Computer Monitor Research Articles

Virtual reality application of an enclosed tank as a teaching module for automatic control

In the field of engineering, Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a training option for students to generate practical skills in automatic process control. The article presents a VR application of a closed tank, which allows the introduction of control strategies for the pressure variable, using a microcontroller and a computer. The VR interface was implemented in Unity with the three-dimensional design of the plant shown to the user on the computer monitor, the mathematical model that characterizes the dynamic behavior of the process and the PID control strategy was established in the Arduino Uno module. Communication between the Arduino and the PC was established via RS-232 protocol. The VR environment consists of a panel for the selection and serial connection with the Arduino, also with inputs that allows to evaluate the control strategy as the SetPoint (SP) and the manual valve (a2), which is the actuator to introduce disturbance to the model. With the SP entered to the control system with perturbations of 20, 60 and 90%, the PID control performed well with minimal steady state errors. The dynamic behavior of the process is visualized in the VR environment with the movement of the control valve stem (a1), the process variable (PV) is displayed on the PIT 100-A transmitter and the trends of the variables (SP, PV and CV). The proposal can be replicated to other processes and different variables such as level, flow, etc.

Head-mounted display versus computer monitor for visual attention screening: A comparative study

Visual attention is crucial to many tasks during working. When it is impaired, the risk of occupational accidents is increased. A potential accident prevention would be the tracking of employees' attentional states to construct break regimes. There is a promising visual attention test administered on a computer monitor (CM) that has several advantages over widely used continuous performance tests in detecting inattentiveness in occupational environments. However, as the setup with a CM is impractical for the use in particular working environments (e.g., lack of space or disturbing exposure to light), the test was implemented into a head-mounted display (HMD). This study aimed to investigate whether the HMD version of the test is a suitable alternative to the CM version. For this purpose, participants (N = 30; 20–29 y) performed both tests. The performance on the HMD was significantly lower than on the CM. Moreover, the performances were compared with normative data recorded with a CM in a previous study. These data significantly differ from the data recorded with the CM in the present study. This emphasizes the importance of a standardized test environment, which could be provided by an HMD. Conclusively, this study revealed that the new VR tool, based on a previous test designed to assess visual skills in a complex visual environment, exhibited good psychometric property regarding the reliability. In additional, no problems were revealed regarding the functionality and usability of the HMD.

Reliability of two lumbar motor control tests for people with low back pain that are feasible in clinical practice

BackgroundClinically feasible and reliable methods to measure motor control in people with low back pain (LBP) are lacking. This reliability and measurement error study design (i.e. repeated measurements in stable patients) aimed to determine the intra- and interrater reliability, and measurement errors of several parameters for two clinical lumbar motor control tests. MethodParticipants 18–65 years of age, with current or a history of LBP performed a spiral tracking task (n = 33; i.e., tracing a spiral on a computer monitor by making spinal movements) or a repositioning task (n = 34; i.e., returning the trunk to a predefined position). Accelerometers were used to measure trunk positions. To explore the potential of these tests, we evaluated a broad range of parameters. To assess intra- and interrater reliability, we calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC(2,1) for absolute agreement), standard error of measurement and smallest detectable change for each parameter. FindingsOverall, the interrater reliability of the spiral tracking test was good (ICC>0.75). The reliability of the second and third trial revealed higher ICC values compared to the reliability of the first two trials. The intra- and interrater reliability of the repositioning test was overall poor (ICC <0.5, with the exception of trunk inclination: ICC: 0.5 to 0.75). ConclusionThe reliability and set-up of the spiral tracking test supports its feasibility for clinical use. Considering the poor reliability of the repositioning test, it is doubtful whether further development of this measurement protocol is indicated. Only for the direction trunk inclination further standardisation might be warranted.

