Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Research Articles

Octagonal Microstrip Patch antenna array with gain enhancement for WiMAX and WLAN Applications

An octagonal microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper. A small sized microstrip patch antenna with a high gain has been the focusing point of so many researches over the years. Microstrip patch antenna is basically known to have a low gain as a result various techniques are carried out in order to enhance the gain. In this work, a single patch octagonal microstrip patch antenna and a 1x2 octagonal patch antenna array are designed and the effects are studied. The structure is designed on four different substrates FR4, Duroid, Arlon and Rogers substrate materials. Copper is used as the patch and ground material. The antenna is designed on a small substrate material and it is probe fed. The simulated results of the array reveals a gain increase of 6.25dB from 3.6dB of the single patch on the FR4 substrate. The simulated results of the antenna in terms of reflection coefficients, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and gains realized showed that the antenna has prospective applications for 4.6 and 5.9GHz applications. Conclusively, the antenna with the FR4 substrate shows the best antenna performance in terms of Gain and Return loss and its operating frequency falls under the WiMAX and WLAN range compared to the other substrates. The tool used for the design and simulation is the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio.

Enhancement algorithm for reverse loop technique on planar reverse loop antenna

Finding a trade-off balance between wireless transfer efficiency (WTE) and distance is a key issue in wireless energy transfer (WET). This paper presents a method of reducing the radical alteration in WTE versus distance, by using a reverse loop technique on planar reverse loop antenna (PRLA). The design focuses on 13.56 MHz Near Field Communication (NFC). The first stage uses mathematical modelling, based on an analytical approach, to determine the size of the reverse loop using Matlab. The proposed model predicts the size of the reverse loop to stabilize the WTE at a closer distance. Next, full-wave electromagnetic simulations are applied, using the computer simulation technology (CST) MICROWAVE STUDIO®, to determine the WTE effect with distance changes with mismatch condition. Planar loop antennas (PLAs) are fabricated on glass-reinforced epoxy laminated sheets (FR4). A validation of the simulation result in a real test scenario, using these PLAs and PRLA, confirms a stability enhancement in WTE at closer distance using the reverse loop technique, compared to conventional designs.

Radiation Characteristics of Dual Print Microstrip Patch Antenna using IE3D and CST Electromagnetic Simulation Software

In this article the radiation performance of coaxial feed dual band dual print microstrip patch antenna using Electromagnetic simulation tool IE3D (Integral Equation Three-Dimensional) and CST-MWS (Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio) is offered and discussed. The attempt is made to compare the antenna parameters such gain, impedance bandwidth and radiation pattern from both the Electromagnetic Software. It is observed that both the software has their own pros and cons. However, the features available from the CST make it more feasible in comparison to IE3D. With the presented geometry a wide impedance bandwidth 5.62GHz (1.86-7.48GHZ) with sustained gain is achieved. The antenna radiation parameters are also found as desired. A brief comparison of various EM software is also given for the interest of the readers.

Antenna beam forming and beam controlling for Improving the Wi-Fi signal

Antenna design plays a prominent role when we consider the far-field patterns when compared with near field patterns. By using a PIN diode (which has a wide intrinsic region when compared with normal diode) as a switch and a capacitor as a filter we are proposing an antenna design that able to radiate far field regions. The reason behind choosing capacitor as a filter means that we are designing antenna to transfer high frequency signals. For antenna deign simulations we have different software’s (like FEKO, ZELAND IE 3D etc.,) but the preferred software for this antenna design is Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) as we are operating in a frequency band of 2 to 2.54GHz and the diameter of the antenna 20X20cm. Based on the diameter chosen the antenna is able to switch direction of signalling by using a switch with four different angles. The material used for antenna design FR-4 which is a Composite material composed of fibre glass cloth with an epoxy resin blinder i.e. frame resistance and SMB connectors with 75Ω impedance.

Corrugated bamboo roofing design of microwave absorber for reflection absorption

Nowadays, the resources of roofing materials are abundant, which are the essential materials to build houses. It is of great significance to develop the roofing material with absorbing function for shielding electromagnetic radiation. This study is conducted to design a corrugated bamboo roofing microwave absorber that can absorb electromagnetic wave for frequencies 1 to 12 GHz. Three types of roofing bamboo with different designs namely Model A, Model B and Model C has been developed. The size of all types of proposed roofing bamboo is 60 cm width x 60 cm in length. The design is simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software. The arch method is used to analyse microwave absorber performance. It contains of a wooden structure in the shape of semi-circular for enabling the proper positioning towards transmitting and receiving the two horn antennas. Bamboo can be used as an absorbent material. The expected result for bamboo roofing microwave absorber is to get a high performance of microwave absorption which is above 20 dB. The third model or Model C has recorded the highest value of an absorption level.

