Computer Reservation Systems Research Articles

Evolution of information systems and technologies in the hospitality and tourism sector: a historical perspective

The article examines the influence of information systems on the growth of the tourism industry. Historically, these technologies have enhanced service in the hotel and restaurant sectors. Tourism is characterised by a high volume of diverse information flows that require constant updating and rapid exchange operations. For instance, the implementation of new technologies involves automating numerous hotel processes, including electronic reservation systems, which can contribute to improving service quality. The text provides data on the use of information technologies and automated management systems in hotels and restaurants in Ukraine and worldwide, highlighting significant prospects in this direction. Additionally, it mentions programs initially developed by Ukrainian companies. When selecting a system, factors such as price and reliability are crucial as many systems share similar functional characteristics. This article outlines the history, development, and widespread adoption of computer reservation systems (CRS). CRS has expanded the range of services and reduced the cost of electronic booking and reservation services. The expansion of tourism activities has occurred in all areas of the industry, including accommodation and entertainment. The research provides information on global reservation systems such as Amadeus, Sabre, Galileo, and Worldspan (Travelport), as well as Ukrainian reservation systems in tourism. The development opportunities of the tourism industry are closely linked to the capabilities of the Internet in modern conditions. Thousands of tour operators, travel agencies, hotels, and airlines operate successfully online, along with ten reservation systems for tourism services. The network provides reliable information support and an additional electronic channel for implementing tourism services.

CRS (Computer Reservation Systems) like Ticketmaster shifting to nuanced Data Models and NoSQL Architectures

Abstract - This paper examines the paradigm shift from RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems) to NoSQL (Not Only SQL) databases in the context of Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) such as Ticketmaster. CRS are systems that handle travel-related service bookings such as airline tickets, car rentals, and hotel reservations. Ticketmaster, a leading company in the online ticket booking industry, has adopted NoSQL databases and other distributed database solutions to improve its platform’s scalability, flexibility, and performance. This paper discusses the advantages of NoSQL databases over RDBMS, specifically in the areas of scalability, flexibility, performance, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, this paper proposes a wide-column store database as the most suitable type of NoSQL database for a CRS such as Ticketmaster. The advantages of a wide-column store database include horizontal scaling, schema-free data modelling, high-performance read-and-write operations, and cost-effectiveness.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНІ ТА ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ УГОДИ МІЖ УКРАЇНОЮ, ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИМ СОЮЗОМ ТА ЙОГО ДЕРЖАВАМИ – ЧЛЕНАМИ «ПРО СПІЛЬНИЙ АВІАЦІЙНИЙ ПРОСТІР»

The article is devoted to the analysis of the provisions of the Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union "On the Common Aviation Area" (CAA). Analysis of the historical stages of concluding the Agreement allowed to highlight its characteristics and identify the main problems of its conclusion. It is systematized that the formation of a common aviation area between Ukraine, the EU and its member states is based on identical rules governing air traffic control, flight safety, aviation safety, environmental protection and consumer rights, the use of computer reservation systems and relevant social aspects. The results of the analysis of the status of incorporation of requirements and standards of EU acts into the legal system of Ukraine for the implementation of the CAA Agreement on all components of Annex I revealed key areas for organizational, legal, technical and economic changes. The implementation of the relevant changes will help improve air connections between Ukraine and the countries of the European Common Aviation Area. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the CAA Agreement should be considered more broadly than the creation of a legal basis for the operation of scheduled air services between Ukraine and the EU without any restrictions. It aims to gradually create, through transitional periods, a common aviation area based on identical rules in the field of flight safety, aviation safety, air traffic management and organization, environmental protection and consumer rights, computer reservation systems. transportation, as well as relevant social aspects. The removal of all restrictions on market access should be a last resort, provided that all other areas of the aviation industry are fully integrated and adapted. The gradual opening of the market is dictated by the need to level the playing field for air carriers on both sides in the formation of passenger traffic by gradually adapting Ukrainian legislation to EU requirements and standards, introduction of common safety standards, modernization of Ukrainian airports and more.

ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СУЧАСНИХ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В ГОТЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ УКРАЇНИ

The article deals with the issue of modern information technologies in the hotel business. The place and role of computer reservation systems on the international and domestic market using the Internet, as one of the most important types of communication and information transfer between users in Ukraine and abroad, is defined. Factors affecting the level of development and introduction of information technologies in hotels are analyzed. After all, at the current stage there is a rapid development of the latest technologies in the field of hotel business. This is due to the fact that with their correct use, you can get the maximum effect for the hotel enterprise. InterHotel, LodginTouch Libitsa – (Libra International), IntellectService (BecT Pro), UCSUKR, Galaxy, CITEK are considered the most widespread software for IT hotel automation. It has been established that automated systems are aimed at increasing labor productivity, raising the level of knowledge of senior management employees. After all, with their help, reservation management, customer registration, room allocation, inventory accounting and food supply control are carried out. The expediency of automating the process of communication between visitors and staff using mobile messaging applications is highlighted separately. Measures to improve the management system of the hotel complex were identified and proposed. It was determined that the priority direction of innovations in this area is the use of interactive technologies, which are touch tables or panels with an electronic menu. It has been established that the introduction of information technologies will contribute to ensuring the functioning of the entire production process and its elements, will allow to improve the economic indicators of activity, through the coordination of all departments, which will affect the competitiveness of the hotel both on the domestic and foreign markets, will increase the quality of guest service and will contribute to the satisfaction of their needs with taking into account the specific requests of individual groups of consumers.

Features of application of information technologies in modern tourism

The article deals with the structure of the modern information technology system used in the tourism industry. It is emphasized that the use of information technology in each separate segment of the tourism industry, such as hotels, ticket reservations, the creation of specialized tourist products, is interlinked with all others. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the using of modern information technologies in the tourism industry. It was established that the introduction of information technology in the tourism industry took place in four stages, from the creation of data, through the direct development of information technologies , the development of strategic information systems and the integration of individual IT components in a network of different levels, from local to global. It is revealed that the majority of tourist enterprises use both standard and special software in their activity. For tourism enterprises to carry out marketing activities successfully, the information market offers technologies aimed at the process of automating the accumulation of survey results, planning and developing a marketing strategy. One of the most important elements in the tourism industry is computer reservation systems, which eventually integrated into global booking systems. These systems provide not only transport services, but also hotel accommodation, cruise trips, location information, bus, rail and air connections, exchange rates, weather reports, etc., allowing one to reserve all major components of the tour. Tour operators use several classic approaches to building a reservation system. The features of the market of tourist services, the specific characteristics of the services themselves and the peculiarities of their perception by consumers determine the specifics of marketing in this area. The use of information technologies, in particular the Internet, enables businesspeople and marketers to explore new market opportunities for their travel services, to highlight and explore various market segments (geographic, demographic, professional, organizational, behavioural, etc.). Tracking relevant information can be used to predict the future development of consumer demand and identify new trends in the behaviour of existing and potential customers. The use of geoinformation systems opens up broad prospects for engineering justification and design of new tourist routes and recreational areas, the publication of thematic tourist maps and the creation of web atlases, etc. Thus, thanks to information technologies, a single tourist information space is created that allows all players in the tourist market to quickly receive real information.