Effects of induced aniseikonia on binocular visual acuity

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Binocular visual acuity is an important index of functional performance. Optometrists need to know how binocular visual acuity is affected by aniseikonia, and whether reduced binocular visual acuity is a marker for aniseikonia. Background Aniseikonia, the perception of unequal image sizes between the eyes, can occur spontaneously or can be induced after different types of eye surgery, or trauma. It is known to affect binocular vision, but there are no prior studies about how it affects visual acuity. Methods Visual acuity was measured for 10 healthy well-corrected participants aged 18–21 years of age. Aniseikonia of up to 20% was induced in one of two ways: (1) size lenses, which provided minification of field of view in one eye of each participant and (2) polaroid filters, which allowed vectographic viewing of optotypes on a 3D computer monitor. The best corrected acuity was measured on conventional logarithmic progression format vision charts and isolated optotypes, under both induced aniseikonia conditions. Results Induced aniseikonia caused binocular visual acuity thresholds to increase by small but statistically significant amounts, with the largest deficit being 0.06 logMAR for 20% size differences between the eyes. Binocular visual acuity was worse than monocular visual acuity for aniseikonia of 9% and greater. Acuity measured with the vectographic presentation gave slightly higher thresholds (by 0.01 logMAR) than for those viewed with size lenses. Acuity measured with charts gave slightly higher thresholds (by 0.02 logMAR) than with isolated letters. Conclusion An acuity change of 0.06 logMAR is small and may be missed in a clinical examination. Therefore, visual acuity cannot be used as a marker of aniseikonia in clinical settings. Even with very marked induced aniseikonia, binocular visual acuity remained well within standards for licen*c*sing of drivers.

Histological changes in the rat’s jejunum wall under the conditions of action of common European adder (Vipera berus berus) venom

The numerous components of the venoms of various animal species cause an extremely wide range of effects and symptoms in the recipient’s body. At the same time, the degree of severity of pathological changes is determined, in general, by the type of animal, the volume and method of toxin administration, as well as the characteristic features of the victim. Changes in the structural and functional parameters of the wall of the jejunum under the influence of viper venom are still poorly understood. Research aimed at identifying new components of snake toxins, determining the degree of their influence on the affected organism and using the obtained data for the production of antidotes, and thereby eliminating economic losses associated with snake bites, should be considered extremely relevant. The purpose of the study is to establish the manifestations of damage to the small intestine under the conditions of the action of the venom of the common European adder (Vipera berus berus). The experiment was conducted on 20 non-linear white male rats. During the study, rats were divided into two groups — control and experimental. Poisoning was modeled by intraperitoneal injection of common European adder venom at an ED50 dose of 1.576 μg/g to the rats of the research group. Histological preparations were examined under a SEO SСAN light microscope, images were processed using a Vision CCD Camera with an available image display system on a computer monitor. It was established that under the conditions of action of common European adder venom, the toxic substances of its venom cause destructive-degenerative changes in the relief and stromal-vascular components of the mucous membrane of the organ in the wall of the jejunum. Thus, increasing the permeability of the walls of vessels of the microcirculatory channel, thinning and complete destruction of the walls of hemocapillaries, together with the cytotoxic effect of the poison on erythrocytes, leads to the formation of multiple, small hemorrhages with hemolysis of erythrocytes.

The influence of product digital visual presentation on purchase willingness: effects of roundedness axes and degree

The research examines the influence of digital visual product package presentations on perceived purchase willingness. Subjects pairwise compared the graphical stimuli displayed on a computer monitor. Gathered purchase willingness preference weights were calculated by means of the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique. Two studies focused on the package edge roundedness effect applied along different axes are reported. The first one included the following factors: Roundedness axis defined on three levels (X, Y, Z) and Roundedness degree also specified on three levels (Small, Medium, Large). The second involved Roundedness type (two levels: All edges rounded, Only sides rounded – along one axis) and Roundedness degree (Tiny, Small, Medium, Large). Both package Roundedness axis and Roundedness degree influenced perception and purchase willingness. This research extends existing knowledge by presenting empirical evidence on how a variety of product digital forms influences visual perception and purchase willingness. The results deliver useful and detailed information for practitioners and the outcomes may be applied as guidelines for computer graphics designers preparing visual appearance for articles in electronic shops, websites, banners, or advertisements displayed in networked screens.

Using the method of nonlinear recursive analysis for typifying electroencelography time series data

This paper considers the issue of using the method of nonlinear recurrent analysis to the problem of typing information provided in the form of time series data of electro-encephalograms (EEG) taken from a patient. A technique for determining hidden infor-mation for this series and its use for constructing the corresponding recurrence diagram (RP) at the points of information retrieval are described. It is shown that the use of RP has significant drawbacks associated with the visualization of information on a com-puter monitor screen, so another way of research is proposed - the calculation of nu-merical indicators of RP. Their calculation must be carried out for each point of the sev-enth information, for which it was proposed to take the points (O1, O2, Pz) - these are the right and left occipital and parietal taps. The given RP indicators made it possible to typify the obtained data and determine the type of which was called "HEALTHY-RP", which distinguishes epileptic and non-epileptic EEG types.

