Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions Research Articles

Synthesis of Aromatic N-Oxides Using Electrochemically Generated Peroxodicarbonate.

Electrochemically generated green platform oxidizers like peroxodicarbonate (PODIC) constitute a game-changing technology in terms of sustainable chemistry while serving as an alternative counterreaction in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Peroxodicarbonate avoids the storage and shipping of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution. We herein disclose an efficient method for the N-oxidation of quinolines, pyridines, and complex tertiary amines. The use of phenoyloxy succinimide (POSI) is the decisive factor for obtaining N-oxides (28 examples) in isolated yields of up to 98%.

Об особенностях использования пероксида водорода на молочных предприятиях

The article substantiates the use of hydrogen peroxide solutions as a sterilant in the dairy industry enterprises in the processes of aseptic bottling. The consumer qualities of hydrogen peroxide with the estimation of the toxicological properties and potential danger of this substance have been considered. The brief analysis of the hydrogen peroxide market in Russia was carried out and the tasks of further research aimed at reducing the negative effects of the use of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions were outlined.

Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide wetting properties in the context of safe application in aseptic milk filling

Introduction: In aseptic filling systems, packaging materials are sterilized using various methods to eliminate microorganisms. One of the most popular methods for sterilizing packaging materials is the use of hydrogen peroxide. The wetting property of the surface plays a crucial role in ensuring effective inactivation of microorganisms and uniform treatment of the aseptic packaging. Improving the wetting properties of hydrogen peroxide solutions by adding surfactants will enhance the contact of the sterilant with the lyophobic multilayer packaging material's treated surface, providing the necessary sterilizing ability and disinfectant action during the aseptic filling of milk and dairy products.Purpose: To study the wetting properties of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions on various substrates and the possibility of their correction with surfactants to ensure better packaging wetting and safe disinfection processes.Materials and Methods: The objects of the study included the disinfecting substance and sterilant - hydrogen peroxide, surfactants used as technological aids in the food industry, and combined multilayer packaging materials based on paper, cardboard, aluminum foil, and polymer materials used in aseptic milk filling processes. Wetting ability was evaluated by the contact angle in a 3-phase system: adhesive (hydrogen peroxide, water, surfactant solutions) - substrate (packaging material, steel plate, glass) - air using the drop shape analysis based on the Young-Laplace method; surface tension was determined by the optical drop shape analysis using the DSA25S device; surface tension of solutions at temperatures ranging from 30 to 70 °C was determined using the maximum bubble pressure method. The presence of residual amounts of the surfactant polysorbate on the sterilized packaging material was analyzed by HPLC.Results: The Tetra Brik®Aseptic packaging material exhibits pronounced lyophobic properties. The introduction of 0.1% polysorbate surfactant into the hydrogen peroxide solution (~35% w/w) reduced the contact angle by more than 50%, from 93.75° to 40.99°, and significantly decreased the surface tension (45-48%).Conclusion: Improving the wetting properties of hydrogen peroxide solutions will enhance the contact of the sterilant with the treated surface of the lyophobic multilayer packaging material by adding a surfactant, ensuring the necessary sterilizing ability and disinfectant action during the aseptic filling of milk and dairy products. The application conditions of hydrogen peroxide solutions with the addition of 0.1% nonionic surfactant polysorbate in aseptic filling, considering both effectiveness in disinfecting packaging material and safety related to the removal of its residual amounts, allow considering it as a technological aid.

Исследование двойного электрического слоя на композиционных материалах «карбид тугоплавкого металла — углеродное волокно» в пероксиде водорода и сульфате натрия

The electric double layer was studied by impedance spectroscopy on the surface of various composite materials: molybdenum, tantalum and niobium carbides in 1 M sodium sulfate solution and concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution. The data on the activation energy of the electrocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on the surface of composite materials were compared with the capacity of the electrical double layer in hydrogen peroxide solution.