The Impact of E-Commerce on Brand Awareness and Brand Promotion of the Zimbabwe Tourism and Hospitality Sector

This research is on the impact of e-commerce on brand awareness and brand promotion of the Zimbabwe tourism and hospitality sector. The objectives of the research study was to look into the effect of brand awareness and brand promotion of the tourism and hospitality sector of Zimbabwe, challenges the sector is facing in the adoption and implementation of e-commerce and to suggest strategies that the sector can adopt to increase awareness and brand promotion. This research adds to previous research in similar fields, complementing the existing research regarding e-commerce and the tourism and hospitality sector industry whilst also contributing to research for the various industry categories. The study used a mixed method research philosophy where survey research by use of a questionnaire collected the data required from the targeted population. These methods of data collection conspired to provide insights throughout the different topics within the research study area. The researcher used a sample size of 150 respondents. This research finds that hotels, lodges and recreational facility areas are having challenges with the implementation of e-commerce because of attitude of management and owners lack of required skill, lack of capital and finance, availability of internet and its speed which is affecting their brand image, sales and profit. The findings indicate that social media websites, online booking and use of intermediaries are the most applicable cost-effective e-commerce systems that tourism and hospitality sector can adopt and these systems can have a strong positive impact on the brand promotion and also increase its awareness locally, regionally and internationally. These strategies also improve the performance, increase sales, increase bookings and spread information about the services offered by hotels. The research shows that the implementation and adoption of e-commerce has a positive effect on the brand awareness and promotion of the tourism and hospitality sector. The adoption and implementation increases the sales, the revenue, it spreads information about the hotels and recreational facilities in Zimbabwe and also improve the workflow and how day to day activities are handled. However the adoption and implementation of e-commerce is hindered by different issues such as the cost and capital needed to set up the e-commerce system, lack of required skill to implement it, availability of internet and cost of internet. The tourism and hospitality sector need to adopt e-commerce strategies such as running a website, online and internet payment methods, social media advertising, use of online intermediaries, computer reservation systems and global distribution systems. These strategies will help to put the sector on a local, regional and international map and help the sector to compete on an international level.

Back to the future with IATA NDC? Critical turning points in the history of airline distribution

Purpose The International Air Transport Association (IATA) New Distribution Capability (NDC) standard aims at modernising the airline distribution landscape. It has supported the spread of Direct Connects by providing a common standard for linking airlines to travel agencies. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the historical development of airline distribution and to derive implications for the future. Design/methodology/approach This paper follows the approach of Yeoman and McMahon-Beattie (2017) in providing a chronological account based on published research. Findings Direct Connects are discussed to be a step back in the evolution of the distribution landscape because they foster disaggregation. An analysis of the history of distribution finds that a comparison of Direct Connects to the early stages of computer reservation system technology falls short to recognise the tremendous technological and market changes connected to the internet, cloud computing and the rise of low-cost carriers. Moreover, drawing on the seminal article by Anderson and Tushman (1990) on technical discontinuities and dominant designs, the current state of the distribution landscape is characterised to be an era of ferment that is driven by design competition and that might end up in a new dominant design. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in a critical review of the turning points of distribution. By reviewing the past developments, the paper sheds light on the contribution that IATA NDC and Direct Connect technology might deliver to the field of airline distribution.

Where Did the Time Go? On the Increase in Airline Schedule Padding Over 21 Years

About 43 million US domestic flights operated on routes that were serviced consistently by the same airlines from 1997 to 2017. The scheduled duration of these flights, as posted on computerized reservation systems, increased on average by 8.1% over the 21-year span. Where did the time go? Building on Deshpande and Arkan (2012), we develop a multi-period newsvendor model of how airlines decide their posted duration and show that the model can be reduced to a series of single-period newsvendor problems. The model explains more than 99% of the variation among the 43,062,886 posted flight durations in our data. We use structural estimation and counterfactual analysis to establish that more than 45% of the increase in posted duration stems from airlines strategically padding their schedule to achieve higher on-time performance. We also provide evidence that decreased airline competition on a route is associated with increased strategic padding.