Series fed 3×3 Square Patch Array for Wirel ess Communication Applications u sing CSTMWS

The wireless communications systems have been really develop to the extraordinary performance applications. Present days, the WCS offers extraordinary data rate transmission and preserve rising for advanced data rates equipment. In wireless communication systems applications using various types of micro strip antennas. This paper presents the design of a 3×3 series-fed square micro strip patch array antenna to function at the frequency of 5.4 GHz and 50 ohm line port impedance. The micro strip feed line frequently combines a quarter-wave (λ/4) transformer for matching of impedance. The design of proposed antenna we are expending straight line feed micro strip line feeding technique. This antenna array is based on Rogers RT 5880 loss free material, which is having 2.2 relative permittivity constant. The series fed 3 by 3 square patch array antenna is designed on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) simulation software. After simulation, the antenna presentation features such as return loss, percentage bandwidth, directivity, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, E-Field, H-Field and radiation Pattern are measured.

Mutual Coupling Reduction in Patch Antenna Array Based on EBG Structure for MIMO Applications

This paper presents a printed rectangular slot microstrip antenna array of two elements based on an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure. The proposed EBG structure is invented to improve the isolation between the radiating elements for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) application. Single and two slotted rectangular microstrip antennas are designed on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant (εr) of 4.3 and loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.025 with thickness of 1.6 mm. The proposed EBG structure is designed as one planar row of 24 slots. The proposed array performance is tested numerically using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CSTMW) of Finite Integration Technique (FIT) formulations. The antenna performance in terms of reflection coefficient (S11), isolation coefficient (S21), radiation patterns, boresight gain and Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) are investigated before and after introducing the EBG structure to identify the significant enhancements. The proposed EBG structure is located between the radiating antenna elements to reduce the mutual coupling of the proposed antenna array. The edge to edge separation distance of the proposed antennas is λ0/16, where the λ0 is the free space wavelength at 2.45 GHz. The simulated results show a significant isolation enhancement from –6 dB to –29 dB at the first resonant frequency 2.45 GHz and from –10 dB to –25 dB at the second resonant frequency 5.8 GHz after introducing the EBG structure to the antenna array.

Wide bandwidth Microstrip Patch Antenna Coupled with Step-Loaded Structure

            With the development of modern communication systems, the demand for small size, low cost, light weight, high performance antenna has increased. For this purpose, various types of the microstrip antenna proposed by researchers. In this paper, new design of the microstrip patch antenna is presented. The conventional rectangular microstrip patch structure is modified to a unique Step-Loaded structure in order to enhance the antenna bandwidth.  The antenna is simulated and operated within the frequency range 8-15 GHz using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The antenna provides a very good return loss which is below -10 dB over the entire operating frequency range. The bandwidth is 60 % at the center frequency 11.5 GHz.  The realized gain varies from 3 dBi at the frequency 8 GHz to 4.5 dBi at the frequency 4.5 GHz. Due to the symmetry of the Step-Loaded structure, the antenna provides omnidirectional radiation patterns in both E- and H-planes. This feature could be of interest in the field of microwave radar applications.        &nbsp

New Configuration of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays

            A new configuration of a Microstrip patch antenna array is presented in this paper. The array is arranged in such a way that only one patch placed in the E-plane and four patches are placed in the H-plane. This is to make the antenna provide a dual band performance and increase the gain. The feeding network utilized in the array is based on the step-loaded matching structure in order to maintain good matching impedance between the input port and the radiation (out) ports. The antenna array is simulated using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The gain of the first frequency band, which has the center frequency 4.35 GHz, is 8 dBi, while the second band is 5.8 dBi at the center frequency 9.8 GHz. Due to simplicity and high gain, the antenna array is of interest of many high gain and long distance applications such as point-to-point communication systems.         

Novel Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna based on Two-Shape Structure

      Recently, most of researches concentrate on design broadband and high gain microstrip antenna with a low profile to fulfill modern communication system requirements. This paper presents a novel design of microstrip patch antenna. The design is based on the number two (Two-Shape) shape using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio.  The novel design is operated at the X-band frequency, and it provides a very wide bandwidth which is around 25 % at the center frequency 10.25 GHz. The antenna realized gain fluctuates between 5.3-7.7 dBi over the entire X-band frequency. The antenna provides a Fan- beam radiation patterns with very low side lobe levels, which are below -10 dB in both of the E- and H-planes. Due to the simplicity and compatibility, it is believed the antenna could be of interest to the radar applications.

