Oil Concentration Research Articles

The Characteristics of Component of Lime Mortars with Perilla Oil

A lime is a traditional material that has been used for a long time and has been used in ancient tumb, fortress walls, ondol, buildings, and lime-mortar barrier tombs. Based on the literature records used lime with additive materials, in this study, observed changes in the composition of perilla oil according to curing environment, sampling position, and time tor time mixed or applied with perilla oil among traditional lime additive materials by pyrosis gas chromatography mass spectrometery (Py-GC-MS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) analysis. For perilla oil, unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, and linoleic acid, saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid were identified as the main component, and as perilla oil was cured, the ratio of saturated fatty acids such as azelaic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid tended to increase. This trend has also been confirmed in lime mortars using perilla oil. In limes mixed with perilla oil, oleic acid is predominantly detected. In the case of lime coated with perilla oil, no characteristic component was identified in the internal sample, and a change in characteristic components were confirmed according to the indoor and outdoor environments on the coated surface. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid were detected as main components in a stable indoor environment, but azelaic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid were identified as main components as they were exposed to the climate environment(outdoor). In particular, it is characterized by the fact that it was detected only in mortar applied with azelaic acid. However the possibility of grasping perilla oil using FT-IR was expected to have a detection limit depending on the concentration of perilla oil. Such analysis results are expected to contribute to the discovery of lime additive materials used in cultural heritage and the research on construction technology in the future.

Exploring of biological activity and diverse metabolites in hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil by GC/MS, GC–FID, and LC–HRMS chromatographies

BackgroundThis study investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of hemp seed oil using various bioanalytical methods. Furthermore, this study determined the suppressive properties of hemp seed oil on α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase II that purified by the sepharose-4B-L-Tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity chromatoghraphy, all of which are related to different metabolic diseases. Moreover, the phenolic concentration in the essential oil was quantified through LC–HRMS chromatography. Thirteen distinct phenolic compounds were detected in hemp seed oil. Additionally, both the chemical components and quantity of essential oils within hemp seed oil were assessed through GC–FID and GC/MS analyses.ResultsThe predominant essential oils in hemp seed oil included linoleoyl chloride (34.62%), linoleic acid (33.21%), and 2-4-di-tert-butylphenol (5.79%). Hemp seed oil's ability to scavenge radicals was studied through the use of 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil bioanalytical radical scavenging methods. The results unveiled its potent radical-scavenging properties, with an 46.20 μg/mL for 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals and IC50 of 9.76 μg/mL for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radicals. The investigation also extended to explore the reducing capabilities of Fe3+-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine, copper (Cu2+), and iron (Fe3+). Hemp seed oil demonstrated notable inhibitory effect against α-amylase (IC50: 545.66 μg/mL), achethylcholinesterase (IC50: 28.00 μg/mL), and carbonic anhydrase II (IC50: 322.62 μg/mL).ConclusionsThis interdisciplinary research will prove valuable and set the stage for future investigations into the antioxidant characteristics and enzyme inhibition patterns of plants and plants oils that hold medical and industrial significance.

The effect of chemical fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of oregano (Origanum vulgare L) plant

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of NPK fertilizer on marjoram plant for two years (2017 and 2018). Various levels of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha), potash (0, 40 and 80 kg/ha), and phosphorus (0 and 30 kg/ha) fertilizers were applied. The results revealed that the use of NPK fertilizers significantly increased the dry weight of the aerial parts (leaves, inflorescences, and whole aerial parts) of the marjoram plant. In the first year, the dry weight of the whole shoot increased by 82 to 124 g/m2, and in the second year, it increased by 82 to 129 g/m2. Moreover, regarding essential oil concentration, this parameter in inflorescence ranged from 2.38% to 3.66% in the first year, while in the second year, it ranged from 3.02% to 4.14%. Notably, the inflorescence had a higher essential oil concentration compared to the leaves. The study also found that the use of NPK fertilizer at a ratio of 100:20:40 kg/ha resulted in the highest percentage of essential oil in the aerial. Conversely, the control treatment led to a decrease in essential oil yield. Among the essential oil compounds, Carvacrol and p-Cymene were the predominant components, with concentrations ranging from 49.36% to 60.32% and 2.03% to 4.56%, respectively, in various marjoram plant organs.