Air Passenger Rights in the Electronic Age

For many decades, the private law rights of passengers against their air carriers were covered by the 1929 Warsaw Convention and its various amendments, supplemented by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Conditions of Contract and Carriage of the airlines. Air carriers and their (travel) agents administered this worldwide system through their distribution of the air travel product. Over the years, the distribution system has changed considerably: computerized reservation systems were introduced; more and more did passengers or third parties on their behalf begin to contract directly with the airline of their choice, bypassing the agent, and more and more did they do so online, electronically, from their home or office computers. Meanwhile, the Warsaw Convention was replaced by the 1999 Montreal Convention. Also, following deregulation and liberalization of the airline industry, and a concomitant decrease in the regulatory influence of IATA, consumerism entered the air travel world prompting governments and the European Union to adopt special legislation or regulation on matters such as denied boarding, flight cancellations and delays. This new form of air passenger protection has been backed up and broadened by the courts, particularly in Europe. It has been opposed by the airlines, particularly the low cost carriers. The situation today seems to have become wasteful with too much uncertainty, too many claims, and too high transaction costs for all parties involved. Lastly, electronic and digital techniques have deeply penetrated the domain of the conclusion of the contract of carriage by air. Electronically concluded contracts have now become the most common form of contracting for the non-professional traveller, that is the individual air transport user, the consumer, who contracts directly with his or her airline, using electronic and digital means to do so. These are three distinct, but interrelated issues: the contractual distribution of the air travel product; the impact of consumer law; and electronic contracting (e-commerce). Each issue will be addressed in a separate part of the article. It seems that the time has come to try to forge a new contractual deal between airlines and their passengers: global, transparent and cost efficient. This article attempts to make a contribution to this beginning debate.

History of revenue management – From leg to O&D

One of the biggest milestones in the development of airline revenue management (RM) has been the step from leg to O&D (origin and destination) control. The first computer reservation systems that automated the former manual accept/reject decisions of booking requests controlled the number of bookings by booking limits per leg and booking class. The main disadvantage of this leg-type control was the inability to distinguish between local and connecting passengers.The advances in computer power and distribution capabilities (seamless polling) in the 90s enabled forecasting, optimization and availability control at O&D level. This enhancement allowed better evaluation of booking requests and closer integration of RM and pricing. Looking back, one of the biggest challenges in the evolution from leg to O&D control was the change management process.

A conceptual model for adoption of information communication technology in the travel and tourism industry

ABSTRACTThe tourism industry was among the early adopters of information and communication technology (ICT), such as the Computer Reservation System of the early 1950s and the adoption of Global Distribution Systems in the late 1980s. However, after several decades of ICT adoption, the degree of adoption as well as use of ICT among enterprises related to travel and tourism (T&T) has been quite uneven. The objective of this study is to provide a model that explains the ICT adoption process in the T&T industry through a combination of Adoption Diffusion (AD) and Usage Diffusion (UD). The model incorporates the UD concepts of variety of use and rate of use with the perceived usefulness concept of AD. The UD model, unlike the AD model, focuses on the extent of use rather than on the act of adoption. The model consists of three main parts, namely, determinants, user patterns and outcomes. Based on these three dimensions, adopters are categorized into eight groups: Tech-Savvy, Obligatory, Early Adopter, Focused, Limited, Constrained, Follower and Laggards. The model was empirically tested and the results show that perceived usefulness is an important element in the adoption process. This model will be a ready reference for professionals, managers working in T&T firms, policy makers and government bodies in strategy formulation. It will also help IT professionals and researchers who work in the T&T domain.

