Content Of Active Components Research Articles

Characteristics of organic carbon in tobacco-growing soils with different pH

This paper deal with the analysis of the relationship between acidity and alkalinity with organic carbon structure and humus components of tobacco-growing soils in Tengchong city. Under the same level of organic matter and nutrient content, soils with different pH values in Tengchong city were selected for the investigation. Results showed that the HA/FA values of the soil with low organic matter content gradually decreased with increasing pH, indicating a higher content of active carbon components and a lower content of stable carbon components in the soils. In soils with high organic matter content, pH value showed a highly significant negative correlation with HA/FA and PQ values. With increasing acidity, HA/FA became higher, and humus components with high stability increased. At the same level of organic matter content, the infrared A2920/A1630 ratio gradually increased with increasing pH. It indicates that at a certain pH range and the same level of organic matter content, the stable humus component increases, and the soil pH value decreases. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 745-755, 2024 (September) Special

Shading Impairs Mycorrhizal Benefits on Plant Growth, Leaf Gas Exchange, and Active Ingredients in Polygonum cuspidatum

Polygonum cuspidatum, an important medicinal plant, often experiences shading from surrounding vegetation during its growth phase, raising questions about the impact of such conditions on the functionality of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This study investigated the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) on the growth, leaf gas exchange, and concentrations of active ingredient concentrations in leaves and roots of P. cuspidatum under shading (with a 72% shading rate) conditions. A nine-week shading intervention significantly suppressed root colonization by F. mosseae and the formation of soil mycorrhizal mycelium. Shading significantly inhibited the above-ground growth performance, biomass production, leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration, while F. mosseae significantly increased these variables in the absence of shading. Plant height, leaf biomass, stem biomass, leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were all decreased by F. mosseae when the plants were shaded. The shading treatment also significantly diminished the concentrations of active components measured in both leaves and roots. Under no-shading conditions, F. mosseae significantly boosted the concentrations of polydatin, resveratrol, aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in roots, as well as the concentrations of polydatin and chrysophanol in leaves. Conversely, in the presence of shading, F. mosseae distinctly reduced these active ingredient levels in roots, followed by an increase in leaf polydatin and chrysophanol concentrations. In summary, shading substantially impaired the mycorrhizal benefits on plant growth, leaf gas exchange, and root active ingredients in P. cuspidatum, highlighting the importance of sufficient light to maximize mycorrhizal contributions.

Comparative chemical profiling and functional analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis: Precision-boiled powder vs. traditional decoction pieces using UHPLC-q-orbitrap MS/MS

This study aimed to investigate the potential benefits of using precise boiling techniques on the solubility of two forms of Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) powder, Scutellaria precision-boiled powder (SPBP) and Scutellaria traditional decoction pieces (STDP), using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS technology. The UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS technique, along with data-analysis methodologies, were employed to compare the active components between SPBP and STDP. A total of ninety-three chemical components were detected in S. baicalensis. By comparing the weights of extracts, conducting a weighted analysis, and using network pharmacology, SPBP demonstrated a higher concentration of active components and improved beneficial benefits compared to STDP. The quality and potential effectiveness of SPBP were evaluated by comparing its chemical components with those of STDP. These findings lay a foundational framework for in-depth exploration of the mechanisms underlying the decoction of S. baicalensis powder, offering significant potential for future research in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Metabolomic approach reveals the mechanism of synthetic communities to promote high quality and high yield of medicinal plants—danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.)

BackgroundSalvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a significant and widely used medicinal herb, is also recognized in the US Pharmacopoeia as a dietary supplement. However, the decline in yield and quality limits its further development as a traditional herbal medicine. Therefore, a deeper understanding of how synthetic communities (SynCom) affect the quality and yield of S. miltiorrhiza and the underlying mechanisms is necessary.ResultsIn this study, we selected S. miltiorrhiza as the research subject and designed two synthetic communities (SynCom 1 and SynCom 2) using five endophytic fungi without significantly growth-promoting effect. We conducted both greenhouse and field experiments to investigate their impact on the yield and quality of the herbal plants. Greenhouse experiments confirmed that SynCom 1 significantly increased the biomass of S. miltiorrhiza, whereas SynCom 2 had the opposite effect. Field experiments further demonstrated that the application of SynCom 1 promoted photosynthesis and enhanced carbon and nitrogen metabolism, steady and markedly promoted plant growth, and thus increased S. miltiorrhiza yield compared to the uninoculated. In contrast, SynCom 2 inhibited yield but increased the content of the main active components. Un-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that SynCom 1 mainly promoted tricarboxylic acid cycle and nitrogen assimilation process to increase yield, and SynCom 2 mainly increase substrate content in the salvianolic acid and tanshinone synthesis pathways to improve quality.ConclusionThese beneficial qualities exhibited by SynComs composed of fungi without apparent growth-promoting abilities represent an untapped resource that can be leveraged to enhance crop productivity. This opens up new research avenues for precision manipulation of plant microbiomes.Graphical abstract

Effects of Replacing Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer with Organic Fertilizer on Active Organic Carbon Fractions, Enzyme Activities, and Crop Yield in Yellow Soil

Taking the typical yellow soil in Guizhou as the research object, four treatments were set up： no fertilization （CK）, single application of chemical fertilizer （NP）, 50% organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer [1/2（NPM）], and 100% organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer （M）. The effects of organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer on organic carbon and its active components, soil carbon pool management index, soil enzyme activity, and maize and soybean yield in yellow soil were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and soil quality improvement in this area. The results showed that the replacement of chemical nitrogen fertilizer by organic fertilizer significantly increased soil pH, organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN） content, and C/N ratio. Compared with those in the CK and NP treatments, the content and distribution ratio of soil active organic carbon components and soil carbon pool management index （CPMI） were improved by replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer, and the effect of replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with 50% organic fertilizer was the best. Compared with those in the NP treatment, the 1/2 （NPM） treatment significantly increased the contents of soil readily oxidizable organic carbon （ROC333, ROC167）, dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） by 22.90%, 8.10%, 29.32%, and 23.22%, respectively. Compared with those under the CK and NP treatments, organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer increased soil enzyme activities. The activities of catalase, urease, sucrase, and phosphatase in the 1/2 （NPM） treatment were significantly increased by 21.89%, 8.24%, 34.91%, and 18.78%, respectively, compared with those in the NP treatment. Compared with that of the NP treatment, the maize yield of the 1/2 （NPM） and M treatments was significantly increased by 44.15% and 17.39%, respectively. There was no significant difference in soybean yield among different fertilization treatments. Correlation analysis showed that soil SOC was significantly positively correlated with ROC333, ROC167, ROC33, DOC, MBC, and soil active organic carbon components, and CPMI was significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon and its active components （P<0.01）. Corn yield was significantly positively correlated with soil enzyme activity, CPMI, total organic carbon, and its active components （P<0.05）. Therefore, from the perspective of yield increase and soil fertility, 50% organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer was conducive to improving soil quality and soil fertility, which is the key fertilization technology to achieve a high yield of crops in the yellow soil area of Anshun, Guizhou.

Formulation and Evaluation of Tablets Using the Solvent Evaporation Method to Increase the Solubility of Lansoprazole

The inability to determine sufficient and repeatable bioavailability and/or desirable pharmacokinetic features in humans is one of the biggest obstacles to the oral administration of new medicines. The solubility and absorption of a medicine determine its bioavailability, which in turn determines its therapeutic efficacy. Achieving the target drug concentration in the systemic circulation and ensuring drug biological activity in humans are both affected by solubility. A stomach ulcer has the potential to rip through the stomach lining, the initial section of the small intestine, and possibly even the lower esophagus. Distinct ulcers form in different parts of the intestines; one forms in the duodenum and one in the stomach. Duodenal ulcers are most commonly characterized by upper abdominal pain at night that subsides after eating. Eating might exacerbate the discomfort from a stomach ulcer. Preparing and assessing the pills will yield optimal outcomes. The active component content is 99.90%, as is the active ingredient release rate. Compared to other formulations, solid dispersion tablets performed better in in-vitro tests (98.85%). The optimized formulation (lansoprazole solid dispersion tablets) outperformed the labeled formulation (conventional lansoprazole tablet) in terms of drug-releasing capacity within 6 hours, outperforming both formulations.

