Carbon Monoxide Concentration Levels Research Articles

Safe Mining System

Abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas commonly found in mining environments, and its presence poses a significant risk to the health and safety of workers. This project presents a system designed to continuously monitor CO concentration levels and provide timely alerts when the gas reaches dangerous levels. The proposed system utilizes an MQ7 sensor and a 433MHz transistor, with multiple sensors strategically placed along the walls of the mining area. The system has been tested successfully above ground, demonstrating a peak CO concentration value of 78.0 parts per million (ppm). The sensors are recommended to be positioned at a distance of 1 meter from each other along the walls. Furthermore, the system has the potential for expansion to detect other hazardous gasses and detect fire incidents.

A Financial Incentives Program to Promote Smoking Cessation Among Recently Hospitalized Individuals: Feasibility and Acceptability Study

Hospitalization is an opportunity to engage underserved individuals in tobacco treatment who may not otherwise have access to it. Tobacco treatment interventions that begin during hospitalization and continue for at least 1 postdischarge month are effective in promoting smoking cessation. However, there is low usage of postdischarge tobacco treatment services. Financial incentives for smoking cessation are an intervention in which participants receive incentives, such as cash payments or vouchers for goods, to encourage individuals to stop smoking or to reward individuals for maintaining abstinence. We sought to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a novel postdischarge financial incentive intervention that uses a smartphone application paired to measurements of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentration levels to promote smoking cessation in individuals who smoke cigarettes. We collaborated with Vincere Health, Inc. to tailor their mobile application that uses facial recognition features, a portable breath test CO monitor, and smartphone technology to deliver financial incentives to a participant's digital wallet after the completion of each CO test. The program includes 3 racks. Track 1: Noncontingent incentives for conducting CO tests. Track 2: Combination of noncontingent and contingent incentives for CO levels <10 parts per million (ppm). Track 3: Contingent incentives only for CO levels <10 ppm. After obtaining informed consent, we pilot-tested the program from September to November 2020 with a convenience sample of 33 hospitalized individuals at Boston Medical Center, a large safety-net hospital in New England. Participants received text reminders to conduct CO tests twice daily for 30 days postdischarge. We collected data on engagement, CO levels, and incentives earned. We measured feasibility and acceptability quantitatively and qualitatively at 2 and 4 weeks. Seventy-six percent (25/33) completed the program and 61% (20/33) conducted at least 1 breath test each week. Seven patients had consecutive CO levels <10 ppm during the last 7 days of the program. Engagement with the financial incentive intervention as well as in-treatment abstinence was highest in Track 3 that delivered financial incentives contingent on CO levels <10 ppm. Participants reported high program satisfaction and that the intervention helped motivate smoking cessation. Participants suggested increasing program duration to at least 3 months and adding supplemental text messaging to increase motivation to stop smoking. Financial incentives paired to measurements of exhaled CO concentration levels is a novel smartphone-based tobacco cessation approach that is feasible and acceptable. Future studies should examine the efficacy of the intervention after it is refined to add a counseling or text-messaging component.

Analisis Parameter Karbon Monoksida (CO) dari Aktivitas Transportasi di Sekitar Industri Pertambangan Nikel

Outdoor air contamination comes from a moving source of smoke and smoke from burning vehicles such as motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks. Morosi subdistrict is an industrial area who populated by several mineral purification companies. The company certainly has considerable human resources, in which many workers use vehicles to optimize work time. Worker mobility becomes a contributor to increased burning, leftover air pollution from the transport known as carbon monoxide. Monitoring the number of carbon monoxide (CO) pollutants will be necessary in view of future effects. The CO Level measures were performed with a measuring procedure referring to the Indonesian National Standard is 19-7117.10-2005, in use of portable carbon monoxide meters. This research indicated at the morning concentration levels of gas CO on the axle road Puuruy-Morosi reached 8000 μg/Nm3 and by midday it reached 5000 μg/ nm3 and the CO concentration it’s still safe for human. But in the afternoon the CO concentration increased and reached 15000 μg/Nm3 exceeds the air quality standard of 15000 μg/Nm3.