Microplastic extraction protocols can impact the polymer structure

Although microplastics are ubiquitous in today’s natural environments, our understanding of the materials, quantities, and particle sizes involved remains limited. The recovery of microplastics from different types of environmental matrices requires standardized matrix digestion protocols that allow inter-laboratory comparisons and that have no effect on the polymers themselves. A number of commonly used digestion methods rely on oxidation with concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions to remove organic matter from the matrix. However, this can alter the nature of polymers through hydrolysis and often does not lead to a complete matrix removal. We have therefore investigated the use of two altered matrix digestion protocols, an acidic (Fenton) protocol and a new alkaline (Basic Piranha) protocol, focusing mainly on the effect on biodegradable polymers (polylactide, polybutylene adipate terephthalate, polybutylene succinate) and polymers with known degradation pathways via hydrolysis (thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyamide). Comparing the initial surface textures, chemical compositions, and particle size distributions with those obtained after digestion revealed that the Fenton protocol left most of the polymers unchanged. The ferrous residue that remains following Fenton digestion had no effect on either the polymer composition or the particle size distribution, but could disturb further analytics (e.g. Raman microscopy due to auto-fluorescence). While increasing the chance of complete matrix removal, the more powerful Basic Piranha protocol is also more likely to affect the polymer properties: Polylactide polymers in particular showed signs of degradation under alkaline digestion (reduced polylactide content, holes in the polymer matrix), indicating the unsuitability of the Basic Piranha protocol in this specific case. Polyamide, however, remained stable during the Basic Piranha treatment, and the surface chemistry, the particle size as well as the molar mass distribution of the investigated thermoplastic polyurethanes were also not affected. Hence, this protocol offers a powerful alternative for microplastic analysis with focus on particle size in more complex environmental matrices (e.g. removal of cellulose in soil), while avoiding ferrous Fenton residue. Unexpectedly, also tire rubber, a frequent target analyte in microplastic monitoring, was found to be susceptible to artefact structures by both oxidation protocols. In summary, controls for the specific combination of polymer and sample preparation protocol are highly recommended to select the most fitting protocol. Here selected suitable combinations are reported.

Optimizing Methods of Surface Preparation of Microfluid Chips’ Channels of Borosilicate Glass

The effect of the treatment of borosilicate glass with hydrofluoric acid (HF), Caro’s acid, and concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution on their hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties and surface morphology is studied by the method of the measurement of the contact angle and calculation of the total, polar, and dispersion parts of the surface energy. It is shown that the most significant and stable hydrophilization of the glass surface, together with the maximum increase in the surface energy, is reached at the subsequent treatment with Caro’s acid and HF.

Self-Ignition of Fuel Consisting of Hydrogen Peroxide, Kerosene, and Pyrophoric Additives

Abstract—The possibility of creating an environmentally safe self-igniting fuel mixture for liquid-propellant rocket engines is investigated. The mixture is based on kerosene with pyrophoric additives and an oxidant: highly concentrated hydrogen-peroxide solution. The self-ignition of the components is studied experimentally. Tests are also conducted in the combustion chamber of a low-thrust liquid-propellant rocket engine.

Dibutylsulfide oxidation research the concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution by means of thermograms

With the using of a thermographic method reaction of oxidation of dibutylsulfide in a noctane 95,6 % concentrated solution of hydrogen peroxide in the mixture reactor with the propeller mixer is studied. It is established that dibutylsulfide oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in an ekvimoly-arny ratio 1:1 at a temperature of 80 °C proceeds before formation of a dibutilsulfoksid, and at a ratio 1:2 and at a temperature of 100 °C – to a dibutilsulfon. The increase in amount of hydrogen peroxide and temperature is followed by for-mation of sour products – the sulfoniyevykh and sulfonew acids. By method of a gas-liquid chromatography it is proved that during oxidation of dibutylsulfide by hydrogen peroxide his destruction doesn't happen.