UV-B Radiation Enhances Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. Quality by Improving the Leaf Structure and Increasing the Icaritin Content.

Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. is a herbal plant with various therapeutic effects, and its aboveground tissues contain flavonol compounds such as icaritin that can be used to produce new drugs for the treatment of advanced liver cancer. Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) stress can increase the levels of flavonoid substances in plants. In the current study, we observed the microstructure of E. brevicornu leaves after 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 d of UV-B radiation (60 μw·cm-2) and quality formation mechanism of E. brevicornu leaves after 0, 10, and 20 d of UV-B radiation by LC‒ESI‒MS/MS. The contents of flavonols such as icariside I, wushanicaritin, icaritin, and kumatakenin were significantly upregulated after 10 d of radiation. The results indicated that UV-B radiation for 10 d inhibited the morphological development of E. brevicornu but increased the content of active medicinal components, providing a positive strategy for epimedium quality improvement.

Silk fibroin microspheres loaded Rehmannia Liuwei extract for the protection of endothelial cells from the inhibitory effects

Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH) is a multi-component and multi-target Chinese herbal compound widely used for treating chronic conditions such as diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, osteoporosis, and chronic kidney disease. However, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations like decoction and pill face limitations, including low active component concentration, limited bioavailability, short half-life, and the need for high dosage, which may increase the burden on liver and kidney functions and reduce clinical efficacy. In this study, LWDH was further purified using D101 macroporous adsorption resin, resulting in a soluble extract with an active component content 53.6 times higher than that of LWDH itself. The freeze-dried LWDH extract was then encapsulated within silk fibroin (SF) microspheres to significantly enhance the sustained release performance of the drug. In a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) model cultured under high glucose conditions, methanol vapor-treated SF/LWDH microspheres demonstrated a decrease in the 24-hour drug release rate from 61.88 % to 34.81 %, augmenting their protective effect on endothelial cells.

Analysis of Salt Stress on Soil Microbial Community Composition and Its Correlation with Active Components in the Rhizosphere of Acanthopanax senticosus.

Salt stress can adversely affect plant seed germination, growth and development, and eventually lead to slow growth and even death of plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of NaCl and Na2SO4 stress on the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, rhizosphere microbial community and seven active components (L-phenylalanine, Protocatechuic acid, Eleutheroside B, Chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, Eleutheroside E, Isofraxidin) of Acanthopanax senticosus rhizosphere soil. Statistical analysis was used to explore the correlation between the rhizosphere ecological factors of Acanthopanax senticosus and its active components. Compared with Acanthopanax senticosus under NaCl stress, Na2SO4 generally had a greater effect on Acanthopanax senticosus, which reduced the richness of fungi in rhizosphere soil and adversely affected the content of multiple active components. Pearson analysis showed that pH, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, catalase and urease were significantly correlated with active components such as Caffeic acid and Isofraxidin. There were 11 known bacterial genera, 12 unknown bacterial genera, 9 known fungal genera and 1 unknown fungal genus significantly associated with the active ingredient. Salt stress had great changes in the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities and microorganisms of the rhizosphere soil of Acanthopanax senticosus. In conclusion, different types and concentrations of salts had different effects on Acanthopanax senticosus, and the active components of Acanthopanax senticosus were regulated by rhizosphere soil ecological factors.

Preparation of geopolymers from thermally activated lithium slag: Activity enhancement and microstructure

