Liquid Concentration Research Articles

Evaluation of structure-reactivity correlation of efficient corrosion inhibitor ionic liquids for mild steel in acidic medium

The synthesis and characterization of Imidazolium cation-based ionic liquids having different anions were reported in the present article. The physicochemical and spectral analyses were used to characterized these ionic liquids. The theoretical studies using the B3LYP method provide optimized structure, HOMO–LUMO plots, thermodynamic parameters, and quantum descriptors. The anti-corrosive property of Imidazolium cation-based ionic liquids was observed in 0.5 M H2SO4 corrosive medium at 303, 313, 323, and 333 K temperatures by various strategies like gravimetric studies, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization studies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The interesting feature of this article is that both ionic liquids follow different adsorption isotherms. IL-1 ionic liquid shows physisorption adsorption behavior, and IL-2 exhibits mixed adsorption (chemisorptions and physiorption). The electrochemical strategies and E gap value obtained from DFT reveal the maximum inhibition efficiency of IL-2 for the corrosion process in an acidic medium on mild steel. Potentiodynamic polarization studies reveal the mixed type behavior for ionic liquid inhibitors. EIS results indicate that the inhibition efficiency improved by enhancing ionic liquids concentration. The protective layer formation or adsorption of ionic liquid on metallic surface was confirmed by SEM. In the present article, the proposed mechanism shows the blockage of anodic and cathodic sites by ionic liquids to inhibit the corrosion process on mild steel in an acidic medium.

Response surface optimization of extraction parameters for enhanced phenolic extraction and antioxidant activity from Cassia fistula flowers

Cassia fistula is a well-known plant species for the medicinal use of it leaves, barks and flowers. It has been identified as a rich source of phenolics which can be attributed to its medicinal properties. However, these phenolics should be extracted appropriately to effectively utilize them in various applications. This study focused on maximizing the extraction yield of total phenolics and total anthocyanins along with maximum 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity from edible flowers of C.fistula as a function of solid:liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and time. The data was subjected to response surface methodology and the corresponding second order polynomial models were generated. The results showed that the polynomial models for all responses were significant, did not show lack of fit and presented determination of coefficients above 95%. This indicates the suitability of the models for prediction purposes. Using desirability function, the optimum extraction process parameters to obtain maximum values of all responses was found to be 29.56% ethanol, 1:45 solid to liquid ratio at extraction temperature of 31°C and time 24 minutes. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values were in close agreement with the predicted values and did not show any significant difference (p<0.05). The identified optimized conditions could be used to extracts phenolics from C.fistula flowers in a cost effective and efficient manner.

The early heading growth stage of rice plants in using the SRI method by giving liquid organic fertilizer of coconut husk and banana stems

Coconut husk and banana stem waste can be used as a source of organic material for plants which is utilized in the form of liquid organic fertilizer. This study aims to determine the interaction between types of liquid organic fertilizer and the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer. This research was carried out in Sungai Bangek, Balai Gadang Village, Koto Tangah District, Padang City from June until September 2022. The design used was a split plot in a randomized block design. The main plot is liquid organic fertilizer with 2 levels of coconut husk and banana stem while the subplot is liquid organic fertilizer concentration consisting of 7 levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 ml/liter). The data were analyzed through variance analysis using the F test and if significant, it was continued with Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) with a significance level of 5%. The data is processed with Stat8 software. The observed variables consisted of plant height, the number of tillers, leaf area index, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate. The results obtained on the growth variable have not shown significant results in every observed observation. There was a very strong correlation between the number of tillers and the leaf area index which had a unidirectional relationship. There was a fairly strong correlation between the leaf area index and net assimilation rate which has an opposite relationship.