Airosonic Travels Private Limited: staying competitive through IT development

Subject area Information technology (IT) project risks. Study level/applicability This case is suitable for the students who are enrolled in masters or executive programmes in management. Considering the masters programme in management, the case can be introduced in the MIS course in sessions related to IT project risks. The case will also be appropriate for discussion in elective courses, such as IT project management. Here the case can be introduced in discussions related to understanding IT project outsourcing risks. The case will also fit well with the audience of the executive programme in sessions on IT project risks. The assignment questions provided below are designed from the perspective of teaching this case to a business student audience. The case could certainly be adjusted to fit the needs of students in more technical disciplines. Case overview This case presents an organization (Airosonic Travels Private Limited) which was set up in 1988. The organization provided travel-related services (i.e. ticketing, hotels bookings, car rentals and cruises to exotic destinations) to meet the requirements of corporate users such as organization employees, vendors, dealers and customers. The packages were provided though the portal www.corporatetravels.in/. With cut-throat completion from other vendors, the organization acquired the globally preferred airline reservation system Galileo to gain market share in the computer reservation system market. This acquisition, however, led to a series of deliberations on how the new system could be put to use and integrated with the portal so that it helped Airosonic to achieve efficiency in its day-to-day processes. The integration was necessary, as this would entirely eliminate third-party requirements (such as travel agents) and also make travel planning easy, cost-effective and hassle-free. The different alternatives available to the governing body were to develop and manage the entire thing in-house, outsource the development to a third part, or delegate the entire responsibility to the third party. The analysis of the case takes into account the different risks that are associated with each of these decision alternatives and the possible ways forward for the Airosonic management. Expected learning outcomes The objective of this teaching case is as follows: to understand the different risk elements that influence development of a software initiative, to differentiate between different categories of risks including project development risks and project management risks, to appreciate the differences in the types of risks that influence different project execution scenarios such as in-house development and outsourcing and to understand how an organization can address and manage the risks facing a software initiative. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Editorial 25/3: Electronic Markets on ecosystems and tourism

Dear readers of Electronic Markets, This editorial was spurred by two observations. First, ElectronicMarkets (EM) enjoys a growing volume of submissions and now repeatedly receives manuscripts that are out of the journal’s scope. Obviously, this requires an understanding on the topics that are within EM’s scope. For this purpose, the following aims at clarifying this boundary. Second, the third issue of Electronic Markets includes a special issue on BSmart tourism^. In fact, tourism was one of the industries that gave birth to electronic markets in the early 1960s and experienced an impressive development by transforming the entire airline industry. Thus, the editorial exploits the close link between the emergence of electronic markets and the history of computerized reservation systems (CRS) in tourism to clarify the scope of EM as well as to motivate the present special issue. When looking back, the phenomenon of electronic markets originated only in a small number of industries and was by no means as omnipresent as today. Among these industries were four sectors: agriculture, banking, retail and tourism.

Special issue on smart tourism: convergence of information technologies, experiences, and theories

The notion of smart tourism has been gaining currency recently, particularly as a strategic tool for tourism development. For instance, under the general framework of smart city initiatives, the European Commission (2015) has identified travel information and communication as one of the strategic objectives for improving human mobility and transportation. In emerging economies like China smart tourism is becoming an integral part of the national policy for economic development and overall improvement of service quality with the aide of information technology (CNTA 2015). Generally speaking, smart tourism aims to develop information and communication infrastructure and capabilities in order to improve management/ governance, facilitate service/product innovation, enhance the tourist experience, and, ultimately, improve the competitiveness of tourism firms and destinations (Gretzel et al. 2015; Hunter et al. 2015; Koo et al. 2015). Considering tourism is an important, and in many cases even primary, sector in national economies, smart tourism seems to offer a promising direction for sustainable tourism development and has the potential to impact tourist destinations and their representations in electronic markets at different levels. The notion of smart tourism was born against the backdrop of the recent development and diffusion of information technology that offers new modalities of communication, new ways for data collection, analysis and exchanges, and thus, new opportunities for value creation and management (Lazer et al. 2009). In the past decade or so, we have seen incredible growth of search technologies, online travel distribution channels, virtual tourism communities, and numerous forms of social media that allow travelers to make more convenient and smarter decisions (Sigala et al. 2012; Xiang et al. 2014). These technologies and systems are directly or indirectly connected to, or have impact on, various computerized reservation systems, which have long been integrated by the travel and tourism industry (Alt and Klein 2011; Karcher 1995; Mitev 1999). The widespread adoption of mobile technology, especially the smartphone, seems to have further accelerated this trend with the convergence of information search, communication, entertainment, social networking as well as mobility-related functionalities to assist travelers on the go (Wang and Xiang 2012). Furthermore, the growing capabilities of embedding and connecting a variety of RFID tags, sensors and mobile devices into our physical environment seems to lead to a more optimistic view that now is the time for technological innovations in terms of co-creation processes and the management of tourist experiences (Atzori et al. 2010; Taafe 2014). While it is a phenomenon of growing significance, scholarly work on smart tourism is lacking, both conceptually and empirically. In response to this emerging need, the journal of Electronic Markets presents a special issue that disseminates * Chulmo Koo helmetgu@khu.ac.kr