As an industrial by-product of the lithium extraction process from spodumene, lithium slag (LS) is less reactive, rendering it a chemically infeasible binder. In this study, a thermal activation approach was employed to enhance the reactivity of LS. The underlying mechanisms of LS's thermal activation at various temperatures were thoroughly explored through XRD and ICP. The results indicated that alterations in the aluminosilicate composition of LS occurred during calcination between 500 °C and 900 °C, leading to the transformation of spodumene into amorphous forms. Particularly noteworthy was the initial increase in the LS amorphous phase content with increasing temperature, followed by a subsequent decline. Building upon these findings, a lithium slag geopolymer (LSG) was prepared via alkali activation, using the activated LS as the exclusive precursor. It was observed that elevating the content of active components in LS enhanced the geopolymerization reactions, resulting in an improved mechanical strength of LSG. Remarkably, after 28 days of aging, geopolymer specimens prepared from LS calcined at 700 °C exhibited a compressive strength of 36.0 MPa. Combining these results with FTIR and SEM-EDS analyses, it becomes evident that suitable calcination temperatures empower LS to release a higher quantity of silicon and aluminum ions. These ions play a significant role in the geopolymerization process, leading to the formation of an amorphous sodium (calcium) aluminosilicate hydrate (N(C)-A-S-H) gel. This gel acts as a binder, tightly binding the residual solid particles, and thus forming a denser microstructure.

Difference of effective component content and key enzyme gene expression of biosynthesis in Atractylodes chinensis with different leaf shapes

In this study, four Atractylodes chinensis(A. chinensis) with different leaf shapes, such as the split leaf, long and narrow leaf, oval leaf, and large round leaf, were used as experimental materials to establish a method for simultaneously determining atractylodin, atractylenolide Ⅰ, β-eudesmol, and atractylon in the rhizome of A. chinensis. The expression of key enzyme genes for biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase(HMGR), and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase(FPPS) was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to compare the difference in the content of four active components in A. chinensis with different leaf shapes, and the correlation between the content of active components and the expression of key enzyme genes in biosynthesis was discussed. The results show that there was good linearity among atractylodin, atractylenolide Ⅰ, β-eudesmol, and atractylon in the range of 3.30-33.00 μg·mL~(-1)(r =0.999 7), 12.04-120.40 μg·mL~(-1)(r =0.999 5), 29.16-291.60 μg·mL~(-1)(r =0.999 5), and 14.20-142.00 μg·mL~(-1)(r =0.999 5), respectively. The average recoveries were 99.77%(RSD=2.1%), 98.56%(RSD=1.2%), 103.0%(RSD=1.2%), and 100.6%(RSD=1.5%), respectively. The method was accurate and had good reproducibility, which could be used to simultaneously detect atractylodin, atractylenolide Ⅰ, β-eudesmol, and atractylon. The results showed that there were significant differences in the content of four active components in A. chinensis with different leaf shapes. The content of atractylodin, atractylenolide Ⅰ, and β-eudesmol in A. chinensis with split leaves was the highest, which were 1.341 9, 5.237 2, and 12.084 3 mg·g~(-1), respectively. The content of atractylon in A. chinensis with long and narrow leaves was the highest(5.470 1 mg·g~(-1)). The content of atractylodin, atractylenolide Ⅰ, β-eudesmol, and atractylon in A. chinensis with oval leaves was the lowest. The total content of the four effective components in descending order was A. chinensis with split leaves &gt; A. chinensis with long and narrow leaves &gt; A. chinensis with large round leaves &gt; A. chinensis with oval leaves. The gene expression levels of key enzymes ACC, HMGR, and FPPS in A. chinensis with split leaves were the highest(P &lt; 0.05), and the gene expression levels of key enzymes ACC and HMGR in A. chinensis with oval leaves were the lowest(P &lt; 0.05). The gene expression level of key enzyme FPPS in A. chinensis with large round leaves was the lowest. In A. chinensis with different leaf shapes, the key enzyme gene ACC was significantly positively correlated with the polyacetylene component, namely atractylodin(P &lt; 0.01), and the key enzyme genes HMGR and FPPS were positively correlated with the sesquiterpene components, namely atractylenolide Ⅰ, β-eudesmol, and atractylon. In summary, the quality of A. chinensis with split leaves is the best, and the biosynthesis of atractylodin is significantly correlated with the gene expression of key enzyme ACC, which provides a theoretical basis for screening and optimizing the germplasm resources of A. chinensis and improving the quality of medicinal materials.