Lockdown as an Empirical Strategy to Curb Air Pollution: Evidence from a Quasi‐Natural Experiment

AbstractIn this study, three approaches namely parallel, sequential, and multiple linear regression are applied to analyze the local air quality improvements during the COVID‐19 lockdowns. In the present work, the authors have analyzed the monitoring data of the following primary air pollutants: particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). During the lockdown period, the first phase has most noticeable impact on airquality evidenced by the parallel approach, and it has reflected a significant reduction in concentration levels of PM10 (27%), PM2.5 (19%), NO2 (74%), SO2 (36%), and CO (47%), respectively. In the sequential approach, a reduction in pollution levels is also observed for different pollutants, however, these results are biased due to rainfall in that period. In the multiple linear regression approach, the concentrations of primary air pollutants are selected, and set as target variables to predict their expected values during the city's lockdown period.The obtained results suggest that if a 21‐days lockdown is implemented, then a reduction of 42 µg m−3 in PM10, 23 µg m−3 in PM2.5, 14 µg m−3 in NO2, 2 µg m−3 in SO2, and 0.7 mg m−3 in CO can be achieved.

INVESTIGATING THE POLLUTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE INSCHOOLS NEAR TO MAIN ROADS IN MALAYSIA

This paper aims to study carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in schools along Federal Road in Muallim, Perak. The quantitative approach with field survey and sampling methods used for theCO data. A sampling of CO data in Per million (ppm) value using Carbon Monoxide MeterAS8700A for three stations, SMK Khir Johari, SMK Agama Slim River, and SMK Dato Zulkifli Muhammad. The CO was sampling for seven days,with data collection three times a day, from 7:00am - 8:00 am, 9:00 am - 10:00 am, and 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm. This study applies a descriptive analysis.The results showthe lowest level of CO concentration was in SMK Agama Slim River, which is 0ppm, and the highest, which is 3.7 ppm. Meanwhile, the lowest CO level in SMK Dato Zulkifli Muhammad is 2.3 ppm, and the highest level is 5.7 ppm. The lowest CO concentration level in SMK Khir Johari is 2.3 ppm, and the highest is 4.3 ppm. The results show that the SMK Dato Zulkifli Muhammad recorded the highest CO concentration, 3.92 ppm higher than SMK Khir Johari, which recorded 3.57 ppm. SMK Agama Slim River is the lowest CO concentration station which is 1.62 ppm. In conclusion, transportation activities involving motor vehicles influenced the CO concentrations obtained by the researchers. For the implication, effective measures should be taken at the school near major roads to curb CO gas poisoning, ensure life comfort, and preserve the environment.

Indoor Air Pollution in Rumuewhera Community in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria

Indoor air pollution arising from the use of biomass fuel for cooking is a serious health issue in Nigeria especially in rural communities. This study investigated the levels of Carbon monoxide (CO), PM2.5 and PM10 released during morning and evening cooking sessions in 17 households in Rumuewhara community in Obio/Akpor LGA, Rivers State Nigeria. This was to ascertain indoor air pollution concentrations in rural households categorized in the terms of fuel type (Firewood, Kerosene and LPG) and kitchen configuration. In the morning cooking session, mean and standard deviation of CO, PM2.5 and PM10 concentration levels from households using LPG (8.78 + 5.20 ppm, 25.5 + 6.65 µg/m3 and 39.38 + 13.28 µg/m3) were observed as lower than those from other households using biomass fuels (36.78 + 19.44 ppm, 270.16 + 159.44 µg/m3 and 419.82 + 247.29 µg/m3 for firewood). The mean concentrations of CO, PM2.5 and PM10 during cooking sessions in firewood kitchens are clearly higher than the standard limits of WHO and Health Canada due to the fuel type, kitchen configuration and ventilation habit. With correlation coefficients, r = -0.537, P=.03; r = -0.583, P=.01 and r = -0.566, p=0.02; there is a statistically significant and strong negative correlation between Relative Humidity vs CO, PM2.5 and PM10 respectively. The use of biomass fuels for household cooking should be discouraged in favour of LPG or kerosene due to the high concentration of indoor air pollutants it generates. To reduce the effects of biomass fuels, well-positioned Chimneys should be incorporated into houses to limit the accumulation of indoor air pollutants in the cooking area.