Effects of Cashew Nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.) and Cashew Nut Oil on Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Markers during an Energy-Restricted 8-Week Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Brazilian Nuts Study).

Cashew nuts can contribute to improving intestinal permeability and inflammation as they contain essential nutrients and bioactive compounds, but no clinical trials have evaluated these potential effects. This randomized trial aimed to assess the effects of cashew nuts and their oil on intestinal permeability and inflammatory markers. Sixty-four adults with overweight or obesity were allocated into three groups receiving energy restriction (-500 kcal/day): control (CT, free nuts), cashew nuts (CN, 30 g/day), or cashew nut oil (OL, 30 mL/day). Urine lactulose and mannitol, plasma zonulin and the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), plasma interleukins (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-12p70), and C-reactive proteins were analyzed. Energy restriction reduced body fat and other indicators of adiposity without differences between the groups. Only the control group increased LBPs after an 8-week intervention. There were no statistically significant differences found between the groups in terms of intestinal permeability and inflammatory markers. In conclusion, incorporating cashew nuts or cashew nut oil into an energy-restricted 8-week dietary intervention did not change intestinal permeability and inflammatory markers. As studies evaluating cashew nuts on these markers remain scarce, further research is needed, perhaps with a longer study period and a higher concentration of cashew nuts and oil.

Treatment of aircraft maintenance wastewater by coupling low-temperature evaporation with Fe–C micro-electrolysis-configured ozonation

ABSTRACT A novel approach combining low-temperature evaporation with Fe–C micro-electrolytic ozone oxidation has been devised for treating substantial volumes of high-concentration organic cleaning wastewater generated during aircraft maintenance activities. The findings from experiments demonstrate impressive average removal rates for various contaminants, including chemical oxygen demand (93.1%), oil concentration (94.0%), suspended solids (98.9%), turbidity (98.8%), chroma (93.8%), total nitrogen (93.7%), and total phosphorus (99.2%). Within this integrated system, the synergistic effects between ozone oxidation, catalytic fillers, and electrochemical processes significantly enhance pollutant removal efficiency. The chemical oxygen demand reduction rates of the cleaning wastewater derived from engine maintenance, mechanical and electrical maintenance, aircraft accessory maintenance, and mixed wastewater exceed 98%. The optimal reaction times for four types of wastewater are 150, 120, 90, and 120 min, respectively. The time can be adjusted according to the different treatment objects in actual operation projects. Moreover, the average concentration efficiency achieved surpasses 92% while meeting all effluent quality standards set forth by municipal sewage networks, and it has reduced the disposal cost of the enterprise by about 80%. This technology provides enterprises with an effective way to reduce energy consumption and expenses.

Biochar improves morpho-physiological growth, osmolyte accumulation, nutrients balance, anti-oxidative defense and oil productivity of Brassica under flooding stress

Soil flooding is a serious abiotic stress that can repress plant growth and yield. The intensity of flooding stress is continuously increasing owing to rapid climate change and changes in rain intensity and frequency. Biochar (BC) emerges as an important soil amendment to mitigate adverse impacts of abiotic stress. The role of BC against different stresses is well reported, however, its role under flooding stress is not determined yet. Thus, this experiment was conducted to determine the role of BC on the performance of brassica crops under flooding stress. The experiment was comprised of well-watered (WW) and flooding stress (FS) conditions and biochar application: control, 1% biochar, and 2.5% biochar. The results indicated that flooding stress stunted the plant growth and impaired the photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status, osmolytes yield and yield traits, and oil concentration and increased the electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. The application of BC at the rate of 2.5% mitigated the adverse impacts of salinity and upgraded the antioxidant activities (~50-120%), reduced the oxidative stress markets (~70-300%), and increased the leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, osmolyte accumulation, nutrient uptake, yield traits, and oil contents. In conclusion, BC application can improve the productivity and oil yield of brassica under drought stress by improving plant physiological and biochemical functioning. However, more in depth studies are direly needed to explore the mechanism of BC to induce flood tolerance.