A Study on Refractive Error in Patients of Chennai City in India during Covid 19 Pandemic Period

Objectives: To compare the results of techniques Decision Tree, Discriminant, KNN, SVM applied to pre Covid-19 data collected in 2018 and data collected during Covid-19 pandemic period (2020) patients in Chennai city. Methods: The variables in the data are Refractive Error in both left and right eye, Age, Gender, Educational Status, Employment Status, Nature of Job, Working Hours, Working with Computer, Watching TV, Sleeping Hours, Type of Food, Extra Activity, Light in Residence, Light in Work Place, Family Members Wearing Specs, Parents Wearing Specs, Other Disease and Other eye disease. Findings: In this study, 22 classification algorithms were applied to the data, and accuracy results as well as comparisons in two distinct sample sizes were obtained. Although adhering to the strict lockdown regulations helps to prevent the spread of COVID-19, it also negatively affects the visual health of those who are confined to their homes and have limited access to outdoor activities, leading to an excessive confidence on digital screens for studies or leisure. Novelty: Due to public health restrictions, the present Covid 19 pandemic has altered people’s social lives all around the world. As a result, kids have spent more time in front of computer and television monitor screens, which is bad for their eyes. Refractive error affects a significant number of patients in Chennai. Across all kinds of refractive defects, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia constitute the most prevalent. Keywords: Covid19; Refractive error; KNN; SVM; Decision Tree; Discriminant

Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex Induces Specific Influence on Novel Vocabulary Acquisition in Different Learning Environments

The primary motor cortex takes part in various stages of language learning accompanied by human motor activity. However, previous studies of causal relationships between the activation of primary motor cortex and efficiency of language tasks reveal contradictory results, likely due to diverging learning environments and specific movement patterns required by different experimental designs. The goal of this research was to comprehensively investigate the effect of continuous theta-burst magnetic stimulation (cTBS) of the primary motor cortex on the acquisition of new words while modulating the learning environment and the motor response during the learning process. Following cTBS of the primary motor cortex or control conditions (sham and active control cTBS), the subjects (n = 96) completed a novel word learning task, which involved associating visually presented objects with spoken word forms using a virtual reality (VR) or conventional computer monitor environment. In each environment, the subjects were exposed to eight novel words embedded into questions about visual stimulus properties in order to prompt novel associations. Responses to these questions could be performed either by distal or by proximal hand movements. The outcome of the word acquisition was measured using a free recall task immediately after the training and on the next day. The results showed significant differences in the success of recalling new words immediately after the learning session and on the next day only in those subjects who received cTBS of the primary motor cortex; furthermore, this effect was specific to proximal movements in both learning environments. The results suggest that the motor cortex is directly involved in acquiring novel vocabulary during active interaction with the learning material.

Human Machine Interface System for Filling and Capping Process

In this research, bottle filling and capping processes are performed simultaneously in the pharmaceutical factory by using the PC based human machine interface (HMI) control system. In the traditional method of bottle filling process, the bottles are placed onto a conveyor and only one bottle is filled at a time. So, this method is time consuming and expensive as wide working place and many human labors is required. In this research, the proposed design can solve this problem without any complex control by using the HMI automation control system. The monitoring and running conditions in the packaging system are shown on the monitor of computer by using the composed of Visual Basic.Net and Mikro C. It also includes the volume of medical powder is limited by changing the size of filling funnel which is set up of shutter at the top and bottom of funnel. The entire system is more flexible and time saving. A prototype is implemented by using the DC motor, sensing devices; limit switches, peripheral interface controller (PIC) device and serial port communication. These control systems is very flexible, cost effective, space efficient and reduce complexity. PC based HMI control is used for monitoring the process.

Wireless Cursor Controller: Hand Gestures for Computer Navigation

Abstract: This research paper presents a wireless cursor controller system that uses hand gestures to navigate and control a computer's cursor without the need for a traditional mouse. The system employs a fixed position, inexpensive webcam with a high-quality recording feature installed on the top of a computer monitor or a fixed laptop camera. It uses Media-Pipe package for hand tracking and OpenCV for recording motions using computer vision. The system is capable of recognizing hand gestures to perform actions such as left-click, right-click, drag and drop, scroll, and adjust volume or brightness. The proposed system is expected to provide a simple and natural way of communicating for people with hand problems, as well as for those who want to interact with computers more efficiently.

