf extract determined that it contains alkaloids, flavonoids, cardioglycosides, glycosides, saponins, coumarins, phenolics, quinones, betacyanins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. Its antoxidant capacity ((IC50 =81.585µg/mL), total phenolic content (10,295µg/mL), total alkaloid content (13.788 µg/mL), and toxicity (LC50 =170.308 μg/mL) which can be considered to have a cytotoxic effect and categorized as moderate (100 ppm ≤ LC50 ≤ 1000 ppm). In summary, meniran leaf extract has the potential to be an antioxidant with an antimitotic effect

Alternative Development and Processing of Fermented Beverage and Tempeh Using Green Beans from Four Genotypes of Lupinus mutabilis

In this study, the nutritional characteristics of two formulations were studied: A fermented beverage and tempeh. Green seeds from four different cultivars of tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) were used: Andino, Guaranguito, Ecuadorian, and Peruvian. The seeds were first debittered, and then, they were fermented, using two inoculum doses and two fermentation times. For the fermented beverage, Saccaromyces cerevisae was used at doses of 1.5 and 2.5% dry weight and fermentation times of 72 and 96 h. For the tempeh, the inoculum used was the Rhizopus oligosporus strain NRRL 2710 at doses of 0.015 and 0.025% dry weight and fermentation times of 48 and 72 h. The alcoholic strength, total solid soluble, and pH in the fermented beverage were analyzed, while proximal analysis was performed for both the fermented beverage and tempeh. The results indicate that, in all cases, the Andino cultivar produced a beverage with higher alcoholic strength, regardless of the inoculum concentration and fermentation time. In both the fermented beverage and tempeh, a varietal effect was found for protein and crude fiber. The Andino cultivar had the highest protein, fat, and fiber content. The alkaloid content was similar in the beverage and tempeh, but the effect of fermentation was markedly increased with the higher inoculum dose and longer fermentation time. The alkaloid content was highest in the Peruvian cultivar, while it was similar in the remaining three cultivars. Tarwi grains have a high nutritional value, but the grain is traditionally used dry. In this study, we used green grain, which contains lower alkaloid content. Moreover, the crop cycle is shortened, and it can be used in the manufacture of fermented drinks and tempeh. In this way, we show that it is valid to use green grain instead of dried grain, constituting an improvement in the traditional use of lupine grain, and our study shows that it is possible to make both fermented drink and tempeh with green grain, showing the influence of the genotype and dosage starter.

Genome-wide analysis of bHLH gene family in Coptis chinensis provides insights into the regulatory role in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis

Coptis chinensis Franch is a perennial species with high medical value. The rhizome of C. chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for more than 2000 years in China. Its principal active ingredients are benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play an important regulatory role in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. However, the bHLH genes in C. chinensis have not been described, and little is known about their roles in alkaloid biosynthesis. In this study, a total of 143 CcbHLH genes (CcbHLHs) were identified and unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis divided the 143 CcbHLH proteins into 26 subfamilies by comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana bHLH proteins. The majority CcbHLHs in each subgroup had similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties, conserved motif, intron/exon composition, and cis-acting elements of CcbHLHs were analyzed. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 30 CcbHLHs were significantly expressed in the rhizomes of C. chinensis. Co-expression analysis revealed that 11 CcbHLHs were highly positively correlated with contents of various alkaloids of C. chinensis. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid experiments verified that CcbHLH001 and CcbHLH0002 could interact with the promoters of berberine biosynthesis pathway genes CcBBE and CcCAS, suggesting their regulatory roles in BIA biosynthesis. This study provides comprehensive insights into the bHLH gene family in C. chinensis and will support in-depth functional characterization of CcbHLHs involved in the regulation of protoberberine-type alkaloid biosynthesis.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Azima tetracantha Root Bark Extract in Rats