Interactive effects of protonated nicotine concentration and device power on ENDS nicotine delivery, puff topography, and subjective effects.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) produce an aerosol by heating a liquid that often contains nicotine. The nicotine can be protonated that may make the aerosol easier to inhale than freebase nicotine. This study's purpose is to determine, in cigarette smokers and ENDS users, the effects of three concentrations of protonated nicotine aerosolized at two different power settings. Forty-five participants (22 cigarette smokers and 23 ENDS users) completed some or all of six sessions that varied by liquid nicotine concentration (10, 15, or 30 mg/ml protonated nicotine) and device power (15 or 30 W). Participants took 10 puffs from each product and then used each product for 90 min ad libitum. Plasma nicotine concentration, subjective effects, and puff topography were measured. Results showed increases in plasma nicotine concentration in all conditions, with greater plasma nicotine increases in higher watt, higher nicotine concentration conditions, as well as greater nicotine delivery for ENDS users compared to cigarette smokers. For puff topography, puff duration and volume decreased as nicotine concentration and power increased, and ENDS users took longer and larger puffs than cigarette smokers. Participants rated the higher watt, higher nicotine concentration conditions as harsher and with more throat hit. Overall, these results suggest that device characteristics and liquid constituents interact to influence users' plasma nicotine delivery and should be considered together when regulating ENDS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Investigation into the possibility of using a novel ionic liquid leaching method to obtain vanadium from vanadium slag

An environmentally friendly, novel method for extracting vanadium from slag with two imidazolium-based ionic liquids, namely1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate [Bmim+CF3SO3-], and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Bmim+HSO4-], before and after magnetic separation, was proposed in this study. The effect of the type of ionic liquid, the concentration of ionic liquid, temperature and liquid to solid ratio were examined. The optimum experimental condition after examining these influential factors was found to be: ionic liquid [Bmim+HSO4–] 50% (v/v), a leaching temperature of 100 ℃, and a liquid to solid ratio of 12 ml/g (12:1), at a leaching time of 90 min, with shaking speed of 250 rpm. The results indicated that a maximum vanadium extraction of 94.2% with 57.6% iron as an impurity could be achieved from the non-magnetic slag fraction. The kinetics of vanadium dissolution in 50% (v/v) [Bmim+HSO4–] was governed by a surface chemical reaction with an estimated Ea= 65.5 kJ/mol.

Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Levels in Rubber Wastewater Using Biosand Filter Reactor with Activated Carbon Media Based on the Effect of Residence Time

Wastewater from the rubber industry that is not treated optimally can be one of the causes of environmental damage. Initial concentration of COD waste rubber liquid 711 mg/l and TSS 407 mg / l. Biosand Filter with activated carbon can eliminate pathogenic bacteria by passing the sand in the filter and activated carbon will absorb organic substances. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of concentration reduction, COD and TSS, using a reactor with BioSand Filter reactor dimensions used measuring 12 cm x 12 cm x 120 cm and its effect on residence time. Filter Media used are sand, gravel, pumice and activated carbon. The research variable is the residence time in the reactor (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 minutes). Removal efficiency after being processed using Biosand Filter technology with activated carbon media lowered the concentration of COD and TSS parameters to 93% for COD and 79% for TSS. Test the effect of residence time to reduce the levels of COD and TSS is done by regression test has a value of R2=0.7014 for COD and R2=0.681 for TSS, with tcount > ttable. the results show that the residence time of rubber wastewater in the reactor affect the decrease levels of COD and TSS, and quite effective in eliminating COD and TSS parameters.

Optimalisasi Produktivitas Tanaman Pala (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) Melalui Aplikasi Nutrisi Tanaman Organik-Anorganik Cair

The objective of this study was to optimize the productivity of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) through the application of concentration levels and frequency of liquid organic-inorganic mixed plant nutrition was carried out in the Nutmeg Garden of Hative Besar Village, Ambon Island, using a factorial complete randomized block design 3 x 2 + 1 (control, without treatment). The first factor consisted of three concentration levels, namely 1500 ppm, 3000 ppm, and 4500 ppm. The second factor consisted of two application frequencies: every two weeks and every four weeks. The sample employed in this study had an average age of 25 years. Each treatment combination was repeated three times with the total sampled 21 trees. The following yield parameter components were observed in this study: number of harvested fruits, fresh fruit weight, wet seed weight, dry seed weight, and dry mace weight. The results showed an interaction between the combination treatment of liquid organic-inorganic mixed plant nutrient concentrations and the frequency of application to the variables of fresh fruit weight, wet seed weight, dry seed weight, and dry mace weight. The variable number of fruits harvested per plant did not show an interaction effect between the concentration level and the frequency of giving liquid organic-inorganic mixed plant nutrition. Still, the best average number of fruits harvested per plant was found in the combination treatment between a concentration of 3000 ppm and a frequency of application every two weeks. The application of liquid organic-inorganic mixed plant nutrition with a concentration of 3000 ppm with a frequency of application every two weeks showed a positive response to increasing plant productivity when compared to other treatments or without the application of plant nutrients.