RAFT polymerization assisted P(NIPAm-co-AAc)-AEMR integrated PVA hydrogels: Dual responsive features, texture analysis, and cytotoxicity studies

Modified P(NIPAm-co-AAc) copolymers are prepared using Radical Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) copolymerization by varying the concentration of castor oil sourced acrylated epoxy methyl ricinoleate (AEMR). Subsequently, hydrogels are prepared by integrating copolymers with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) via freeze-thaw process. The employment of RAFT polymerization yielded copolymers with dispersity (D) value of 1.2–1.3 revealing the formation of structurally well controlled polymer chains. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymers (∼30–35 °C) are tuned to the range of physiological temperature (∼37 °C) in PVA hydrogel system. Temperature dependent viscoelastic properties indicated that the characteristics of copolymeric solutions and hydrogels are composition dependent while undergoing noncovalent interactions and the conformational changes and the samples showed extremely elastic behaviour beyond LCST. Swelling ratio of hydrogels are also found to be pH dependent, which displayed higher swelling ratio in alkaline and reduced swelling ratio in acidic medium. Cytotoxicity studies with L929 cells showed that the copolymers and hydrogels exhibited desirable biocompatibility, which gets improved with AEMR concentrations. Thus, these dual responsive PA-AEMR-PVA smart hydrogels can be used as a viable functional material for possible bio-medical applications.

Experimental analysis and machine learning with IoT monitor in two-way abrasive flow machine polishing on P20 mold components

The purpose of this paper was to reveal the effects of pressure and time on the surface roughness (Ra) and compare the experimental design (Factorial Regression) and machine learning (ML) of steel mold workpieces. Methodology began with turning, and fine sandpaper P180 to P1200 and measured with an initial value of Ra compared with the final value of Ra at the end of the two-way prototype AFM process. The process parameters are as follows; abrasive particle size (alumina; Al2O3) 5.0 μm in Silicone Oil (concentration 50% by weight) at pressures (p) of 10 bar and 20 bar, processing time (t) 5, 15, and 25 min, specimens P20 Mold steel. The experimental results show that under these conditions. The average surface roughness of the specimens differed from the initial value by Ra 0.034 to 0.021 μm, with delta values ranging from 0.011 μm to 0.005 μm. The results showed a smoother profile between before and after polishing. The approach to the topic is DOE and ML, and the theoretical or subject scope of the paper is Statistical and AI. The original value of the paper is applied to the ESP32 Arduino to control and display critical parameters. A General Factorial Regression statistical value of 76.39% is acceptable. A pressure factor of 20 bars and a time of 25 minutes gives the best effect on surface roughness. ML assisted in predicting the Surface Roughness for optimization based on the experiment.

Oil-in-water microemulsion of Arthrospira platensis carotenoid as antiphotooxidation in vitamin C beverages

Arthrospira platensis is a blue-green microalgae that has carotenoid as the main pigments, with the largest content being beta-carotene. Carotenoids are a type of pigment that is water insoluble, unstable, and has a limited bioavailability. One of the efforts to improve its solubility and stability, especially with regard to its anti-photooxidation capabilities, is to make it into a microemulsion. This study aimed to develop the most stable oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion containing carotenoids from A. platensis for use as an antiphotooxidation agent in vitamin C beverages. Microemulsions consist of three distinct phases: oil, water and surfactant. The oil phase consisted of virgin coconut oil (VCO) or palm oil, with 7.5% and 15% and the aqueous phase was distilled water at a concentration of 65% or 80%. The surfactant used a combination of Tween 80, Tween 20, and Span 80 with a final hydrophilic-lipophilic balance or HLB value of 14.5. All microemulsion formulations were incubated for 24 hrs before being tested for stability by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 30 mins, heating at 105oC for 5 hrs, and storage for 2 and 4 weeks. The resulting turbidity index was used to test the microemulsion's stability. The most stable microemulsion was chosen as a delivery system for carotenoid compounds. The carotenoid microemulsion was also tested by centrifugation, heating, and stability at different pH (6.5 and 4.2) and in varied ratios (1:1, 1:9 and 1:99). The results revealed that the concentration of oil and water phases in the microemulsion formulation influenced the microemulsion's stability. The best formulation obtained was a microemulsion with 7.5% of virgin coconut oil, 80% of water concentration, and surfactant with a ratio of 92:5.5:2.5 (Tween 80: Span 80:Tween 20). The most stable carotenoid microemulsion was a microemulsion with 100 ppm of carotenoid added. The carotenoid microemulsion was able to inhibit photooxidation at 4000 lux for 4 hrs. The vitamin C beverage model added with 6 ppm carotenoid microemulsion was able to inhibit photooxidation compared to the control and 12 ppm, for up to 6 hrs and there was a significant decrease in vitamin C and antioxidants after 24 hrs of photooxidation. A. platensis carotenoid microemulsion with a concentration of 6 ppm could inhibit photooxidation on vitamin C beverages for up to 6 hrs.