DEVELOPMENTS IN CAD/CAM TECHNOLOGY: POSSIBILITIES FOR DENTAL APPLICATION

Examining CAD/CAM technology and their use in dental treatments is the goal of this study. The computer-controlled technology known as computer-aided design and computer-aided production (CAD/CAM) allows for the design of the material to be generated in 3-dimensions on the computer monitor. Since the 1950s, it's primarily been employed in the aerospace and industrial sectors. The development of CAD/CAM technology in dentistry has made it possible to construct restorations out of high-performance materials that were previously difficult to shape. In the past 20 years, dental CAD/CAM systems have grown in popularity. Since 1984, several CAD/CAM systems have been created, including the Cerec, E4D, Procera, Everest, DCS President, Cercon, and Lava systems. In contrast to conventional impression methods, the advancement of such systems makes it possible to create the restoration in accordance with the features of the restoration and innate dental anatomy, generate the restoration quickly at the patient 's bedside, guarantee the peripheral and inner harmony of the restoration, boost its resistance properties, and offer an improved look and feel.

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВА ДЛЯ УВЕЛИЧЕНИЯ РЕСУРСА ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ АВТОТРАКТОРНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

Improving the technical operation of internal combustion engines (ICE) of automotive equipment (ATT) is inextricably linked with an increase in the efficiency of their maintenance according to the actual state. The studies were carried out on internal combustion engines with resource wear of more than 80%. The method and devices for increasing the resource of the internal combustion engine ATT were proposed in this work, differing from those known in that this process is carried out in a complex way by monitoring the condition of the oil using several sensors. Lightweight and portable unit, consisting of two modules, designed for express analysis of motor oils used in internal combustion engines. Sampling from the sump-crankcase of the operated ATT (without taking it out of service) in the amount of 100 ml. is carried out with a conventional syringe with a hose, through the hole of the dipstick for controlling the oil level. Temperature sensors; contact capacitive and non-contact capacitive; turbidity; induction magnetically sensitive, pH used in the first module of the device to determine turbidity, acidity, the presence of liquid and fine metal particles, etc. Information transmitted from the sensor is displayed on the information screen of the installation, as well as on the computer monitor in the form of graphs. This installation can work autonomously, which will allow it to be used in the field. A method for adding fresh oil to the ICE lubrication system, taking into account the draining of exactly that part of the oil where the main pollutants (deposit) are located, has been developed. Timely diagnostics of the condition and quality of motor oils will allow at an early stage to assess the degree of contamination, and partial draining of the sediment at the bottom of the oil pan will prevent possible breakdowns, and thereby significantly extend the life of the internal combustion engine and ATT as a whole.

Comparing the Perception of In-Person and Digital Monitor Viewing of Paintings

In the context of rapidly developing technologies and widespread online access, it is important to understand how our perception of images on a computer screen may vary from traditional in-person encounters. This research compared the perception of subjects in view of eight paintings, presented either on a computer monitor or as a printed reproduction. Both stationary and mobile eye-tracking technologies were used to analyze the viewing patterns of both forms of engagement. Results suggested that subjects engaging with physical works tended to exhibit more varied fixational patterns than those viewing the same works on a computer monitor. Data showed parity in the high degree of correlation between viewing times and personal preference, regardless of viewing medium. The results indicate that the modalities through which we engage with works of art matter, and that a single image can resonate across an array of media.

Eye and head movements while encoding and recognizing panoramic scenes in virtual reality.

One approach to studying the recognition of scenes and objects relies on the comparison of eye movement patterns during encoding and recognition. Past studies typically analyzed the perception of flat stimuli of limited extent presented on a computer monitor that did not require head movements. In contrast, participants in the present study saw omnidirectional panoramic scenes through an immersive 3D virtual reality viewer, and they could move their head freely to inspect different parts of the visual scenes. This allowed us to examine how unconstrained observers use their head and eyes to encode and recognize visual scenes. By studying head and eye movement within a fully immersive environment, and applying cross-recurrence analysis, we found that eye movements are strongly influenced by the content of the visual environment, as are head movements-though to a much lesser degree. Moreover, we found that the head and eyes are linked, with the head supporting, and by and large mirroring the movements of the eyes, consistent with the notion that the head operates to support the acquisition of visual information by the eyes.

Differences in color fading and recovery under sustained fixation.