An Assessment of Vehicular Emission in the Vicinity of Selected Markets in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

This study assessed pollutants concentration at selected markets in Owerri. These markets were purposively selected after careful consideration of all major markets in the study area; the selected markets were considered to be more congested during the day as a result of open assess to road junctions coupled with a high density of vehicular movement, presence of offices, residential buildings, and human activities. Five air pollutants from vehicular emissions were monitored, namely: carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM 2.5) and particulate matter (PM 10). Assessments were carried out within 3 hours per dual diurnal section using approved standard methods which were converted to a 1-hour mean for the morning and afternoon period of sampling 7-10 am and 2-5 pm. These periods are known for the peak of human and vehicular movement within the study area. Results show that the highest level of CO concentration (0.293 - 0.387 ppm) was recorded at Alaba market and is less than the permissible limit of 35 ppm given by national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS). The highest range of CO2 (1153 - 1875 ppm) was recorded from Alaba market which is higher than the ambient standard of 314 ppm. The highest level of NO2 (0.116 - 0.297 ppm) was recorded from Relief market which is also higher than the permissible limit (0.100 ppm) of NAAQS. The highest range of particulate matter of PM 2.5 and PM 10 was recorded from Relief market (0.011 - 0.029 μg/m3) and (0.065 - 0.172 μg/m3) respectively and is far lower than the permissible limit (150 μg/m3) of NAAQS and WHO (base on target 1) standards. The study, therefore, concludes that there is a significant impact of emission from vehicles in the selected markets in Owerri metropolis as result indicates a high risk of health problems in the markets due to the high level of CO2 and NO2. It, therefore, recommends that an adequate mechanism should be put in place to decongest traffic density in the city especially near markets so as to have a substantial reduction in vehicular emissions and improve the livability of the citizens.

Spatial Analysis of the CO Emission from Nineveh Governorate Using Remote Sensing Techniques and GIS

Carbon Monoxide (CO) has a significant indirect effect on greenhouse gasses due to its ozone and carbon dioxide precursor, and its mechanism of degradation involving the hydroxyl radical (OH) which control the oxidizing ability of the tropospheric. To understand the effect of human activities on atmospheric composition, accurate estimates of the sources of atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) are necessary. MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) is a NASA Terra satellite instrument designed to allow both Thermal-Infra-Red (TIR) and Near-Infra-Red (NIR) observations to be used to collect vertical CO profiles in the Troposphere via the concept of correlation spectroscopy. The objective of the current study is to analyze and map the monthly, seasonal and annual trend of CO concentration for year 2016 in Nineveh governorate using the retrieved CO Surface Mixing Ratio Day mode of level 3, version 7 dataset. The dataset was downloaded from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) operated GIOVANNI portal. The results of dataset analysis in GIS software showed many sources of carbon monoxide in Nineveh Governorate, which change with months and seasons of the year. Generally, the observed CO concentration levels in the southern and western of the governorate were more than in the northern and eastern parts. The annually average CO ranges from (115.374 ppbv) to (132.452 ppbv). Also, CO emissions and concentrations were higher in winter (128.638-157.567 ppbv) than summer season (97.144-106.515 ppbv).

Investigation of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations on roads in the city of Makassar

Air pollution has long been and is still a problem for humans and the environment, a priority in countries with high vehicle rates. The contribution of gas released reaches 60-70%. Motor vehicles produce one of the pollutants, namely Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas. This research was conducted to determine the level of CO concentration results from sampling using impinger and prediction models using Caline4 software. The results of the concentration between direct measurements with the Caline4 model were then compared. This research was conducted in three streets for three working days namely Jl.Urip Sumoharjo, Jl.Talasalapang, and Jl.Nusantara. The methodology used is direct measurement using impinger, calculating vehicle volume at each measurement point, and analyzing CO concentrations using Caline4. The results of sampling showed the highest CO concentration on Jl.Urip Sumoharjo at 5.80 ppm, Jl.Talasalapang at 1.06 ppm, and Jl.Nusantara 1.15 ppm. The highest estimation results of CO concentrations with Caline4 on Jl.Urip Sumoharjo were 5.7 ppm, Jl.Talasalapang by 1.1 ppm, and Jl. Nusantara was 1.4 ppm. High or low CO concentration value depends on vehicles volume, for instance, CO concentration increases with increasing vehicles volume. In addition, it is also depends on the meteorological factor, such as, the faster the wind increases, the faster the pollutants will increase. Then compare the results of CO impinger concentration and Caline4 using the t-Test to see the difference of the two CO concentrations. Comparisons were made using the t-Test to meet the t-stat < t-critical concluded that there was no significant difference between the two CO concentrations.