Novel fillers for wearable technology: Impact of titanium carbide and thinners on room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber composites

Wearable technology has emerged as a robust pathway to achieve smart functionalities in healthcare, sports, fitness, and beyond. This study investigates the mechanical and electromechanical properties of silicone rubber (SR) composites. The SR was reinforced with titanium carbide (TiC) and modified with varying (room-temperature vulcanized) RTV-thinner (silicone oil) concentrations. RTV-SR was utilized, which cures at room temperature to form a flexible, durable, and moldable rubber widely used for sealing, bonding, and making molds. The addition of TiC enhanced tensile strength from 0.5 MPa (control) to 0.59 MPa (5 phr of TiC), and tensile modulus from 0.41 MPa to 0.51 MPa. However, the thinner inclusion reduced tensile properties. For instance, the T10 sample (10 phr thinner) showed a tensile strength of 0.51 MPa and a tensile modulus of 0.29 MPa making the composites soft. Thinner addition also increased ductility, with fracture strains rising from 151 % (control) to 217 % (T10). Compressive strength followed a similar trend, with the control and 5 phr TiC samples exhibiting compressive strengths of 0.18 MPa and 0.17 MPa, respectively, which decreased to 0.12 MPa for the T20 sample. Under cyclic loading, TiC-filled samples showed consistent load patterns, while thinner addition resulted in increased energy dissipation and reduced stiffness. Electromechanical analysis revealed that TiC 5 phr samples exhibited stable piezoelectric responses, with voltage outputs increasing from ±0.1 mV at 15 % strain to ±1.0 mV at 40 % strain. The T5 samples demonstrated significant voltage improvements, generating ±2.5 mV at 15 % strain and ±5 mV at 40 % strain. Long-term cyclic tests confirmed the stability of T5 samples, maintaining voltage outputs of −1.5 mV to 1.5 mV over 50 minutes. Response time analysis indicated faster response times for TiC 5 phr samples, decreasing from 145 ms at 15 % strain to 102 ms at 40 % strain, while thinner addition led to longer response times. Real-time electromechanical tests under mechanical study showed that T5 samples achieved optimal performance with voltage peaks up to ±2.4 mV under thumb pressing. These findings highlight the trade-off between mechanical strength and flexibility, suggesting that an optimal balance of TiC and thinner enhances the properties of silicone rubber composites for applications in wearable technology and sensors.

Influence of coconut and castor oil coating on engine intake non-woven filter performance

PurposeThis research focuses on the development and characterization of oil-wetted spun-bonded polypropylene (PP) non-woven filters for improved air intake systems in automobiles. The study aims to enhance engine performance, durability, fuel economy and emission reduction by addressing key aspects such as contaminants filtration efficiency, loading capacity, pressure drop, temperature performance and longevity.Design/methodology/approachThe research methodology involves the utilization of textile fabrics, particularly oil-wetted spun-bonded PP non-woven filters, renowned for their effective particle collection capability from intake air. Experiments were conducted using a Box–Behnken design with three variables – oil concentration, areal density and dust quantity – each at three different levels to establish correlations with the filter’s dust holding capacity (DHC) and pressure drop.FindingsThe findings indicate that immersing particles in oil-coated medium significantly enhances the filter’s DHC. Notably, castor oil as a coating demonstrates remarkable results, with a 97.53% increase in DHC and a high particulate matter filtration efficiency of 94.12%.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the originality of research by emphasizing the importance of oil density in determining the filter’s DHC and filtration efficiency. Furthermore, it highlights the superiority of castor oil over coconut oil-coated filter media, advancing air intake and/or filter systems for automotive engines.