Broadband Conformal Monopole Antenna Loaded with Meandered Arms for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy

In this paper, a new conformal monopole antenna is presented. The proposed antenna is suitable for using in wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) as transmitter antenna because of its special structure. The WCE antenna should have particular features, because it will be radiate in human body environment. The WCE antennas specific requirements are: proper size, location, gain, radiation pattern and bandwidth in standard frequency band. The proposed antenna’s basic design is done according to the monopole antenna. Therefore, the antenna radiation pattern is omnidirectional. In order to achieve proper bandwidth the Babinet’s principle is applied to the monopole antenna. Also, the antenna is placed in the capsule’s dome. Finally, the antenna simulations are done with two High Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation and Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio software. The design results show that the antenna gain is − 30 dB and 89% bandwidth in Industrial, Scientific and Medical band. Therefore the proposed antenna will be an appropriate candidate for using in WCEs.

Specific absorption rate reduction of multi split square ring metamaterial for L- and S-band application

In this paper, a framework for investigation on mobile phone and human head interaction are presented for L- and S-band applications. The proposed compact metamaterial design helps to reduce the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value that exposed to the human head. A recent achievement in metamaterial field allows this unusual material widely used in mobile phone applications to enhance the accomplishment and consequently received substantial attention among researchers. Hence, a multi-split square ring metamaterial design developed on a 1.6 mm thick dielectric substrate layer known as Epoxy Resin Fiber (FR-4). Electromagnetic properties of the proposed metamaterial structure were calculated through numerical simulation tool using the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) in Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST). A few designs were used to conduct parametric studies with altering the substrate material, design structure, array arrangement and phone distance from the human head. 0.3–4 GHz frequency range was utilized in this simulation, where the proposed design established resonance frequencies precisely at 1.81 (L-band) and 3.79 GHz (S-band). The measured results show the resonance frequencies occurred at 1.82 and 3.72 GHz. Therefore, with a little bit discrepancy between the numerical and measurement results, it made the comparison was largely in agreement. The SAR value shows that a reduction by 36.87% and 45.54% at L- and S-band respectively for averaged over 1 g of tissue volume. While for averaged over 10 g of tissue volume, integrated metamaterial design in mobile phone reduced by 35.29% and 48.36% at L- and S-band respectively.

Design and parametric simulation of triangle nano-particle structures for the visible and near-infrared frequencies

In this paper, the cross bow-tie nano-antenna (CBNA) with dimensions around wavelength of incident light is designed and simulated, with an emphasis on absorption cross section, absorption and reflection coefficients, as well as the electric field enhancement, in the visible and near-infrared spectral regime. The optical properties of the proposed nano-antenna have been investigated in details based on its geometric parameters and material type (for patch, substrate and the medium surrounding the antenna). Then the array of unit cell of proposed CBNA has been performed. The spectral response of the nano-antenna can be adjusted by geometric parameters, which provides control over the spatial resonance position and electric field enhancement amplitude. The CBNA with due to symmetric shape along the antenna’s length and width, is less sensitive to incident light polarization. Since the polarization of incident light is not selective and this nano-structure can enhance the incident light in both directions x and y, so it will useful for optical energy harvesting. In order to determine the resonance properties of CBNA, computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio(© 1998–2018 CST.), as a three-dimensional electromagnetic field solver based on finite integration technique (FIT), is used for simulations. Commercial software, FDTD (finite difference time domain) Solutions(© 2013–2017 Lumerical Inc.), available from Lumerical corporation, is also used to calculate the amount of absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients of the CBNA.

Study of 5.8 GHz Band-Stop Frequency Selective Surface (FSS)

This paper presents the study of 5.8 GHz frequency selective surface (FSS) acts as a band stop to eliminate unwanted radiation signal at 5.8GHz. The FSS was designed using computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio software. The paper shows the comparison of square loop, octagon loop and hexagon loop of Band stop FSS (BSFSS) performance at 5.8 GHz. Besides, the BSFSS design using four different type of dielectric substrate such as FR-4, TLY-5, Roger RT5870 and Roger RT5880 were compared. The results obviously show that the Rogers RY5880 has the attenuation -44.72 dB. The fabricated FSS were measured by using free space technique with two horn antennas connected to performance network analyzer (PNA). The measured and simulated results were compared. The results show that the square loop FSS structure have the better attenuation -26.76 dB (simulated) and -38.34 dB (measured) at 5.8 GHz.