An Investigation on the Performance of an Oxidation Catalyst Using Two-dimensional Simulation with Detailed Reaction Mechanism

Abstract The advent of stricter emission standards has increased the importance of aftertreatment devices and the role of numerical simulations in the evolution of better catalytic converters in order to satisfy these emission regulations. In this paper, a 2-D numerical simulation of a single channel of the monolith catalytic converter is presented by using detailed surface reaction kinetics aiming to investigate the chemical behaviour inside the converter. The model has been developed to study the conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of propene (C3H6) for low-temperature combustion (LTC) engine application. The inhibition effect of C3H6 over a wide range of CO inlet concentrations is investigated. Considering both low and high levels of CO concentration at the inlet, the 2-D model predicted better results than their corresponding 1-D counterparts when compared with the experimental data from literature. It was also observed that C3H6 inhibition at high temperatures was significant, particularly for high concentrations of CO compared to low concentrations of CO at the inlet.

Measurement of carbon monoxide concentration levels within an underground parking lot throughout the day

Background: During the fall and winter months, people opt to using cars as a mode of transportation to and from work, school, or recreation. The ease of access, comfort, and efficiency of travel prompt an increase in drivers. Underground lots are ideal parking spaces during these months, which see an increase in traffic and subsequent rise in emissions, specifically carbon monoxide (CO) that can be hazardous to health at certain concentrations. This study is to determine the levels of CO in a confined parking space Methods: Air quality and composition were determined via passive dosi-tubes that were affixed onto columns within the Langara College underground parking lot in the morning and picked up for analysis in the afternoon. Results: There is an increase in carbon monoxide concentration within the underground parking lot, during peak hours. Traffic within the lot is found to be higher during poor weather conditions which correlate with ease of use and comfort of driving a car. There is also an increase in traffic on Tuesdays and Thursdays, which is likely dictated by class times. Carbon monoxide levels did not fail to meet government regulations during any sampling period. Conclusions: The air composition in the Langara underground parking lot is safe even during periods of high traffic, for the average person. However, individuals with underlying medical conditions should enter with caution, as the recorded CO levels can aggravate pre-existing cardio-pulmonary diseases.&#x0D;

A factorial cluster-randomised controlled trial combining home-environmental and early child development interventions to improve child health and development: rationale, trial design and baseline findings

BackgroundExposure to unhealthy environments and inadequate child stimulation are main risk factors that affect children’s health and wellbeing in low- and middle-income countries. Interventions that simultaneously address several risk factors at the household level have great potential to reduce these negative effects. We present the design and baseline findings of a cluster-randomised controlled trial to evaluate the impact of an integrated home-environmental intervention package and an early child development programme to improve diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections and childhood developmental outcomes in children under 36 months of age living in resource-limited rural Andean Peru.MethodsWe collected baseline data on children’s developmental performance, health status and demography as well as microbial contamination in drinking water. In a sub-sample of households, we measured indoor kitchen 24-h air concentration levels of carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and CO for personal exposure.ResultsWe recruited and randomised 317 children from 40 community-clusters to four study arms. At baseline, all arms had similar health and demographic characteristics, and the developmental status of children was comparable between arms. The analysis revealed that more than 25% of mothers completed primary education, a large proportion of children were stunted and diarrhoea prevalence was above 18%. Fifty-two percent of drinking water samples tested positive for thermo-tolerant coliforms and the occurrence of E.coli was evenly distributed between arms. The mean levels of kitchen PM2.5 and CO concentrations were 213 μg/m3 and 4.8 ppm, respectively.ConclusionsThe trial arms are balanced with respect to most baseline characteristics, such as household air and water pollution, and child development. These results ensure the possible estimation of the trial effectiveness. This trial will yield valuable information for assessing synergic, rational and cost-effective benefits of the combination of home-based interventions.Trial RegistryISRCTN-26548981.