Effect of vibration and stirring on 90% and 98% hydrogen peroxide

The influence of vibration and stirring of 90% and 98% hydrogen peroxide (high test peroxide – HTP) of two different purity levels in accordance with MIL-PRF-16005F, was determined. Testing was conducted in order to evaluate safety of use of highly concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide. The influence of vibration on HTP was tested at different frequencies up to 100 Hz. Further testing investigated the influence of stirring HTP, at three different speed values: 2000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 6000 rpm. During both tests, decomposition was determined by measuring concentration loss using density assay. Liquid during the tests was visually inspected for visible signs of decomposition such as: foaming, gas emission, turbidity.

Novel Manufacturing Method for Hydrogen Peroxide Catalysts: A Performance Verification

This paper describes the experimental characterization of catalysts manufactured with a novel method, omitting the need for the complicated and time consuming wash-coating procedure. The catalysts have been shown to be able to decompose highly concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide in operating conditions representative of a thruster for spacecraft attitude control and orbital maneuvers. The catalysts are based on a ceramic honeycomb support in yttria-stabilized zirconia, with manganese oxides as the active phase. Three catalysts, prepared by different in-house developed procedures, have been tested in a decomposition chamber, operating with a 87.5 wt % hydrogen peroxide solution. Test results have demonstrated decomposition efficiencies close to 100% and response times in the range of seconds. Additional tests have been performed on the most promising sample, to identify the maximum amount of hydrogen peroxide that can be decomposed before recording a strong drop in catalyst performance.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Systemic Gas Embolism after Hydrogen Peroxide Ingestion

BackgroundHydrogen peroxide is a commonly available product and its ingestion has been demonstrated to produce in vivo gas bubbles, which can embolize to devastating effect. ObjectiveWe report two cases of hydrogen peroxide ingestion with resultant gas embolization, one to the portal system and one cerebral embolus, which were successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO), and review the literature. Case ReportTwo individuals presented to our center after unintentional ingestion of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions. Symptoms were consistent with portal gas emboli (Patient A) and cerebral gas emboli (Patient B), which were demonstrated on imaging. They were successfully treated with HBO and recovered without event. ConclusionsAs demonstrated by both our experience as well as the current literature, HBO has been used to successfully treat gas emboli associated with hydrogen peroxide ingestion. We recommend consideration of HBO in any cases of significant hydrogen peroxide ingestion with a clinical picture compatible with gas emboli.

Heavy metals load in tilapia species: a case study of Jakara river and Kusalla dam, Kano state, Nigeria

Between August and September 2009, twenty four (24) Tilapia species, twelve (12) from each site were sampled from Jakara River and Kusalla dam in Kano, Nigeria with the view to determine the level of some heavy metals in the muscles of the fishes so as to assess their safety or otherwise for human consumption. The weight of each of the samples was determined using Gallenkamp weighing balance and recorded to the nearest grams. The fishes were dissected to separate the muscles from head, viscera and bones. Five grams of the muscle from each sample was digested using concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide solutions prepared in the ratio of 1:1. The digested samples were aspirated using 210 VGP Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer from which copper, zinc and lead were determined. The fish samples analysed from Jakara River had the mean copper, zinc and lead concentrations of 0.46+0.14mg/kg, 15.83+5.05 mg/kg and 0.57+0.20mg/kg and those from Kusalla dam had the means of 0.38+0.31mg/kg, 12.04+2.99 mg/kg and 0.54+0.29mg/kg respectively. Comparison of the above means with FAO standards for Cu (30mg/kg), Zn (30mg/kg) and Pb (0.50mg/kg) revealed that the mean concentrations of copper and zinc are safe for human consumption. However, the mean lead concentration exceeded the limit prescribed for human consumption. This suggests the possible adverse health effect such as damage to the gastrointestinal tract and chronic damage to the Central Nervous System among others that the people consuming Tilapia species from both study sites could be exposed to. It was recommended that considerable attention be paid to the lead content in fresh water fish at both sites by appropriate authorities due to its possible health implication on the consumers. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of heavy metals load in fish will be needed in Jakara River and Kusalla dam. Similarly, measures should be put in place to control the inflow of raw effluent into the river as they are largely the possible sources of these metals.