Double Fibonacci Spiral Microstrip Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications

Double Fibonacci spiral in a circle with microstrip line feeding technique is designed in the frequency range from 0.1GHz to 6GHz. The antenna is designed and simulated in computer simulation technology microwave studio software, substrate Fr-4 with thickness 1.59mm is used and antenna parameters such as return loss, surface current, E-field, H-field and gain are calculated for Double Fibonacci spiral microstrip patch (DFSM) antenna. The antenna is used for ISM (industrial, scientific and medical) frequency band (2.45GHz) and a new unutilized band for next generation services, gain is 2.22dB and 3.16dB and bandwidth is 25.94% and 22.83% on resonating frequencies.

Rectangular Zigzag Microstrip Patch Antenna with Swastik Shape DGS for WLAN, C and Ku-Band Applications

A triple band microstrip-fed patch antenna is presented which contains the radiating structure having rectangular zigzag shape patch and an altered ground structure with a swastic shape design. This modified ground plane actually acts as a defected ground structure (DGS). Both the modified ground plane and radiating patch are perfect electric conductors. The patch is imprinted on a substrate named as Epoxy Glass FR-4 having thickness 1.6 mm, relative permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.0024. The designed microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is able to generate three specific operating bands viz. 11.9–13.6 GHz, 5.71–5.82 GHz, 4.5-4.6 GHz with adequate bandwidth of 1.64 GHz, 110 MHz and 100 MHz and corresponding return loss of -32dB, -23dB, -14.3dB respectively covering Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), C-band and Ku-band applications. A parametric study has been performed for the rectangular slots located in the patch. Proposed MPA is simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Version 14.0 (CST MWS V14.0). Lastly, the fabrication of the proposed antenna with optimized parameters has been accomplished and measured results for S-parameter magnitude have been discussed

Concave Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna using SRR for 5G Applications

A single band microstrip-fed patch antenna is presented which contains the radiating structure having concave shape slots and split ring resonator loaded in the partial ground plane. This partial ground plane has been used to enhance the bandwidth of proposed antenna. Both the partial ground plane and radiating patch are perfect electric conductors. The patch is imprinted on a substrate named as Epoxy Glass FR-4 having thickness 1.6 mm, relative permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.0024. The designed concave shape microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is resonate at single frequency band from 3.4-3.8 GHz with 400 MHz bandwidth and corresponding return loss of -25dB. A parametric study has been performed for the concave shape slots located in the patch. Proposed MPA is simulated using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Version 14.0 (CST MWS V14.0). Furthermore, the radiation performance of antenna in terms of gain and radiation efficiency has been analyzed . The proposed antenna is having a peak gain of 3.2 dB and radiation efficiency of 94%.

Design of transparent microstrip grid array antenna

<p>A transparent grid array antenna of 28 GHz frequency is presented. The radiating element of the antenna is made of ITO thin film and printed on a glass as the dielectric substrate. The simulation of the antenna executed by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software demonstrated at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G band applications. This antenna then compared to the rectangular microstrip patch antenna of the same operating frequency. Structural parameters of the proposed antenna were optimized based on parametric studies done. Grid array antenna gives better performance as it gives 35.7% lower return loss with -43.88 dB, better efficiency and gain with a gain of 7.358 dB, which is more than 40% increases.</p>

Dual element MIMO planar inverted-F antenna for 5G millimeter wave application

This work presents a 28 GHz Dual Element Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Planar Inverted-F Antenna for millimeter wave 5G mobile terminal. The antenna design employs PIFA design concept as it is a common antenna type use for mobile phone as it provides wide bandwidth and good performance. The antenna design begins with a characterization of the single element PIFA design and then extended to Dual Element MIMO PIFA design. The single element PIFA design is enhanced to MIMO design by extending the ground plane and locate the second PIFA at the other end. Isolation between the antenna elements of the MIMO PIFA is analyzed by varying the gap distance between the antenna elements. The result for Envelope Correlation Coefficient, Diversity Gain and Multiplexing Efficiency is also presented. The simulation computed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software.

Nature Inspired Fibonacci Sequence Microstrip Patch Antenna for Energy Harvesting Applications

In this paper, design and simulation of Nature Inspired Fibonacci sequence golden spiral antenna is presented. It is based on the snail’s shell structure which is frequently found in nature. The proposed antenna geometry has its unique design and it is used for energy harvesting applications. For energy harvesting applications rectenna is designed which has an antenna, matching circuit, voltage doubler circuit and load. The antenna is designed in CST (computer simulation technology) microwave studio software. Using CST software S-parameter, surface current, E-field, H-field are simulated and results are analyzed. The antenna is simulated in 3 GHz to 10 GHz frequency band and achieves multiband return loss characteristics and positive gain at respective frequencies.