Experimental Study on CH4 Hydrate Dissociation by the Injection of Hot Water, Brine, and Ionic Liquids

Thermal stimulation is an important method to promote gas production and to avoid secondary hydrate formation during hydrate exploitation, but low thermal efficiency hinders its application. In this work, hydrate dissociation was carried out in synthesized hydrate-bearing sediments with 30% hydrate saturation at 6.9 MPa and 9 °C. Ionic liquids, such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) and tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl), were injected as heat carriers, and the promotion effects were compared with the injection of hot water and brine. The results showed that the injection of brine and ionic liquids can produce higher thermal efficiencies compared to hot water. Thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors, such as NaCl, BMIM-Cl, and TMACl, were found to impair the stability of CH4 hydrate, which was conducive to hydrate dissociation. By increasing the NaCl concentration from 3.5 to 20 wt%, the thermal efficiency increased from 37.6 to 44.0%, but the thermal efficiencies experienced a fall as the concentration of either BMIM-Cl or TMACl grew from 10 to 20 wt%. In addition, increasing the injection temperature from 30 to 50 °C was found to bring a sharp decrease in thermal efficiency, which was unfavorable for the economics of gas production. Suitable running conditions for ionic liquids injection should control the concentration of ionic liquids under 10 wt% and the injection temperature should be around 10 °C, which is conducive to exerting the weakening effect of ionic liquids on hydrate stability.

Intermolecular Interactions and Electrochemical Studies on Highly Concentrated Acetate-Based Water-in-Salt and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

Water-in-salt electrolytes constitute a new class of materials that have distinct properties relative to lower-concentration solutions. A recent approach to further increase the salt concentration and decrease the water content includes the addition of an ionic liquid to a highly concentrated aqueous solution. However, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of aqueous lithium acetate-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate solutions as well as the molecular interactions between electrolyte species have not been characterized. Here, we investigate these properties by evaluation of the ionic conductivity, viscosity, and thermal properties as well as the electrochemical behavior of various electrodes in these electrolytes. The intermolecular interactions are probed by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies. We find that the addition of the ionic liquid increases the solubility limit of lithium acetate and that with an increase in both acetate salt and ionic liquid concentration in the electrolyte and decrease in water concentration, a strong acetate-water network is formed. The electrochemical stability window increases upon addition of the ionic liquid and reaches a value larger than 5 V for a set of negative Al and positive Ti electrodes in the highest acetate salt/ionic liquid concentration. Preliminary electrochemical charge storage performance measurements of a symmetric device based on two porous carbon electrodes cycled at a current density of 25 mA g-1 delivered a specific capacitance of 20 F g-1 with a Coulombic efficiency higher than 99% using a 1.8 V voltage window.

Atypical wetting behavior of binary mixtures of partial and total wetting liquids: leak-out phenomena

The wetting behavior of simple binary mixtures containing both partial and total wetting liquids is investigated on the commonly used substrates. The variation of the contact angle (CA) of the binary liquid with the composition (xP) on different solid surfaces is obtained. It is interesting to find that for the droplet which can exhibit self-propulsion, four different regimes can be identified in the CA-xP plot. Among them, the plateau regime where the CA remains a constant value in a certain concentration range is most intriguing. In contrast, for the droplet which cannot self-propel, the CA grows monotonously with the concentration of the partial wetting liquid. The leak-out phenomenon in which the droplet is surrounded by the precursor film is believed to occur in the plateau regime, and it is examined by observing the encounter of two miscible droplets by optical microscopy. The apparently noncontact repulsion between the moving and static droplets reveals the presence of the precursor film leaked out from the self-propelled droplet.