PROPULSION AND CATALYSIS - HISTORICAL SURVEY, UP-TO-DATE OVERVIEW, AND CURRENT CHALLENGES

This review presents a survey on the application of catalysis to propulsion. The first application was developed for the decomposition of concentrated aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide before WWII in Germany (He-176 plane, V1 and V2 rocket programs, torpedoes, and submarines). After WWII, the UK Black Knight rocket program associated kerosene with H2O2 and a silver screen catalyst bed. The beginning of the space programs led to the replacement of H2O2 by more stable hydrazine, using Ir/Al2O3 catalysts, for satellites and launchers. In recent years, hydrazine substitutes (called "green propellants") have been proposed to satisfy new environmental concerns, improve performance, and reduce cost. The most studied substitutes are energetic aqueous ionic mixtures containing an ionic oxidizer and a fuel. Commonly studied oxidizers are hydroxylammonium nitrate or ammonium dinitramide. The current challenge is to develop a catalyst that is active at low temperatures and able to sustain the high temperatures of the product gases. Other candidates that have also been proposed include highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide (90−98 wt-%) and nitrous oxide N2O(g). Other applications of catalysis to propulsion are: (1) hybrid engines, which could use a liquid oxidizer that would be able to burn a solid fuel, after catalytic decomposition; (2) hypergolic bipropellants with a soluble catalyst in the fuel; (3) catalytic cracking of endothermic fuel for hypersonic jets or for air breathing pulse detonating engines; (4) catalytic ignition of cryogenic H2−O2 mixtures; or (5) as a catalyst to modify burn rates for solid propulsion.

Identification of peroxo groups in supramolecular layered structures as probed by Raman spectroscopy

Peroxide-containing supramolecular structures prepared by reacting lithium aluminum layered double hydroxides (Li-Al LDHs) with concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. These compounds were formulated as [LiAl2(OH)6](OH) · H2O2 · H2O(I) and [LiAl2(OH)6](OOH) · H2O2 · H2O(II). The frequencies 830 and 849 cm−1 in the spectra of compounds I and II were assigned to O—C stretching vibrations in two nonequivalent peroxo groups. The band at 866 cm−1 in compound II was assigned to O—O vibrations in the hydroperoxo group (OOH)−. Proceeding from calculated strength factors, we inferred that the O—O bond in the hydroperoxo group of compound II is stronger than in the H2O2 solvating group.

The oxidation of 2-methyl-1-naphthol to menadione with H2O2, catalyzed by Nb-based heterogeneous systems

This paper examines the reactivity of catalysts based on niobium oxide dispersed in silica, for the oxidation of 2-methyl-1-naphthol to 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione) with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic performance is affected by the hydroperoxide concentration, and by the mode of oxidant addition. The reaction scheme is rather complex, including, along with the desired reaction, also parallel and consecutive side processes. The catalyzed oxidation reaction to yield menadione is always accompanied by radical reactions leading to coupling products. The use of diluted hydrogen peroxide solutions (concentration 3.5 wt.%) favors the formation of these heavy compounds. On the other hand, in the presence of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution (35 wt.%), the oxidation of the substrate to menadione occurs even without catalyst. High selectivity to menadione (i.e., 93%) is achieved only at the very beginning of the reaction when the substrate is added to the catalyst-containing hydrogen peroxide solution, the oxidant concentration being 35%. Under the latter conditions, the low concentration of substrate disfavors the undesired coupling reactions.