Inflammation is associated with many pathological conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, cancer, etc. The side effects associated with the long term use of current anti-inflammatory drugs necessitates the need for the development of new drug with fewer side effects. The present study was aimed at evaluating anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Azima tetracantha root bark, a plant widely used by tribal people and in Siddha medicine for the treatment of arthritis and rheumatism. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Azima tetracantha root bark were prepared. Total phenol, flavoid, alkaloid, terpenoid and saponin content were analyzed. The anti-oxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay and total antioxidant capacity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induced paw edema model in rats. The total phenol and flavonoid contents were higher in methanolic extract compared to aqueous extract. The extracts were found to have anti-oxidant activity and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in both male and female rats with highest average inhibition at 400 mg/kg. The results confirm the traditional use of this plant against inflammatory disorders and could be source for the development of novel drugs.

Alkaloid, Protein, Dietary Fiber Content, and Acceptability of Lacto Cookies Substituted with Banana Blossom (Musa Paradisiaca Linn.) and Fish Flour (Rasbora Argyrotaenia)

Introduction: The smooth creation of bosom milk (ASI) given to infants can emphatically affect the wholesome status of children. Breast milk production can be smooth if the hormones oxytocin and prolactin increase. Banana heart (Musa paradisiaca) contains Laktagogum, which can stimulate hormones, Oxytocin, and Prolactin, such as alkaloids, polyphenols, steroids, and flavonoids. In seluang fish (Rasbora Argyrotaenia), there are nine essential amino acids (histidine, arginine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine. Objectives: This study analyzed the acceptability of five cookie formulations and alkaloids, protein, and fiber content. Methods: This study used a completely randomized AA design (CRD) D with N5 treatments. The research subjects were 25 people for the acceptability test. Alkaloids were carried out using the UV-is spectrophotometric method, proteins using the Kjeldahl method, and fiber using the enzymatic gravimetric method. Results: Regarding color, taste, and aroma, formula 2 (40% banana heart, 10% seluang fish) was significantly more acceptable with a mean p&lt;0.001 (3.06±0.97). Formula 2 (40% banana heart, 10% seluang fish) in 100 grams contains 110.03 g/100 g alkaloids, 25.79% protein, and 21.06% crude fiber. Conclusions: The most preferred formula is formula 2, with alkaloid content of 110.03 g/100 g, protein of 25.79%, and crude fiber 21.0.

A comprehensive analytical framework integrating liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics with chemometrics for metabolite profiling of lettuce varieties and discovery of antibacterial agents

This study comprehensively characterized the metabolite profiles of six lettuce varieties and established the correlation between the elucidated profiles and their antivirulence effects. A total of 195 metabolites were annotated using LC-QTOF-MS/MS metabolomics assisted by molecular networking and integrated with chemometrics. Red varieties (red longifolia and lolla rosa) demonstrated higher chlorogenic and chicoric acids suggesting their antioxidant properties. In parallel, amino acids and disaccharides were enriched in romaine longifolia rationalizing its palatable taste and nutritional potential, while crispa, capitata, and lolla bionda presented a high β-carboline alkaloid content. The antibacterial and antihemolytic potential of all varieties against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was assessed and validated by prominent downregulation of α-hemolysin transcriptional levels in both strains. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed sesquiterpenes, β-carboline alkaloids, amino acids, and oxy-fatty acids as the main bioactives. Results emphasize lettuce significance as a functional food and nutraceutical source, and highlight varieties naturally rich in antibacterial agents to adapt breeding programs.