Quantification of solid particle transport in suspension in a stream: Case of Wadi Zeddine Ain-Defla, Algeria

Arid and semi-arid areas are characterised by differentiation in meteorological conditions. Sometimes the rains are rare and not very intense and at other times they are dense and very intense, resulting in torrents that often lead to strong soil erosion. Most of the time, the losses occur at the solids level because the erosion effect is too high. In this study, we want to evaluate the transfer of solid sediments as a function of liquid transport in the basin of Wadi Zeddine at Ain Defla in Algeria. To understand this phenomenon, we used the data of liquid flows ( Ql, m 3∙s –1) and concentration of suspended sediments ( C, g∙dm –3), transported in the river, the data collected by the NWRA (National Water Resources Agency), over 24 years have been used to find a relationship between these two quantities, to estimate the quantity of solid transport Qs (kg∙s –1) in the watercourse of the catchment area studied. The results obtained show a good correlation between solid and liquid flows, with a correlation coefficient estimated at 90%, and the average annual sediment supply recorded at the outlet of the Wadi Zeddine watershed is estimated at around 88,048 Mg, which corresponds to 202 Mg∙km –2∙y –1/ erosion rate. This value is comparable to those found in other regions with similar hydrological regimes.

Low light color balancing and denoising by machine learning based approximation for underwater images

It is difficult for underwater archaeologists to recover the fine details of a captured image on the seabed when the image quality worsens due to the presence of more noisy artefacts, a mismatched device colour map, and a blurry image. To resolve this problem, we present a machine learning-based image restoration model (ML-IRM) for improving the visual quality of underwater images that have been deteriorated. Using this model, a home-made bowl set-up is created in which a different liquid concentration is used to replicate seabed water variation, and an object is dipped, or a video is played behind the bowl to recognise the object texture captured image in high-resolution for training the image restoration model is proposed. Gaussian and bidirectional pre-processing filters are used to both the high and low frequency components of the training image, respectively. To improve the clarity of the high-frequency channel background, soft-thresholding decreases the presence of distracting artefacts. On the other hand, the ML-IRM model can effectively keep the object textures on a low frequency channel. Experiment findings show that the proposed ML-IRM model improves the quality of seabed images, eliminates colour mismatches, and allows for more detailed information extraction. Blue shadow, green shadow, hazy, and low light test samples are randomly selected from all five datasets including U45 [1], EUVP [2], DUIE [3], UIEB [4], UM-ImageNet [5], and the proposed model. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) are computed for each condition separately. We list the values of PSNR (at 16.99 dB, 15.96 dB, 18.09 dB, 15.67 dB, 9.39 dB, 17.98 dB, 19.32 dB, 14.27 dB, 12.07 dB, and 25.47 dB) and SSIM (at 0.52, 0.57, 0.33, 0.47, 0.44, and 0.23, respectively. Similarly, it demonstrates that the proposed ML-IRM achieves a satisfactory result in terms of colour correction and contrast adjustment when applied to the problem of improving underwater images captured in low light. To do so, high-resolution images were captured in two low-light conditions (after 6 p.m. and again at 6 a.m.) for the training image datasets, and the results of their observations were compared to those of other existing state-of-the-art-methods.

Condensation of NH3/H2O with mass concentrations of 80%-96%: Experimental study in a plate heat exchanger

High concentration NH3/H2O is suitable for Kalina cycles used for the recovery of low grade heat. Plate heat exchangers (PHEs) are compact and reduce the charge of working fluid. This paper investigates the condensation of NH3/H2O with NH3 mass concentrations of 80%-96%. The vapor and liquid concentrations are close to equilibrium state, which are different from normal absorbers. The apparent heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and frictional pressure drop are presented, covering the mass fluxes of 32–86 kgm−2s−1, the averaged vapor qualities of 0.08–0.65 and the saturated pressure of 610 to 780 kPa. Larger mass fluxes noticeably increase the apparent HTCs and frictional pressure drop. At the mass concentrations of 96%, 91% and 88%, higher vapor qualities increase the apparent HTCs for large mass fluxes. The apparent HTCs decrease slightly with vapor qualities for 80% mass concentration. The experimental results are compared with those of pure NH3. The flow patterns of high concentration NH3/H2O are considered as full film flow and partial film flow, which are the same as for NH3. The mass transfer resistance deteriorates the heat transfer especially for partial film flow, which happens at small liquid mass fluxes. The mass transfer resistance has negligible influences on frictional pressure drop.