Statistical and synoptical analysis of China’s carbon monoxide emission and transportation using satellite images

Air pollution, one of the most hazardous environmental problems in urban space is closely associated with the climate conditions. Today, pollution in the metropolitan has become an important issue which requires the management to provide practical solutions to improve biological conditions. Thus, recognizing the relationship between synoptic systems and air pollutants will contribute greatly to solving the environmental issues and for future planning. Hence, the present research was carried out to analyze the statistical–synoptical aspects of China’s carbon monoxide (CO) emission and transfer during 2016–17. For this purpose, the number of pollutant days was extracted. Then, the synoptic patterns of pollutant days were analyzed using satellite images of CO concentration and mean sea level pressure. The results revealed that January and July periods, respectively, had the highest and lowest amount of CO in low- and high-pressure systems for the transfer of pollutant expansion. Also, based on the results, sub-tropical high pressure (STHP) was the main factor for CO transfer and compression of the western Pacific to the northern parts of the Pacific and the western coast of North America and Canada. The capability of absorption of low pressures and transfer of high pressures had a major role in lower atmospheric CO transfer of eastern and southeastern coasts of Asia to the Pacific Ocean regions. In terms of CO pollution, a correlation of 0.47 was, also, observed between two regions of China and the Pacific Ocean.

Exposure to air pollutants and heat stress among resource-poor women entrepreneurs in small-scale cassava processing.

Exposure to air pollutants and heat stress from traditional cooking fires is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries globally and have an adverse effect on the environment. According to the World Health Organization, 3.8 million people die annually prematurely from illness related to household air pollution. Families living in poverty are at the highest risk, especially women and children. In this study, exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was measured among resource-poor women cassava processors. The test locations were chosen in the peri-urban settlements of Abeokuta in the Ogun State of Nigeria, where household women entrepreneurs roast garri (granulated cassava) for sale in the local market. The measurements were taken for two types of stoves which are generally existing in the study location. First, a rectangular stove (RS) with two operators and, second, a circular stove (CS) with one operator; both stoves used wood as fuel. The emissions were compared with a modern mechanical liquefied petroleum gas burner-based garri roaster (GS). Hours spent per day in front of garri stoves ranged from 6 to 12 h for both stoves, with a frequency of 1 to 3 days of operation per week. It was found that CS operators were spending significantly more time in producing garri, which is due to the low capacity of the CS. The average PM2.5 concentrations for RS and CS were 381 and 273 μg/m3, respectively, estimated to be 21 and 41 μg/m3 on an annual mean level basis. Similarly, for PM10, the mean concentration levels were 1580 and 594 μg/m3 for RS and CS, respectively. The annual mean levels for PM10 were about 89 μg/m3 for both types of stoves. CO exposure during garri processing was up to five times higher than the recommended concentrations with a 4-h mean of 48 and 50 mg/m3 for RS and CS, respectively. NO2 levels were very low, ~ 0 ppm. This investigative research concluded that wood-fired small-scale garri producers in Nigeria are exposed to very unhealthy levels of PM, CO and thermal stress. The concentration levels of both PM and CO were exceeding the global as well as Nigerian ambient air quality standard regulations. Along with air pollution, thermal stress was a significant issue, which is known to exacerbate the negative effect of air pollution on the human body.