Response of antioxidant activity, active constituent and rhizosphere microorganisms of Salvia miltiorrhiza to combined application of microbial inoculant, microalgae and biochar under Cu stress

Salvia miltiorrhiza, a widely used medicinal herb renowned for its properties in promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis and alleviating pain, is currently facing quality degradation due to excessive heavy metal levels, posing a threat to medication safety. In order to investigate the effects of microbial inoculant, microalgae and biochar on the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza under copper (Cu) stress, as well as its Cu absorption, antioxidant activity, active component contents and rhizosphere microbial community, a pot experiment was conducted. Salvia miltiorrhiza plants were cultivated in the soil containing 400 mg/kg of Cu for six months and treated with microbial inoculant, microalgae and biochar, either individually or in combination. Almost all soil amendment treatments led to an increase in root biomass. Notably, co-application of microbial inoculant and microalgae had the optimal effect with a 63.07 % increase compared to the group treated solely with Cu. Moreover, when microbial inoculant was applied alone or in combination with microalgae, the Cu content in plant roots was reduced by 19.29 % and 25.37 %, respectively, whereas other treatments failed to show a decreasing trend. Intriguingly, Cu stress increased the active component contents in plant roots, and they could also be enhanced beyond non-stress levels when microbial inoculant and microalgae were applied together or in combination with biochar. Analyses of plant antioxidant activity, soil properties and rhizosphere microorganisms indicated that these amendments may alleviate Cu stress by enhancing peroxidase activity, facilitating plant nutrient absorption, and enriching beneficial microorganisms capable of promoting plant growth and mitigating heavy metal-induced damage. This study suggests that the combined application of microbial inoculant and microalgae can reduce Cu levels in Salvia miltiorrhiza while enhancing its quality under Cu stress.

Modeling of reaction–desorption process by core–shell particles dispersed in continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR)

Abstract Transient responses of reaction–desorption process were predicted from mathematical solutions of modeling equations for CSTR (continuously stirred tank reactor) containing core–shell adsorbent particles. Analytical solutions on the core–shell particles were derived for core–shell spherical, cylindrical, and slab-type morphologies, assuming inert-cores. Unlike continuous adsorber, CSTRs for reaction–desorption process containing spherical particles exhibited the slowest reduction rate of concentration of adsorbate, because the amount of adsorbed component on the particles is the largest among three kinds of particle shapes. Factors affecting the transient concentration in bulk medium of reaction–desorption process were investigated by adjusting inert-core thickness, inlet flow rate, initial concentration of reactant in inflow stream, amount of adsorbent, and Thiele modulus. Concentration profile inside the particles as well as average intra-particle concentration could be also predicted for comparison with bulk concentration of CSTR. For non-linear isotherm and non-linear reaction kinetics, concentration of active component could be predicted by solving non-linear coupled differential equation using finite element method. For connected CSTRs in series, systems of reaction-diffusion equations were solved by finite element method to study the effect of number of connected reactors. When the number of reactors was sufficiently large, the reactor system could be approximated to fixed bed reactor for reaction–desorption process.

Determination of chromatographic conditions for quantitative assessment of active components in complex nasal spray after manufacturing and expiry date