Role of Dual Nature of Ionic Liquid in Solvation Dynamics and Rotational Diffusion in Mixed Micelles: A Time‐Resolved Fluorescence and Fluorescence Anisotropy Study

AbstractThe present work demonstrates the role of the dual nature of an ionic liquid, 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide (C12mimBr), in the solvation dynamics and rotational diffusion of Coumarin 153 (C‐153) in the aqueous mixed micellar solutions of three cationic gemini surfactants, 12‐s‐12,2Br− (where s = 4, 6 and 8) using different spectroscopic and light scattering techniques. Ionic liquid within the micelles controls the weightages of solvation components. In pure micelles of a gemini surfactant, the fast and slow solvation components are major and minor, respectively, which vary based on the concentration of the ionic liquid. The effective solvation rate enhances with increasing concentration of C12mimBr. Dual nature of C12mimBr governs the size of mixed micelles. Thus the associated time constant for rotational motion also alters accordingly. In micelle, lateral diffusion coefficient (DL) value enhances with its increasing size due to mixed micelle's increased porosity. Gemini spacer chain length effect is also discussed.

Methodologies, technologies, and strategies for acoustic streaming-based acoustofluidics

Acoustofluidics offers contact-free manipulation of particles and fluids, enabling their uses in various life sciences, such as for biological and medical applications. Recently, there have been extensive studies on acoustic streaming-based acoustofluidics, which are formed inside a liquid agitated by leaky surface acoustic waves (SAWs) through applying radio frequency signals to interdigital transducers (IDTs) on a piezoelectric substrate. This paper aims to describe acoustic streaming-based acoustofluidics and provide readers with an unbiased perspective to determine which IDT structural designs and techniques are most suitable for their research. This review, first, qualitatively and quantitatively introduces underlying physics of acoustic streaming. Then, it comprehensively discusses the fundamental designs of IDT technology for generating various types of acoustic streaming phenomena. Acoustic streaming-related methodologies and the corresponding biomedical applications are highlighted and discussed, according to either standing surface acoustic waves or traveling surface acoustic waves generated, and also sessile droplets or continuous fluids used. Traveling SAW-based acoustofluidics generate various physical phenomena including mixing, concentration, rotation, pumping, jetting, nebulization/atomization, and droplet generation, as well as mixing and concentration of liquid in a channel/chamber. Standing SAWs induce streaming for digital and continuous acoustofluidics, which can be used for mixing, sorting, and trapping in a channel/chamber. Key challenges, future developments, and directions for acoustic streaming-based acoustofluidics are finally discussed.

Liquid Concentration Measurement Based on Liquid Contact Angle

Different concentrations of the same liquid or liquids with different solutes have different surface tensions. The macroscopic phenomenon is that they have different wetting effects on the same solid surface. The liquid contact angle can describe the wetting effect. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for measuring the liquid concentration using the liquid contact angle. A glass plate with a hydrophobic layer and an angle-measuring device forms the detection part. The glass plate is placed horizontally, and the solution to be tested is dropped on the surface of the glass plate. Solutions with different concentrations have different liquid-solid interfacial tension and liquid-gas interfacial tension, resulting in different liquid contact angles, which can achieve rapid and accurate measurement of solution concentration. Experiments show that the liquid contact angle of ethanol solution decreases with the increase of liquid concentration. Different volumes of ethanol solutions with the same concentration have substantially the same liquid contact angle. This experimental method has the advantages of being simple and easy to operate, having a wide range of applications, not easily limited by the type of detection solution, having a large concentration measurement range, having less sample usage, free from electromagnetic interference, and having real-time online detection.

Extraction of rubidium ion from brine solutions by dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 / ionic liquid system

Abstract Separation among rubidium and potassium ions from salt lake brines remains challenging. In this work, a typical room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-metyhlimidazaolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim+][NTf2 –]) was used as diluent and synergistic extractant, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6) was used as extractant to extract rubidium ions from brine solutions which contain high concentrations of potassium ions was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the single extraction efficiency of rubidium ions was up 93.63%. The thermodynamic parameters of the rubidium ion extraction were obtained. Based on the slope analysis method, the extracted species in the organic phase were ascertained as 1:1 complex. UV-visible has been performed to investigate the ion concentration of ionic liquid before and after the interaction of metal ions and ligands. Rubidium ions in [Rb · DCH18C6]+ complex were stripped by 2.5 mol · L–1 NH4NO3. The extraction system offers high efficiency, simplicity and environmentally friendly application prospect to separate rubidium from brine solutions.