Functionalization of chitosan films using essential oils by supercritical CO2 impregnation method for various applications

Herein, chitosan films obtained by different approaches were functionalized with essential oils, i.e. mentha, clove, and cinnamon, by Supercritical Solvent Impregnation method to impart antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The films were prepared from solutions with two different polymer concentrations (1 and 2.5 wt%) following three methodologies: casting and then drying at air (25 °C, 39 % relative humidity), casting and drying at 60 °C in humid conditions (82 % relativity humidity) and casting and water elimination by a freeze-drying process. The films were, then, characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, proving that the thickness, porosity, and crystallinity of the films are highly dependent on the preparation method. These structural variations affected the impregnation of essential oils by supercritical fluids, in terms of the amount and composition of the active compounds. Subsequently, yellowness, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the impregnated films were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the impregnated films retained high concentration of essential oils, especially the films impregnated with clove and produced by the freeze-drying process due to their higher porosity and lower crystallinity. These films also exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in comparison with the other two analyzed preparation methods.

Larvicidal potential of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and Delphinium speciosum extract against malaria, dengue, and filariasis mosquito vectors

Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, and Zika, pose major public health challenges globally, affecting millions of people. The growing resistance of mosquito populations to synthetic insecticides underscores the critical need for effective and environmentally friendly larvicides. Although chemical pesticides can initially be effective, they often lead to negative environmental consequences and health hazards for non-target species, including humans. This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and Delphinium speciosum extract on the larvae of three major mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito larvae of Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus were reared under controlled laboratory conditions. The larvicidal activity of T. ammi essential oil and D. speciosum extract was evaluated through standard bioassays, using various concentrations of essential oils (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm) and extracts (160, 320, 640, 1280, and 2560 ppm) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) values after 24 h of exposure. Fresh plant materials were collected, with the essential oil extracted via hydro-distillation, and the extract prepared using methanol solvent extraction. The chemical composition of T. ammi essential oil was examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the preliminary analysis of the chemical compounds in D. speciosum extract was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) techniques. The results indicated that the essential oil of T. ammi exhibited more effective larvicidal activity compared to the D. speciosum extract. Specifically, the essential oil demonstrated LC50 values of 18 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 19 ppm for Ae. aegypti. In contrast, the D. speciosum extract showed the strongest larvicidal effect against An. stephensi, with an LC50 of 517 ppm. Concentrations of 40 ppm of the essential oil and 1280 ppm of the extract resulted in 100% mortality across all three species. Both the essential oil of T. ammi and the D. speciosum extract exhibited concentration-dependent larvicidal activity, and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.001) compared to the no-treatment group. GC-MS analysis revealed thymol (88.95%), o-cymen-5-ol (4.11%), and γ-terpinene (2.10%) as the major constituents of the T. ammi essential oil. Additionally, TLC verified the presence of alkaloids in both chloroform and methanolic extracts. Proton NMR identified a diterpene structure for these alkaloids. These findings suggest that T. ammi essential oil is a promising candidate for natural mosquito control strategies. Given its efficacy, further research is warranted to explore its potential in integrated vector management programs.

Influence of Water Concentration on the Water/Vapor/ Oil Separation Process in a Vacuum Oil Filter: Modelling and Simulation

The vacuum oil filter (VOF) is widely applied in the oil-water emulsion demulsification separation due to the phase separation by using vacuum evaporation; however, the micro-dynamic characteristics of oil, water and vapor three phases and the influencing factors of separation efficiency are rarely studied. Therefore, the fluid flow and phase separation characteristics of water-in-oil emulsions were numerically analysed by ANSYS software. The demulsification conditions of water/oil emulsion were simulated by using the two-fluid model and the water evaporation model, and the turbulence effect was considered by using the Reynolds stress model. The results show that the established model could provide a convenient way to study the effects of the different water concentrations in oil; the turbulence intensity in VOF increases with the increase of water concentration in oil; The separation efficiency has been influenced by the inlet water concentration reaching values between 20.65-22.62% in the center axis, while 33.18-42.24% in the plate column; the vapor concentration ranged from 0 - 23.64% in the center axis, while 0 - 41.02% in the plate column. The relative volume fraction of water concentration decay tending with the water concentration increases, and the water concentration has a great influence on the separation efficiency.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Some Commercial Olive Oils Sold on the Markets in Giresun, Türkiye