The aim of the work is the development of chromatographic conditions, the study of the validation characteristics of the method of quantitative determination of phenylephrine hydrochloride, nitrofural, lidocaine hydrochloride and diphenhydramine hydrochloride, panthenol, povidone in the joint presence in the nasal spray by a complex method of liquid chromatography with UV detection. Evaluation of the quantitative content of active components after manufacturing and during the shelf life.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Agilent 1260 liquid chromatographs, equipped with a diode-matrix detector from the company "Agilent technologies", USA. Chromatographic columns 250×4.6 mm in size, filled with octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography (Zorbax StableBond SB-Aq, Agilent company), mobile phase A - phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0 - acetonitrile P (1650:350), mobile phase B – acetonitrile P; elution mode – gradient; mobile phase flow rate – 1.0 ml/min; detection wavelengths – 220 nm (for panthenol, phenylephrine, povidone, diphenhydramine) and 235 nm (for nitrofural and lidocaine).&#x0D; Results. Chromatographic separation conditions were developed for the co-presence determination of six target substances: panthenol, phenylephrine hydrochloride, nitrofural, povidone, lidocaine hydrochloride and diphenhydramine hydrochloride. The suitability of the technique for this task was confirmed by determining the validation characteristics. The methodology at the appropriate level is characterized by specificity, linearity, correctness and convergence in the range of application for panthenol (range 20.33-38.26 mg/ml, ΔZ=0.93 ≤ max ΔZ=3.20, a=0.63 max a=5.12, r = 0.9978 min r= 0.9924), phenylephrine hydrochloride (range 1,70-3,21 mg/ml, ΔZ=0.51 ≤ max ΔZ=3.20, a=0.15 max a=5.12, r = 0.9984 min r= 0.9924), nitrofural (range 0.137-0.257 mg/ml, ΔZ=0.91 ≤ max ΔZ=3.20, a=0.032 max a=5.12, r = 0.9987 min r= 0.9924) povidone (range 20,44-38,50 mg/ml, ΔZ=0.23 ≤ max ΔZ=3.20, a=2,33 max a=5.12, r = 0.9942 min r= 0.9924), lidocaine hydrochloride (range 6,80-12,81 mg/ml, ΔZ=0.34 ≤ max ΔZ=3.20, a=0.66 max a=5.12, r = 0.9988 min r= 0.9924), diphenhydramine hydrochloride (range 1,36-2,56 mg/ml, ΔZ=0.20 ≤ max ΔZ=3.20, a=0.15 max a=5.12, r = 0.9980 min r= 0.9924). There are no significant changes when stored at 25 °C for 6 months.&#x0D; Conclusions. An analytical method of quantitative determination of the component composition in an extemporaneous nasal spray by a complex method of high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The determined validation parameters confirm the correctness of the methodology. The chemical stability of the dosage form is observed for 6 months

Integrative transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the discrepancy in the accumulation of active ingredients between Lycium barbarum cultivars.

The combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome provided molecular insight into the dynamics of multiple active ingredients biosynthesis and accumulation across different cultivars of Lycium barbarum. Lycium barbarum L. has a high concentration of active ingredients and is well known in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for its therapeutic properties. However, there are many Lycium barbarum cultivars, and the content of active components varies, resulting in inconsistent quality between Lycium barbarum cultivars. At present, few research has been conducted to reveal the difference in active ingredient content among different cultivars of Lycium barbarum at the molecular level. Therefore, the transcriptome of 'Ningqi No.1' and 'Qixin No.1' during the three development stages (G, T, and M) was constructed in this study. A total of 797,570,278 clean reads were obtained. Between the two types of wolfberries, a total of 469, 2394, and 1531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in the 'G1 vs. G10,' 'T1 vs. T10,' and 'M1 vs. M10,' respectively, and were annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology identifiers. Using these transcriptome data, most DEGs related to the metabolism of the active ingredients in 'Ningqi No.1' and 'Qixin No.1' were identified. Moreover, a widely targeted metabolome analysis of the metabolites of 'Ningqi 1' and 'Qixin 1' fruits at the maturity stage revealed 1,135 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in 'M1 vs. M10,' and many DEMs were associated with active ingredients such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and so on. We further quantified the flavonoid, lignin, and carotenoid contents of the two Lycium barbarum cultivars during the three developmental stages. The present outcome provided molecular insight into the dynamics of multiple active ingredients biosynthesis and accumulation across different cultivars of Lycium barbarum, which would provide the basic data for the formation of Lycium barbarum fruit quality and the breeding of outstanding strains.

Ozone Application Suppressed the Blue Mold Development and Maintained the Main Active Ingredients Content of Postharvest Fresh Codonopsis pilosula during Storage.

Penicillium expansum is the predominant causal agent causing blue mold in postharvest fresh Codonopsis pilosula during storage. The pathogen reduces the yield and affects the quality of C. pilosula and even generates patulin, threatening human health. In this study, postharvest fresh, healthy C. pilosula was sprayed with P. expansum, and the control effect of ozone on postharvest diseases of C. pilosula was studied, and the effect of ozone on the contents in the main active ingredients of C. pilosula was compared; finally, the effect of ozone on reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in C. pilosula was analyzed. The results showed that 2 mg L-1 ozone application significantly inhibited the occurrence of postharvest blue mold caused by P. expansum, reduced weight loss rate, controlled the accumulation of patulin and maintained the contents of the main active components in C. pilosula. The study will provide a theoretical basis for ozone treatment to control the occurrence of postharvest diseases of C. pilosula.