Exergy-based sustainability analysis of biogas upgrading using a hybrid solvent (imidazolium-based ionic liquid and aqueous monodiethanolamine)

Energy may be generated in large quantities from fossil fuels, but this comes with environmental concerns. Thus, renewable resources like biogas, comprising carbon dioxide and methane, should be used alone or in combination with fossil fuels to mitigate the environmental footprints of energy generation systems. In this study, a new concept of hybrid solvent was presented, which combines 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with aqueous mono diethanolamine for biogas upgrading process to provide high purity (≥ 99 wt%) and recovery (≥ 99 wt%) of biomethane. The process was simulated in ASPEN Plus® V.11. The thermodynamic framework was validated against experimental data, and rigorous regression was conducted to obtain binary parameters. To establish the efficacy of the suggested hybrid solvent, three scenarios were studied by altering the concentration of ionic liquid (5–20 wt%) linked with amine and compared to aqueous mono diethanolamine as the base case (50 wt%). The results showed that a hybrid solvent with 5 wt% 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate could increase CH4 purity to 99% (mol%). The hybrid solvent led to an energy saving of 64.94% compared to the amine-based system. Thermodynamic irreversibilities showed that 5 wt% 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate improved exergy efficiency by 54% over the amine-based procedure. Environmentally, the hybrid solvent system also achieved a higher capture rate (99%) and lower emissions (0.017 kW/kmol). Comparing the economic prospects, 5 wt% 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate saved 56% on total capital cost, making it competitive from an investment perspective.

Effects of Critical Operation and Cleaning Parameters on Performances and Economic Benefits of Biogas Slurry Concentration by Forward Osmosis Membrane.

Forward osmosis membrane technology (FO) shows potential application prospects in biogas slurry concentration, which is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of biogas projects. However, at present, the key influencing factors of membrane concentration using FO are not well understood. Therefore, this study analyzed the influence of draw solution concentration, pH, temperature and cross-flow velocity on the concentration efficiency of FO membrane, and optimized the operation parameters of FO membrane. The results showed that the concentration effect of the NaCl draw solution at pH 5 or 9 was better than that at pH 7. The order of factor influencing the water flux was as follows: draw liquid concentration > cross-flow velocity > operating temperature. The optimal combination obtained by orthogonal analysis was under 45 °C, with a cross-flow velocity of 1 L/min and the use of 1.5 mol/L NaCl as draw solution. The results of the membrane cleaning implied that the recovery rate of the fouled membrane after acid-base cleaning is significantly higher (88%) than other cleaning solutions. This research offers a scientific reference for applying positive osmosis technology to re-utilize biogas slurry resources.

Thermal elaboration of ethylene glycol-based magnetized nanostructures via a convective permeable heated vertical surface employing modified Buongiorno model

The current goal of the research is to investigate a mathematical model for chemically reacting nanofluids with Brownian movement and diffusive thermophoretic. The present flow model is articulated with the employ of novel thermophoretic diffusion, Brownian motion considering Au, Ag and Cu nanoparticles with ethylene glycol as base fluid. The basic model equations are changed to a dimensionless non-linear coupled ordinary differential equation adopting the competent similarity variables and then solved implementing Runge-Kutta Fehlberg-45 order numerical quadrature (shooting technique) is utilized. The outcomes obtained for momentum, angular flow rate, energy, and concentration on numerous motion parameters are introduced pictorially. Computed values for the device surface friction, local thermal and mass gradients are tabulated. The outcomes reveal that thermophoresis parameter is favorable to improve the liquid temperature and concentration distribution. The impact of nanoliquid reacting species reduced the nanoparticle concentration entirely in the stretching plate. Furthermore, computed outcomes are proved for restraining cases by comparison with numerous surveys and found outstanding accuracy.