Olive oil is widely consumed worldwide and well-known for its health beneficial effects. However, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in olive oils has been a serious concern and knowledge regarding PAH concentrations in olive oils is scarce. The aim of this study was the determination and evaluation of PAH contamination levels in olive oils in the market. In this study, commercial olive oils (n=14) available in the markets of Giresun (Türkiye), including extra virgin and riviera olive oil samples, were investigated. Samples were analyzed by a gas chromatography unit coupled with a mass spectrometer. Significant amounts of PAHs were determined in all olive oil samples. The PAH contents of the samples varied between 0.04 µg kg-1 and 4637.13 µg kg-1 with the mean content of 264.61 µg kg-1. Regarding benzo[a]pyrene, 64.28% of the samples was incompatible with the EU requirements. None of the samples were compatible with the EU requirements in terms of PAH4 components (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene). Results showed that commercial olive oils studied in this research might contain PAHs categorized under potential carcinogens.

Phytochemistry, Nutritional, and Pharmacological Potential of Citrus Limonum

The current research aimed to provide an overview of the phytochemical configuration, nutritional value, and therapeutic uses of Citrous Limonum (lemon). Its fruit contains a variety of phytochemicals including citric acid, polyphenols, terpenes, limonene, flavonoids, vitamin C, sugar, pectin, citric acid, malic acid, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpineol, fellander, camhenium, citrain, calcium oxalates, and mucilages. Vitamin C is abundant in citrous fruits, as well as macronutrients (dietary fibre and simple sugar) and micronutrients (copper, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, vit B6 niacin thiamin, and folate). Lemon oil is composed of 70% limonene and 20% monoterpenes, along with significant amounts of aldehydes, such as citral, alcohols (linalool), and esters (coumarin). Lemon peel contains high concentrations of flavonoids, glycosides, coumarins, steroids (beta, gamma, sitosterol), dietary fibers, carbs, and volatile oils, all of which are necessary for good health and appropriate development. However, citrus fruits are low in calories, salts, and cholesterol. They find uses in herbal remedies due to their antioxidant, antifungal, anti-cholesterol, anticancer, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory characteristics. It is also important to mention that the excessive use of lemon may also be associated with some risks, such as the lowering of sperm count.

Revitalizing elixir with orange peel amplification of alginate fish oil beads for enhanced anti-aging efficacy

The research introduces a novel method for creating drug-loaded hydrogel beads that target anti-aging, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects, addressing the interconnected processes underlying various pathological conditions. The study focuses on the development of hydrogel beads containing anti-aging compounds, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory drugs to effectively mitigate various processes. The synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluations, and potential applications of these multifunctional hydrogel beads are discussed. A polymeric alginate-orange peel extract (1:1) hydrogel was synthesized for encapsulating fish oil. Beads prepared with variable fish oil concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ml) were characterized, showing no significant decrease in size i.e., 0.5 mm and a reduction in pore size from 23 to 12 µm. Encapsulation efficiency reached up to 98% within 2 min, with controlled release achieved upto 45 to 120 min with increasing oil concentration, indicating potential for sustained delivery. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation by revealing peak shifting, interaction between constituents. In vitro degradation studies showed the hydrogel's biodegradability improved from 30 to 120 min, alongside anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities, cell proliferation rate enhanced after entrapping fish oil. In conclusion, the synthesized hydrogel beads are a promising drug delivery vehicle because they provide stable and effective oil encapsulation with controlled release for notable anti-aging and regenerative potential. Targeted delivery for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related illnesses is one set of potential uses. Further research may optimize this system for broader applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Mixed superoleophilic/superoleophobic hard granular media for coalescence of oil-in-water-emulsion