Unleashing the high energy potential of zinc-iodide batteries: high-loaded thick electrodes designed with zinc iodide as the cathode.

The realization of high energy is of great importance to unlock the practical potential of zinc-iodine batteries. However, significant challenges, such as low iodine loading (mostly less than 50 wt%), restricted iodine reutilization, and severe structural pulverization during cycling, compromise its intrinsic features. This study introduces an optimized, fully zincified zinc iodide loaded onto a hierarchical carbon scaffold with high active component loading and content (82 wt%) to prepare a thick cathode for enabling high-energy Zn-I2 batteries. The synergistic interactions between nitrogen heteroatoms and cobalt nanocrystals within the porous matrix not only provide forceful chemisorption to lock polyiodide intermediates but also invoke the electrocatalytic effects to manipulate efficient iodine conversion. The ZnI2 cathode could effectively alleviate continuous volumetric expansion and maximize the utilization of active species. The electrochemical examinations confirm the thickness-independent battery performance of assembled Zn-I2 cells due to the ensemble effect of composite electrodes. Accordingly, with a thickness of 300 μm and ZnI2 loading of up to 20.5 mg cm-2, the cathode delivers a specific capacity of 92 mA h gcathode-1 after 2000 cycles at 1C. Moreover, the Zn-I2 pouch cell with ZnI2 cathode has an energy density of 145 W h kgcathode-1 as well as a stable long cycle life.

Использование метода многоволновой спектрофотометрии при контроле качества тизоля геля и метронидазола в новой мягкой лекарственной форме «Метронидазоль»

Introduction. For the introduction of new medicines into medical practice, a mandatory stage is quality control, which includes determining the quantitative content of active components using modern methods of pharmaceutical analysis. Tizol gel, included in soft dosage forms, is an independent pharmacologically active agent, therefore it is important to evaluate its content in complex medicinal preparations. Aim. To develop a method for quantitative determination of tizol gel and metronidazole in a new semisolid dosage form «Metronidazole» using multiple-wavelength spectrophotometry. Materials and methods. Pharmaceutical substance metronidazole, tizol gel, «Metronidazole» ointment containing 5% nitroimidazole in a tizol base was used for analysis. The studies were performed on spectrophotometer SF-2000 by multiple-wavelength spectrophotometry in the UV region. On the basis of experimental data, the metrological parameters of the developed analytical technique were calculated. Results and discussion. Experimental studies allowed us to justify the use of an acetate buffer solution with pH = 4 as the optimum solvent for the spectrophotometric analysis of tisol gel and metronidazole in the mixture. Analytical wavelengths (238 nm for tisol gel, 316 nm for metronidazole) were selected according to the UV spectra of the drugs obtained. According to the results of quantitative determination of the components of the Metronidazole ointment, the content of medicines is within the limits: metronidazole from 0.4900 to 0.5219 g, tizol gel (in terms of the mass fraction of titanium) – 2.32–2.46%, which are acceptable according to regulatory documentation (FSF 42-3157-06, OFS.1.8.0001). Conclusion. Quantitative analysis of tisol gel in complex pharmaceutical preparations was proposed for the first time. The method of quantitative determination by multiple-wavelength spectrophotometry has been developed which allows to determine the content of tizol gel and metronidazole in a new semisolid dosage form «Metronidazole» with relative errors of the average result not exceeding ± 3.00%.