Modelling of Air Pollution Caused by Traffic Flows in Manado City, Indonesia

This study was aimed to determine the level of CO concentration due to traffic flows, know the traffic (vehicle) volume, traffic (vehicle) speed and wind speed, find out the relationship between traffic (vehicle) volume, traffic (vehicle) speed, wind speed and CO concentration using a regression model as well as examine the parameters influencing air pollution due to traffic flows. The primary data used in this study were the sample data of CO tested directly in the field and the sampling was done using Ecoline 6000 Gas Analyzer tool. The research sites covered 1) the segment of Sam Ratulangi Street in Manado representing the street locations with many multi-rise buildings and high building density, 2) the segment of Ahmad Yani Street in Manado representing the street locations with many trees, and 3) the segment of Pierre Tendean Street in Manado representing the street locations with open areas (beachsides). In this modeling, the independent variables were the total traffic volume, the average traffic speed as well as the wind speed and direction. The dependent variable was Carbon Monoxide (CO) with increased concentrations. Using the three independent variables, there were total 7 (seven) variable combinations used. Then, the obtained model was validated using the surveyed data. The maximum vehicle volume was 4,281.60 pcu/hour (pcu = passenger car unit) and the maximum vehicle speed was 32 km/hour. Meanwhile, the maximum wind speed generated was 7.5 km/hour and the maximum level of air pollution (CO) was 12.86 ppm (ppm = part per million). In this study, it was obtained the best model for each of the three locations. The results showed that the air pollution (CO) level of street locations with low wind speed, such as Sam Ratulangi street which is a closed area with many multi-rise buildings and high building density, was much higher than that of street locations with many trees growing in the median of streets with a distance of 1 meter from the edge of street pavement and also higher than that of street locations with open areas (beachsides). This is because a higher wind speed can disseminate or divide the concentration level of air pollution (CO) to various places. Air pollution control covers three stages namely the prevention, countermeasure, and recovery of air quality.

MINIMIZATION OF THE CHEMICAL POLLUTION LEVEL AT THE WORKING ZONES IN OPEN AREAS USING SCREENS

Purpose. The scientific work aims to develop a new method for assessing the level of chemical air pollution in working zones located in open areas near highways using screens of different heights. Methodology. The analytical method for calculating the airflow velocity field near protective screens is based on the mathematical apparatus of the theory of complex variable functions, which allows obtaining the value of the velocity potential and the flow function, to calculate the velocity value at any point of the plane with a screen of different height. The obtained velocity field is used to calculate the level of carbon monoxide concentration in the numerical solution of the two-dimensional mass transfer equation. Findings. The developed program of numerical calculation allows conducting computational experiments on the effectiveness of the use of protective screens, taking into account changes in their geometry and meteorological conditions. The developed method based on the obtained concentration field makes it possible to carry out an assessment of the risk of chronic intoxication for the employees of the take-out trade, who are within the zone of the emission source (highway) for a long time. Originality. The regularities of changes in the concentration of carbon monoxide are established depending on the distance to the emission source at a height of 2 m from the ground in the presence of a screen of a certain height and in its absence. A risk assessment of chronic carbon monoxide intoxication has been carried out for take-out trade workers near the highway. It is shown that the presence of the screen reduces the risk of chronic CO intoxication by 10% as compared to its absence. Increasing the screen height to 1.8 m reduces the risk of chronic intoxication by 6% relatively to the situation when the screen height is 1.2 m. Practical value. The developed numerical-analytical method for calculating the level of chemical pollution in working zones in open areas and the program «Screen» created on its basis allow us to carry out a prompt forecast of atmospheric air pollution level with carbon monoxide taking into account the effectiveness of the screens. Quantitative results are necessary at the planning stage of trading places near highways, during the architectural-planned reorganization of adjacent developments.

SISTEM PEMANTAUAN KONSENTRASI CO KEBAKARAN HUTAN RIAU MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN) DAN INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The purpose of this research is how to make an air condition monitoring system by considering the concentration value of carbon monoxide in Riau Province. The technology used to support monitoring system of carbon monoxide concentration, using Wireless Sensor Network Technology (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT). One of the WSN concepts to be used is a combination of several sensors, the only sensors used to detect the level of carbonmonoxide concentration include: carbon monoxide, temperature and humidity sensors. Air condition data derived from the sensor in the form of concentration value of carbon monoxide, temperature and humidity of air sent to server connected to network using IoT technology. Based on the test results it can be concluded that the air condition monitoring system using WSN and IoT technology can be applied in realtime, this can be proven with the data shown in the monitoring tool. the detection of a fire source using a sensor can be done by using a distance between a smoke source (hotspot) and a device 90cm. From the observation result there is difference between sensing data without smoke and using smoke, such as temperature has 60C difference, humidity 20 rh and carbon monoxide about 17ppm