Editorial 24/3: Electronic Markets and general research

Dear readers of Electronic Markets, We are happy to present you the third issue of volume 24 which includes five papers that were submitted to the general research section of Electronic Markets. As described in the editorial section of the last issue (Alt and Osterle 2014a, b) general research papers are a key element of the research paper section and currently account for slightly more than half of all submissions (as per end 2013). With a similar acceptance rate to special issue papers (approx. 11 %), it is not surprising that Electronic Markets also sees two general research issues within one volume. After the first issue in 2014, the current third issue represents the second in volume 24. We wish to use this opportunity to describe the variety of topics relevant to Electronic Markets (EM 2014) in more detail. In the first place, the spectrum of topics is related to the development of electronic commerce itself. When the journal was launched back in 1991, electronic markets were limited to exchanging a high volume of electronic business documents between application systems (EDI), to proprietary electronic exchanges in the financial sector, computerized reservation systems in the airline industry as well as to videotex-based early electronic shopping systems. Although electronic markets were attributed a significant potential (Malone et al. 1987, Osterle and Schmid 2008), the performance and diffusion of key technologies were still in their infancy. In particular, the Internet since the late 1980s has pushed electronic commerce and electronic markets towards a broader area range of applications. From the retrospective various stages of development may be observed which not only spurred a wealth of (business and technological) innovations, but also contributed additional research topics and questions. For example, in their compelling review of research on electronic commerce since 1988, Clarke and Pucihar (2013) have repeatedly indicated that the topics of Electronic Markets evolved in tandem with those published at the Bled eCommerce Conference. They identified three phases of evolution: the EDI era between 1988 and 1995, the eBusiness era between 1996 and 2004, and the eInteraction era since 2005. Others described the evolution in five stages (e.g. Tassabehji (2003) based on Earl (2000)) or more informal in multiple periods (e.g. Turban et al. 2006). Table 1 builds on the existing models and presents an updated view on the evolution phases and emphasizes that electronic markets have actually penetrated all aspects of modern economies. In the beginning proprietary technologies and solutions existed that were limited to specific application areas and primarily large organizations. The Internet was a key enabler in the early e-commerce era since it provided access to information independent of the underlying technological platform and interconnectivity across various providers. Static presences on the Internet appeared, but soon became more interactive and dynamic in the early e-business era. During this period many new businesses as well as exceeded expectations on the role of electronic markets emerged. However, the burst of the e-commerce bubble in the early 2000s showed that electronic commerce did not become obsolete, but shed light on linking the early e-business developments with the entire business operations and the subsequent potential to shape digital value chains. Following this idea a variety of important technologies spread, in particular, mobile devices, social media and virtualization technologies. The early digital ecosystems showed that electronic markets are now at the heart of business models in many industries (e.g. Alt and Klein 2011, 45) and with more convergence on the way they will contribute to the transformation of entire industries. For example, digital ecosystems providers, R. Alt (*) Information Systems Institute, University of Leipzig, Grimmaische Str. 12, 04109 Leipzig, Germany e-mail: rainer.alt@uni-leipzig.de

A Correlation Study between Student Performance on Travel and Tour Operations Course with CRS and Internship Performance on Travel Agency