To enhance the coalescence separation efficiency of oil/water emulsions, the coalescence mechanism of oil droplets between two media of opposite wettability was investigated. A coalescent-bed comprising a mix of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic quartz sand, along with superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic quartz sand, was constructed in a coalescer. Single-factor and response surface experiments were used to study the effects of oleophilic/oleophobic sand mixing ratio, apparent velocity, initial oil concentration, bed thickness, sand particle size on coalescence-separation performance, and to determine the optimal experimental conditions. Employing the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory, the agglomeration mechanism of oil droplets within the mixed particle bed was analyzed based on interfacial energy dynamics. Results indicate that the mixing ratio of the two sands significantly influences coalescence separation performance. An optimal oleophilic/oleophobic sand mixing ratio of 1:1 yielded a mass factor of 0.69 kPa−1, showcasing superior coalescence separation efficiency and an optimal balance of separation efficiency and pressure drop. Under the optimal conditions of apparent velocity of 2.7 m/h, initial oil concentration of 471.9 mg/L, bed thickness of 12.6 cm and mixed sand particle size of 0.5 mm, the oil/water separation efficiency reached 98.08 % ± 0.87 %, with effluent oil droplet size being 2.5 to 3 times larger than at the inlet. Analysis of the oil droplet coalescence mechanism revealed a synergistic effect between the two quartz sands, enhancing oil removal performance. The strong affinity of oil to the superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sand surface increases oil droplet wetting and coalescence efficiency, while the water attraction on the superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic sand surface forms a stable water film, improving the flux of the continuous water phase and reducing pressure drop across the bed. This study demonstrates that combining quartz sands of opposite wettability not only overcomes the limitations of single-wettability surfaces in coalescing oil removal but also achieves high efficiency and low energy consumption in oil removal.

Anti-aging effect of mustard and flax seed oils based nanoemulsion gel on aged rat skin through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity

Skin aging is a common issue that is linked to changes in skin physiology, hydration, and barrier function. Dietary fatty acids (FA), particularly poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), can influence skin characteristics. It is reported that a deficiency of fatty acids in the skin is associated with skin aging. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to evaluate the antiaging effect of flaxseed oil or mustard oil-based nanoemulsion gel rich in fatty acids such as omega 3 on D-galactose-induced skin aging. N-hexane was used to extract the oils of black mustard and flax seed from their seeds, and the oils' fatty acid composition was then determined. A full factorial design was created to assess the impact of three variables: oil type, oil concentration, and S:Cos ratio, on various responses: globule size, zeta potential, and emulsification time of the self-nanoemulsifying system. Additionally, the polydispersity index, transmittance percentage, refractive index, cloud point, and viscosity were also estimated. TEM of the optimized formulations revealed a spherical form of oil globules with nanosize. The values for the zeta potential ranged from -12 to -34.2 mV. The optimized formulations were incorporated into a hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose solution to form a nanoemulsion gel. Skin aging was induced using the D-galactose model, and the impact of topical skin application of the optimized formulation gels on different biomarkers such as amino acids, B5, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory mediators and histopathological examination was evaluated. The results showed a considerable improvement in the evaluated parameters of the treated groups when compared to the untreated D-galactose group. The findings suggest that the nanoemulsifying system utilizing high doses of fixed plant oils could serve as a promising vehicle for enhancing skin rejuvenation. Flaxseed oil formulation showed greater potential compared to mustard oil formulation as skin antiaging.

Rekomendasi Penataan dan Perawatan Batu Nisan Kuno Berbasis Lingkungan di Gampong Pande, Banda Aceh

In Gampong Pande there are cultural heritage objects and mangrove forests which are the part of former ancient port city of the Aceh Darussalam Kingdom. After the earthquake and tsunami waves that hit the coast of the city of Banda Aceh in 2004, the former capital city was damaged so ecological recommendations for the arrangement and maintenance of cultural heritage objects are needed. This paper aims to provide recommendations for the arrangement and care of ancient tombstone cultural heritage objects. The methods used were literature studies, initial surveys, observations, aerial photographs, satellite images, tombstone object distribution maps, object plan recommendations, lichen sample tests in the laboratory, and field tests of citronella and coconut oil essential oil emulsions. Recommendations are planned for arranging ancient tombstones located in scattered fish ponds and mangrove forests and planning supporting facilities for their protection, development, and utilization. In maintaining ancient tombstones, environmentally friendly materials were tested, namely an emulsion of citronella essential oil, distilled water, and coconut oil. Variations in citronella essential oil emulsion with distilled water are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 100% and coconut oil concentration is 100%. Observations were made on color changes visually and with a microscope for 24 hours, 48 ​​hours, and 72 hours. Test results on six variations after the specified time both in the field and laboratory tests showed that citronella essential oil could inhibit the growth of lichens while coconut oil was not effective.