Вплив вмісту фенолів на деякі експлуатаційні властивості вбирних олив

DOI: 10.31081/1681-309X-2024-0-1-15-21 Specialty 161. U.D.C. 66.074.382:665.004.12 INFLUENCE OF PHENOL CONTENT ON SOME OPERATIONAL PROPERTIES OF ABSORBENT OILS © S.V. Nesterenko, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, (State Enterprise “Ukrainian State Research Institute for Carbochemistry (UKHIN)”, 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), A.L. Bannikov (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2, Kyrpychova str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine) The shutdown of centralized processing of phenolic raw materials once again raises the issue of the need to implement the process of dephenolization of the wash oil and to consider the feasibility of standardizing the phenol content in it. This problem has a history as long as the use of a coal tar wash oil as absorbent for capturing benzene hydrocarbons. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of studying the effects of oil degradation initiators such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, resins, iron and corrosion products. The purpose of this study was to conduct an experiment to determine the effect of phenol content in the absorbing oil on certain characteristics. This was intended to provide additional arguments to justify the feasibility of implementing the process of dephenolization of benzene hydrocarbon absorbers. A mixture of phenols was added to the sample of working oil in the following approximate ratio, in which they are in the absorbing fraction, namely 30 % xylenol isomers, 5 % cresol isomers, 65 % higher phenols (β-naphthol). Electrochemical determination of the corrosion rate of the solution obtained from aqueous extracts of oil samples showed that the presence of phenols does not increase corrosion processes caused by the presence of aggressive components. It can even be argued that the presence of phenols somewhat reduces corrosion processes by forming a film on the metal surface or reducing the concentration of active components near its surface. It was found that oil with phenol additives above the usual phenol content does not show a significant increase in the tendency to coke formation. On the contrary, higher phenols are inhibitors of radical oxidation reactions, which occur up to a certain limit in the processes of coke formation. Moreover, phenols show some inhibitory effect in a fairly wide temperature range (430-800 °C). Keywords: absorbent oil, phenols, dephenolization of the heavy fraction, corrosion rate, coke number. Corresponding author: S.V. Nesterenko, e-mail: nesterhnamg@gmail.com

"Development And Assessment of Immediate Release Nitrofurantoin Tablet and Sustained Release Trimethoprim Tablet: Formulation, Characterization and Comparative Evaluation"

The research includes an examination of material properties, an investigation into the compatibility of the drug and excipients, the development of analytical techniques, and the determination of tablet production methods for immediate and sustained release layers. The methodology for material characterization encompassed the analysis of the pharmaceuticals' solubility in various aqueous solutions and buffers. The evaluation of the compatibility between excipients and medications was conducted utilizing FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, calibration curves were devised by the research team for Nitrofurantoin and Trimethoprim, enabling the quantification of these pharmaceutical substances via UV spectrophotometry. The preparation of the tablets involved the utilization of direct compression and moist granulation methods, respectively, for the immediate and sustained release layers. This required the application of a variety of excipients and polymers. The tablets underwent a thorough evaluation in a controlled laboratory environment, which encompassed assessments of their dimensions, resistance to deformation, mass variability, and susceptibility to fracturing, concentration of active component, breakdown time, and solubility. The findings demonstrated that the regression coefficients in the calibration curves were substantial, thereby validating the accuracy of the drug concentration estimations. The results of the solubility studies indicate that Nitrofurantoin becomes more soluble in acidic environments. However, it should be noted that the solubility of both Trimethoprim and Nitrofurantoin is influenced by various solvents and buffers. An investigation into the compatibility of pharmaceuticals and the excipients was conducted through the utilization of FT-IR spectroscopy to ascertain such compatibility or interaction. A micromeritics analysis of granule flow parameters unveiled batch-specific variations in flow characteristics which will impact the manufacturing procedure. Upon scrutinizing the tablets, discrepancies in multiple measurements were discovered among various samples, suggesting the possibility of atypical tablet characteristics. Nitrofurantoin and Trimethoprim exhibited a progressive release from their tablets over time in various samples, as indicated by the drug release profiles observed in vitro; this suggests that the tablets have distinct release kinetics. Nevertheless, the medication release data exhibited irregularities in its presentation, such as sporadic inputs, absent values, and potentially erroneous statistics. The presence of these inconsistencies has the potential to compromise the dependability and comprehension of the results. In brief, the research provides extensive knowledge regarding the development, examination, and assessment of Nitrofurantoin rapid release tablets and Trimethoprim sustained release tablets.