A professional career in Tourism is enticing to many who have heard the claims echoed by a range of stakeholders that the tourism industry is growing fast and creating a universe of career opportunities to those who will to become suitably qualified. In a tourism labor intense industry, it is important for the tourism industry to attract highly qualified workers with the skills necessary to meet the requirements of employers in the tourism sector. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the performance of the students on Travel and Tour Operations Course with Computer Reservation System (CRS) and their internship performance in Travel Agencies in terms of knowledge, skills, attitude and personality. Based on the result, majority of the interns has satisfactory performance in the Course Travel and Tour Operations with CRS but they obtained the highest very good performance evaluation rating in attitude followed by personality, knowledge and skills. The study shows that there is no significant relationship between the academic performance and training performance of interns in Travel Agency. Academic performance of the students in the Course Travel and Tour Operations with CRS were only satisfactory but the training performance were rated as very good.

Urban Tourism Development Mechanisms Based on Information Technology

Information for tourism and transportation industries is as vital as blood for the human life. According to tourism experts, Iran ranks among ten top countries with the most touristy attractions. Iran's share from the income of international tourism markets was about 1 unit from a total of 700 units in the year 2000. A major problem on the way of tourism development is the weakness of information systems and their supporters. This has led to providing insufficient information on the attractions and capabilities and service preparation, much lower than expected level. This is while for tourism planning and dynamism exact and updated information system is needed; IT is very effective in this respect. IT can play a great role in managing, planning, and marketing for tourism development. Emphasizing IT usage in tourism, some main applications of this technology like fast, cheap, and on time informing of electronic systems for service provision such as computer reservation systems (CRSs), global distribution systems (GDSs) and Internet have been regarded in this paper.

국제항공 기후변화 관련 국제동향과 항공 배출가스 계산방법의 개선에 관한 연구

The introduction of aviation into the EU-ETS has faced significant opposition from many ICAO member States. Accordingly a global solution through ICAO is in progress. This paper traces the progress of works done by the HGCC in the area of global aviation aspiration goals aiming for the submission to the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly. Furthermore, devices for calculating the carbon dioxide emissions from flights have been developed by several agencies including international organizations, governments, airlines and nongovernmental organizations. These carbon calculators, however, introduce too many assumptions to simplify the calculation process. This study assesses carbon calculators for aviation emissions and suggests a modified calculation methodology using the pre-existing computer reservation system for better accuracy.

The Cape Town Convention's International Registry: decoding the secrets of success in global electronic commerce

The International Registry, established pursuant to the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, is a new global electronic commerce system for recording and establishing the relative priority of interests in aircraft equipment. Other examples of global electronic commerce systems include the airline computer reservation system, the SWIFT financial network, and payment card networks. The International Registry may be the most successful global electronic commerce system ever built in terms of the speed with which it was implemented, its adoption rate, and the dearth of controversy surrounding its operation. The real ‘driver’ of its success is demand for a more efficient aircraft financing regime, while its design is an ‘enabler’ of the realization of that goal. This paper also will identify some other factors that have contributed to its remarkable success, and will note how the relative absence of such factors may have limited the success of other global electronic commerce sy...

Development Trends of Air Passenger Transport Services and Service Distribution Channels

Development Trends of Air Passenger Transport Services and Service Distribution Channels Alongside their core service, i.e., passenger transportation, air carriers are nowadays providing numerous extra services, which are not directly related to transport. On the one hand, airlines are enlarging the scope of paid services provided on board an aircraft by, among other ways, splitting the air ticket fee and singling out the costs of such services as catering on board, checked-in luggage, airport check-in, etc. On the other hand, airline companies tend to provide mass services to their sales partners - ground transportation, car rental, insurance, hotel booking, etc. Provision of both the core and the extra services is closely connected with computerized reservation systems and the corresponding agent and customer access networks. These systems and networks form the basis of IT channels of service distribution. The present paper analyses the indicators and development trends of air transport services in combination with the development of service distribution channels and the information technologies lying at the basis of such channels. The paper also describes the structure and IT support of distribution channels. The authors have paid attention to the potential qualitative changes in the structure and possibilities of distribution of air passenger transportation services in view of the Next Generation Network (NGN) concept whose implementation has been started in the world.