Characterization of White Lupin Seed Coats

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.), a winter legume crop with tremendous potential as a food crop, has been evaluated at Virginia State University for several years. This effort has developed several winter-hardy, high-yielding lines, which vary in alkaloid concentration in the seeds. Current study was conducted to characterize various component of lupin seed especially seed coat and cotyledon portion in seeds of five lupin lines (VSU-1, VSU-1X, VSU-5, VSU-10, and VSU-101). Five hundred seeds of each line were separated into seed coats and cotyledons to record relative proportions. Whole seeds, seed coats, and cotyledons were analyzed to determine concentrations of protein, fiber, fat, iron and zinc. Significant differences were observed among five lines for seed coat proportion, which varied from 22.6 to 25.6 percent. Proportions of protein (7.8, 41.6, and 34.3 percent), fiber (44.7, 1.0, and 12.2 percent), fat (1.3, 10.4, and 8.6 percent), and zinc (14.5, 61.9, and 50.8 percent) concentrations varied significantly for seed coats, cotyledons, and whole seed, respectively but not for iron concentration. Results of this study indicate that separation of seed coats from white lupin seed could be used to develop value-added products; to increase nutritional quality of white lupin seeds; and enhance white lupin&amp;rsquo;s suitability as a plant protein source.

Impact of extraction method on alkaloid content and antioxidant activity of Matricaria pubescens

Matricaria pubescens is a medicinal plant much appreciated by the people of the Saharan regions and widely used to treat many diseases. The present study was devoted to evaluate the effect of extraction technique, pH and nature of solvent on alkaloid content and antioxidant activity of M. pubescens. Alkaloid extraction was carried out by applying two techniques, maceration extraction and Soxhlet extraction, using several solvents at different pH (alkaline chloroform, acid methanol, neutral methanol and neutral ethanol). In the present study, the antioxidant activity of the alkaloid extracts of M. pubescens was evaluated using ferric reducing power, molybdate reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, β-carotene bleaching assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (assessed by deoxyribose assay and HOSC assay) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The obtained results show that the extraction rates obtained and the antioxidant activities of alkaloid extracts were affected by the extraction technique, pH and the solvent used. The highest extraction rates were obtained with the ethanolic neutral (Soxhlet) and methanolic acidified (maceration) extracts. The alkaloid extracts of M. pubescens exerted a reducing activity of ferric and molybdate ions. They also showed significant radical scavenger activity against DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, and peroxyl radicals. This significant wealth of alkaloids and these various antioxidant activities could justify the traditional use of M. pubescens.

Quality evaluation of pulp powder and the developed functional jam from African locust bean fruit

The pulp powder was prepared from fruits of African locust bean tree and used to produce jam. The pulp and jam were analyzed for the chemical composition, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. The total soluble solids of the pulp and jam were 25.5 and 72.5 oBrix, respectively. The pulp had pH of 5.3, while the pH of the jam was 3.3. The jam had higher total titratable acidity than the pulp. The jam contained higher crude protein (3.16 %), crude fat (1.03%), ash (4.3%) and carbohydrate (76.044%) contents than the pulp. The crude protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate contents of the pulp were 2.86, 0.85, 2.93 and 68.81%, respectively. The energy content of the jam was also higher than that of the pulp. The flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, oxalates, phytates, saponins and alkaloids contents of the jam were lower than those of the pulp. The total sugars, reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and sucrose contents of the pulp were 7.7, 10.7, 5. 5, 4.8 and 5.8%, respectively, while those of the jam were 75.5, 47.6, 20.3, 30.3 and 21.68%, respectively. The vitamins B1, B2 and C contents of the pulp were 122, 35 and 35 mg/100g, respectively and decreased to 113, 10.2 and 22mg/100g, respectively, in the jam. The citric acid increased from 12.9 in the pulp to 15.6mg/100gin the jam. The P, K, Mg, Cu, Zn and Ca contents of the jam were higher than those of the pulp, while the Na and Fe contents of the pulp were higher than those of the jam. The total plate counts of the pulp and the pulp jam were 4.0 x104 and 1.2 x 101, respectively. The yeast and mould counts of pulp were 2.4 x104, while that of the jam was 0.3 x 101. The commercial plum jam was rated higher than the pulp jam for all the sensory attributes assessed except spreadability and overall acceptability.

Adaptive Changes in Detoxification Metabolism and Transmembrane Transport of Bombyx mori Malpighian Tubules to Artificial Diet.