Peroxide derivatives of heteropoly compounds with Keggin anions [PW12O40]3− and [SiW12O40]4−: Synthesis and structure

Peroxide derivatives of heteropoly compounds with Keggin anions [PW12O40]3− and [SiW12O40]4− are isolated in an individual state from concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions and characterized by physicochemical methods. The structure of Ba2[SiW12O40] · 4H2O2 · 11H2O (I) is solved by X-ray crystallography. Crystals of compound I (H30Ba2O59Si1W12, FW = 3483.21) are monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 24.981(2) A, b = 12.2103(11) A, c = 18.7142(17) A, β = 122.620(2)o, V = 4808.0(8) A3, Z = 4. The structure contains Keggin anions [SiW12O40]4−; all hydrogen peroxide molecules are coordinated to Ba2+ cations.

In vitro FT-IR study of the effects of hydrogen peroxide on superficial tooth enamel

The aim of the present study was to determine the alteration in human enamel after hydrogen peroxide treatment using FT-IR spectroscopy. It is hypothesized that infrared spectroscopy is capable of showing alterations in human enamel after peroxide treatment and the alteration in enamel is proportional to peroxide concentration. The effects of 10, 20 and 30% hydrogen peroxide solutions on human enamel were tested. Thirty non-carious human teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, were used in this study. They were divided into 3 groups of 10, according to the peroxide concentration, sectioned, and the specimens were embedded in resin for infrared spectroscopic analysis. The total treatment time was 120 min. Spectra of the specimens were taken before treatment and 30, 60 and 120 min after it. Another spectrum was taken in a week. Infrared spectroscopic analysis showed two distinct bands (biological PO(4)nu1 and nu2) that were capable of describing the alterations in enamel structure. On comparing the infrared spectra of non-treated and treated specimens, structural changes were detected in the superficial enamel. The alteration in enamel was proportional to treatment time and hydrogen peroxide concentration. Higher concentration and longer treatment time resulted in more severe alterations. The numerical analysis of the spectra revealed that on using concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions the alterations of the IR spectra were more pronounced. The spectra taken in 1 week after treatment did not show spontaneous reversibility in enamel structure. At-home and in-office peroxide-containing bleaching agents are capable of causing alteration in enamel at low and high concentrations as well. According to the results of this study it is recommended to perform tooth whitening using low concentration of hydrogen and/or carbamide peroxide, and shorten treatment time to reduce the possible destruction but reach the required change in color.

Hydrogen peroxide poisoning.

Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising agent that is used in a number of household products, including general-purpose disinfectants, chlorine-free bleaches, fabric stain removers, contact lens disinfectants and hair dyes, and it is a component of some tooth whitening products. In industry, the principal use of hydrogen peroxide is as a bleaching agent in the manufacture of paper and pulp. Hydrogen peroxide has been employed medicinally for wound irrigation and for the sterilisation of ophthalmic and endoscopic instruments. Hydrogen peroxide causes toxicity via three main mechanisms: corrosive damage, oxygen gas formation and lipid peroxidation. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide is caustic and exposure may result in local tissue damage. Ingestion of concentrated (>35%) hydrogen peroxide can also result in the generation of substantial volumes of oxygen. Where the amount of oxygen evolved exceeds its maximum solubility in blood, venous or arterial gas embolism may occur. The mechanism of CNS damage is thought to be arterial gas embolisation with subsequent brain infarction. Rapid generation of oxygen in closed body cavities can also cause mechanical distension and there is potential for the rupture of the hollow viscus secondary to oxygen liberation. In addition, intravascular foaming following absorption can seriously impede right ventricular output and produce complete loss of cardiac output. Hydrogen peroxide can also exert a direct cytotoxic effect via lipid peroxidation. Ingestion of hydrogen peroxide may cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract with nausea, vomiting, haematemesis and foaming at the mouth; the foam may obstruct the respiratory tract or result in pulmonary aspiration. Painful gastric distension and belching may be caused by the liberation of large volumes of oxygen in the stomach. Blistering of the mucosae and oropharyngeal burns are common following ingestion of concentrated solutions, and laryngospasm and haemorrhagic gastritis have been reported. Sinus tachycardia, lethargy, confusion, coma, convulsions, stridor, sub-epiglottic narrowing, apnoea, cyanosis and cardiorespiratory arrest may ensue within minutes of ingestion. Oxygen gas embolism may produce multiple cerebral infarctions. Although most inhalational exposures cause little more than coughing and transient dyspnoea, inhalation of highly concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide can cause severe irritation and inflammation of mucous membranes, with coughing and dyspnoea. Shock, coma and convulsions may ensue and pulmonary oedema may occur up to 24-72 hours post exposure. Severe toxicity has resulted from the use of hydrogen peroxide solutions to irrigate wounds within closed body cavities or under pressure as oxygen gas embolism has resulted. Inflammation, blistering and severe skin damage may follow dermal contact. Ocular exposure to 3% solutions may cause immediate stinging, irritation, lacrimation and blurred vision, but severe injury is unlikely. Exposure to more concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions (>10%) may result in ulceration or perforation of the cornea. Gut decontamination is not indicated following ingestion, due to the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase to oxygen and water. If gastric distension is painful, a gastric tube should be passed to release gas. Early aggressive airway management is critical in patients who have ingested concentrated hydrogen peroxide, as respiratory failure and arrest appear to be the proximate cause of death. Endoscopy should be considered if there is persistent vomiting, haematemesis, significant oral burns, severe abdominal pain, dysphagia or stridor. Corticosteroids in high dosage have been recommended if laryngeal and pulmonary oedema supervene, but their value is unproven. Endotracheal intubation, or rarely, tracheostomy may be required for life-threatening laryngeal oedema. Contaminated skin should be washed with copious amounts of water. Skin lesions should be treated as thermal burns; surgery may be required for deep burns. In the case of eye exposure, the affected eye(s) shod eye(s) should be irrigated immediately and thoroughly with water or 0.9% saline for at least 10-15 minutes. Instillation of a local anaesthetic may reduce discomfort and assist more thorough decontamination.

Monopropellant decomposition catalysts: V. Thermal decomposition and reduction of permanganates as models for the preparation of supported MnO x catalysts

The need for highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions to fuel spacecraft propulsion systems necessitates the development of new catalytic formulations mainly based on supported manganese oxides. In order to improve the preparation of such catalysts, the thermal decomposition and the hydrothermal reduction of different permanganate precursors were studied, as well as the effect of washing on the products. The test samples were characterized by X-ray power diffraction (XRD) and surface area determination, and compared for their catalytic activity towards H 2O 2 decomposition using a constant pressure reactor (for 1.71% H 2O 2) and a constant volume reactor (for 50% H 2O 2). The catalysts prepared by thermal decomposition of KMnO 4 or NaMnO 4·H 2O have shown the intermediate formation of potassium (or sodium) manganate, and its partial dissolution during washing with water; higher catalytic activity and larger surface area were observed for the decomposition products of KMnO 4. The hydrothermal reduction yielded products exhibiting larger surface area and higher specific catalytic activity when carried out under stoichiometric conditions. Comparable kinetic parameters were determined using both catalytic reactors. Unsupported and alumina supported catalysts displayed comparable activity per gram of manganese.

Reduction of Microbial Populations on Prunes by Vapor-Phase Hydrogen Peroxide

Vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP) was used to disinfect prunes. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution (35%, wt/wt) was volatilized into a stream of dried air to approximately 3.1 mg/l (wt/vol) of hydrogen peroxide. Dried prunes obtained from commercial dehydrators were treated with VPHP and compared to untreated prunes. Microbial populations were determined for treatment comparisons. Untreated dried prune microbial populations were 155, 107, and 111 CFU/g of prunes on aerobic plate count agar, potato dextrose agar, and dichloran rose bengal agar, respectively. In contrast, VPHP-treated prune microbial populations were reduced to near zero on all media after 10 minutes of VPHP exposure. The color of prunes exposed for 20 min or longer, however, showed oxidation damage. No hydrogen peroxide residues were detected 90 days after treatment.