Air pollution may affect the assessment of smoking habits by exhaled carbon monoxide measurements

BackgroundWhile European air quality policies reduce ambient carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in general, there are still areas affected by high environmental CO exposure from transportation, industry and burning low-quality fossil fuels. We investigated, how these CO amounts might influence exhaled CO measurements used to monitor the smoking status of healthy subjects. MethodsA cross-sectional study of healthy adults living in areas of high air pollution (N = 742) and low air pollution (N = 197) in Poland. They completed a survey regarding their smoking habits and underwent necessary body measurements including exhaled CO concentration levels. ResultsAmbient CO levels were much higher in highly pollutes cities. Also exhaled CO levels in subjects from high pollution areas were significantly higher, independent of subject smoking status (8.25 ppm vs. 3.26 ppm). Smokers exhaled more CO than non-smokers. Although the duration of smoking did not affect the CO levels, they were proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked during the day, especially for higher amounts of cigarettes and in unpolluted areas. It was possible to differentiate active from passive smokers in all areas, but the difference for passive smokers vs. non-smokers was significant only in low pollution city inhabitants. ConclusionsExhaled CO levels were confirmed to be a good indicator of smoking status and smoking pattern in healthy subjects. However, high environmental CO levels both increase baseline exhaled CO concentrations in non-smokers affecting their discrimination from passive smokers, and obscure categorizing cigarette consumption in heavy smokers. These findings add important evidence on both understanding of exhaled CO monitoring results and a significance of environmental CO exposure in areas with high pollution.

Application of copper-zinc metal as a catalytic converter in the motorcycle muffler to reduce the exhaust emissions

One of the main sources of air pollution is exhaust emission from vehicles. In the developing countries such as Indonesia, the most highest number of vehicles is motorcycle. Some of gas components from the exhaust emission that are commonly measured are carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC). One of technology that can reduce the emission of CO and HC is the use of catalytic converter in the motorcycle’s exhaust system/muffler to assist the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC). In the present study, Copper-Zinc (Cu-Zn) metal was selected as the catalyst. The selection of this combination of non-noble metals is due to their low cost materials, abundant materials, low cost production, and low-temperature oxidation). The objective of this study are to prepare the catalytic converter based on non-noble metal (i.e. Cu-Zn) and to study the performance of the catalytic converter installed in the muffler in converting exhaust gases of CO and HC into less harmful gases. The effect of two different motor engine rotation speeds (i.e. 2000 and 2500) on the conversion of CO and HC was also studied. The analysis of the emission from the muffler was carried out using gas analyzer. Additionally, the kinetic of oxidation reaction of CO and HC was also studied using pseudo homogeneous approach. The emission analysis results show that the use of Cu-Zn catalyst was effective to decrease the emission level of CO and HC. The CO and HC concentration level decreased up to 47.71 % at 2000 rpm and 55.34 % at 2500 rpm, respectively.

Indoor air pollution from biomass cookstoves in rural Senegal

Although indoor air pollution from the use of biomass fuels is a serious health problem in Senegal, little effort has been made in this country to evaluate indoor air quality impacts from biomass combustion with traditional stoves and indoor air quality improvements derived from the use of improved cookstoves. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural village of Senegal to determine indoor air pollution during cooking and non-cooking periods. PM2.5 and CO concentration levels were determined, along with two far less studied pollutants in cookstove studies, ultrafine particles and black carbon, using portable monitors. A total of 22 households were selected, 12 using the traditional stove and 10 using a locally produced rocket stove. Rocket stoves, the most extended type of improved stove used in sub-Saharan Africa, contributed to a significant reduction of total fine and ultrafine (UFP) particles and carbon monoxide (CO) (75,4%, 30,5% and 54,3%, respectively, p < 0.05) with regard to the traditional stoves, but increased black carbon (BC) concentrations (36,1%, p < 0.05). This proves that the climate and health-relevant properties of stoves do not always scale together and highlights that both dimensions should be always considered. Findings evidence that, in addition to a switch in the emission source (i.e. cookstove and/or fuel), successful strategies focused on the improvement of household air quality in Senegal should contemplate ventilation practices and construction materials.