The high adaptability of insects to food sources has contributed to their ranking among the most abundant and diverse species on Earth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid adaptation of insects to different foods remain unclear. We explored the changes in gene expression and metabolic composition of the Malpighian tubules as an important metabolic excretion and detoxification organ in silkworms (Bombyx mori) fed mulberry leaf and artificial diets. A total of 2436 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 245 differential metabolites were identified between groups, with the majority of DEGs associated with metabolic detoxification, transmembrane transport, and mitochondrial function. Detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and UDP-glycosyltransferase, and ABC and SLC transporters of endogenous and exogenous solutes were more abundant in the artificial diet group. Enzyme activity assays confirmed increased CYP and GST activity in the Malpighian tubules of the artificial diet-fed group. Metabolome analysis showed increased contents of secondary metabolites, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, lipids, and food additives in the artificial diet group. Our findings highlight the important role of the Malpighian tubules in adaptation to different foods and provide guidance for further optimization of artificial diets to improve silkworm breeding.

An ethnopharmacology study of Indonesian medicinal plants in Gunung Sari village as dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor

During an ethnopharmacology study of traditional antidiabetic treatment in Gunung Sari village, Bogor region, Indonesia, fifteen traditional medicinal plants were selected, collected and prepared as crude extracts. Among fifteen plants, only three plants have previously been screened for dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed total phenolics content (TPC) ranging from 2.27±0.16 to 5.39±0.05 mg GAE/g extract and total alkaloids content (TAC) from 1.07±0.02 to 4.33±0.07 mg QE/g extract. In-vitro DPP-IV inhibitory activity screening showed that Piper ornatum exhibited the highest inhibition (78.11±1.35 %) and the lowest activity by Syzygium polyanthum (34.30±1.57%) at a concentration of 250 µg/mL, respectively. Analysis of chemical constituents using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) indicated at least eleven compounds were present in the crude extract. Among them, several peaks were tentatively assigned as pipcrosides and crocatins, which have previously been isolated from Piper crocatum.

Microscopic distribution of alkaloids in freeze-fixed stems of Phellodendron amurense.

Phellodendron amurense Rupr. contains rich alkaloids, which have been extensively applied in clinical treatments for their various biological activities. However, detailed microscopic distribution and roles of such alkaloids in P. amurense stem still need to be clarified. In this study, the distribution of eight alkaloids in the transverse surface of freeze-fixed P. amurense stems in fall and summer has been visualized by cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (cryo-TOF-SIMS/SEM), which was found in living tissues with relative contents of different alkaloids varying with the position. In addition, the contents of these alkaloids quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis suggested the seasonal variation from fall to the following summer. Distribution of eight alkaloids in the freeze-fixed stems of P. amurense from fall and summer seasons has been visualized and assigned into specific living tissues, with relative contents varying in different positions with seasons, which suggested their possible roles in the physiological processes of the plant itself or plant responding to changes in the surrounding conditions. This study provided a significant basis for further discussion of the genes or enzymes involved in these processes, which will contribute to investigating biosynthetic pathways and specific in planta roles of alkaloids.

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Adas Pagar (Eupatorium Capillifolium (Lam.) Small) terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus dan Escherichia Coli

The purpose of the study was to investigate the presence of second-order metabolites and the antibacterial and antifungal activities against S. aureus and E. coli in an experimental manner. This study is being conducted using an experimental method. Metabolit is quickly identified by scrining fitokimia. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method. Antibacterial activity is carried out using the cakram diffusion method. Ekstraksi was carried out by the 96% etanol-maseration process. The results show that the extracted etanol adas pagar contains flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin, and terpenoid content. Ekstrak etanol adas pagar has strong anti-oxidant activity with an IC50 of 80,56 ppm. Due to its antibacterial potential, ekstrak etanol adas pagar can kill gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus as well as gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria when applied in concentrations of 100% and 50%, respectively. The main finding of this study is that ekstrak etanol adas pagar can be used as a safe antibacterial and antifungal against the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. &#x0D; Keywords: Adas Pagar, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Extraction, Metabolite