More than two centuries ago, Swiss philosopher I. P. V. Troxler announced in 1804 that fixated images fade away during normal vision. Since this declaration, the phenomenon now known as Troxler fading has become the subject of intensive research. Many researchers were eager to find out why we experience image fading and under what conditions image restoration happens. Here, we investigated the dynamics of color stimulus fading and recovery under sustained eye fixation. The objective of the experiments was to find out which colors fade and recover faster under isoluminant conditions. The stimuli were eight blurred color rings extending to 13° in size. Four unique colors (red, yellow, green, and blue) and four intermediate colors (magenta, cyan, yellow-green, and orange) were used. Stimuli were displayed on a computer monitor with a gray background and were isoluminant to the background. The presentation of the stimulus lasted 2min and subjects were required to look at the fixation point in the middle of the ring and suppress eye movements. The task for subjects was to report the moments of change in the stimulus visibility by four stages of stimulus completeness. We found that all investigated colors undergo fading and recovery cycles during 2min of observation. The data suggest that magenta and cyan colors have faster stimulus fading and undergo more recovery cycles, while longer wavelength colors slow down stimulus fading.

The Cloud FIBER-FIT Model for Physical Fitness Check-Up.

Physical fitness refers to the ability of the body to perform tasks or do one of the physical activities well without being tired quickly. The objective of this research is to develop a physical fitness instrument for measuring oneself heart rate, grip strength, and reaction time that could develop a model for a self-check-up on physical fitness which helps to plan the improvement for health which is called the "FIBER-FIT" model. The physical fitness measuring instrument is composed of three modules; (1) heart rate meter module using a green light emitting diode and a photosensor, (2) grip strength meter module using a load cell transducer, and (3) reaction time meter module using a computer graphical function. All modules are controlled by computer programming, LabVIEW. The program could measure the physical fitness parameters in real-time and display the results in graphs, values on a computer monitor. The data could be recorded on cloud storage and could be retrieved for viewing and analyzing from anywhere via the internet. Getting the "FIBER-FIT" model, a physical fitness measuring instrument to evaluate and analyze the results in real time. Overall performance test results were comparable to the standard commonly used instruments. The satisfaction survey scores from the participants were 33.33% and 66.67% for the highest level and the high level, respectively. The Cloud "FIBER-FIT" model is recommended for physical fitness applications for health improvement.

The Effect of Wii Training on Neurocognitive Function in Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability: Matched Randomized Clinical Trial.

Many studies have investigated ankle sprain injury and it has been reported that in 80% of cases, ankle sprains lead to functional ankle instability (FAI). The conventional exercises for FAI rehabilitation neglect the associated neurocognitive dysfunction. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Wii Fit Plus as a virtual reality training on neurocognitive function in athletes with FAI compared to athletes without FAI. In this matched randomized clinical trial study, 25 athletes with unilateral FAI and 25 athletes without FAI were assigned to two groups randomly: 1) the intervention group, subjects performed the Wii training including balance and strengthening games three times a week for 12 sessions and 2) subjects in the control group received no intervention. Before and after the training, the neurocognitive function was assessed through the computerized-reaction time test based on the detection or identification of 'X' mark on a computer monitor. Between-groups and within-group comparisons were done by the independent T-test and paired T-test, respectively. A significant difference was observed in mean differences of neurocognitive function between athletes with and without FAI. Comprising before and after training was significant in the intervention group. Based on the results, the information-processing speed of athletes with FAI increased after the training, utilized for rehabilitation protocols.

Effects of virtual reality immersion on postural stability during a dynamic transition task

ABSTRACT Dynamic postural stability paradigms with virtual reality (VR) provide a means to simulate real-world postural challenges and induce customised but controlled perturbations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a VR unanticipated perceptual sport perturbation on postural stability compared to traditional methods. Sixteen individuals between the ages of 18–23 years (19.5 ± 1.4 years) with no history of injury within 12 months were recruited. A double-leg to single-leg transition task was performed on a force plate in one of the following conditions: eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC), a sport video with a standard non-immersive computer monitor (SV), and VR. The VR and SV conditions used a pre-recorded tackle avoidance task video where participants shifted to a leg in the opposite direction of a simulated opponent, while EC and EO were completed with auditory prompts. Relative to the EO condition, EC and VR induced greater postural instability. The largest effect sizes were between VR and EO for path length (g = 3.57), mean velocity anterior-posterior centre of pressure (CoP) (g = 3.65), and mean velocity medial-lateral CoP (g = 3.27). By including VR, the difficulty of a clinically based postural stability task was increased to the level of EC while accounting for the sporting environment.

Online - Education and training in higher educational institutions of Ukraine: Challenges and benefits

This publication is devoted to the peculiarities of distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from the point of view of students of Ukrainian educational institutions. The study involved 110 participants from two educational institutions in Ukraine. In the course of the research, it turned out that the students highlighted the partial advantages of distance learning (free time for personal development and gaining new experience), as well as the disadvantages - there are no people around who admire you. They also emphasize the features of psychological comfort outside the university classrooms, but only in front of a computer monitor.