Computational Lexicography Research Articles

Lexicographic database as a tool for studying the semantics of ukrainian adjectives

The article describes a lexicographic database developed as a tool for studying the semantics of Ukrainian adjectives. One of the topical issues of computer lexicography is raised – the principles of procedural multi-parameter description of word semantics with non-explicit representation of lexical meaning in an electronic dictionary. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the possibility and feasibility of using a lexicographic database for a multivariate description of the semantics of Ukrainian adjectives in an electronic dictionary by many parameters. The study was conducted on the basis of the electronic form of the explanatory Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language in 20 volumes, which is represented by computer technology in the form of a virtual lexicographic laboratory «Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language». Research methods: lexicographic analysis, descriptive analysis, theory of semantic states. Using the virtual lexicographic laboratory «Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language», the author identifies different ways of interpreting adjectives in the dictionary and analyzes the structure of the lexical meaning of relative adjectives in terms of explicit presentation of information in electronic dictionaries. It is noted that it is advisable to carry out analysis on large arrays of lexicographic material in many parameters using computer methods by building special lexicographic databases. The article describes the lexicographic database developed for the study of adjectival semantics on the basis of the electronic form of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language in 20 volumes. The database also serves as a tool for other research, which is carried out using both traditional research methods and computer technology. By each of the parameters from the database, or by a combination of them, you can generate queries to conduct a specific study.

PUSHKIN’S LANGUAGE: LEXICOGRAPHIC STUDIES IV (TOVARISHCH, DRUG OR PRIYATEL?)

t: This publication continues the series of papers devoted to Pushkin’s language. They describe the results of the analysis of the Lexicographic Corpus of Pushkin’s texts created in the Laboratory of General and Computer Lexicology and Lexicography at the Lomonosov Moscow State University’s Faculty of Philology. The article is devoted to the nouns characterizing interpersonal relations from the point of view of proximity of communication. It considers the basic composition, meaning and use of such words in Pushkin’s texts. They are compared with the modern language and with the description given in the Dictionary of the Academy of Russia and Dictionary of Pushkin’s Language. The analysis shows that Pushkin presents a group of units close to the modern one, but not fully coinciding with it. This group includes the now lost or rarely used words drugin’a, znakometz, znakomka, napersnik. The lexical meaning and use of words from this group also have some differences and peculiarities in comparison with the modern language, which should be taken into account when analyzing Pushkin’s texts. They are analyzed and described with the help of examples from these texts. A special attention is paid to the change of the words drug and priyatel. This problem is discussed on the example of Pushkin’s description of Onegin’s relations with Lensky and Onegin’s relations with the author. The analysis has shown that the types of close interpersonal communication are described in the lexical system of Pushkin’s language in more detail than they are now (due to the pair napersnik — napersnitsa), and the word tovarishch marks interpersonal relations to a much lesser extent than its modern counterpart. At the same time, the words znakomyj, drug, priyatel can be considered and used as rather reliable markers of these relations.

METAPHORS AND METONYMIES IN LATVIAN AND ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE KEYWORD HEAD

Phraseology, often considered a supplementary discipline in the past, now occupies a central place in many fields as an object of interdisciplinary research for cross-cultural and cross-linguistic studies in general and cognitive linguistics, pedagogy, translation, corpus and computational linguistics, lexicography, and psychology. Two databases in Latvian and English are used to extract phraseological units (PUs) with the keyword “head”. The article aims to identify, compare and contrast metaphorical and metonymic Latvian and English phraseological units, discussing the similarities and differences in meanings of the base form of a phraseological unit (PU) and its use in every analysed case. Since metaphor and metonymy are central thought patterns in cognitive linguistics, testing their function in PUs is crucial. Metaphorical and metonymic Latvian PUs and their English counterparts are examined in the cognitive linguistic framework, analysing conceptual metaphors and conceptual metonymies. Corresponding pairs of PUs are studied as one set to establish if they will function similarly. It can be concluded that pairs of PUs in both languages have the same structure, convey equivalent meanings and even have the same type of conceptual metonymy: a part stands for the whole, for instance, divas galvas (ir[1]) gudrākas nekā viena (two heads (are) smarter than one) and its English counterpart: “two heads are better than one”.

Per una terminologia condivisa dei dizionari elettronici/digitali

The contribution analyses the history of the phrases electronic dictionary and digital dictionary with the aim of identifying a shared specialised terminology. It also considers other naming proposals in their relation to the specific typologies, from the point of view of their genesis (first generation or primary if dictionaries are realised directly as computer tools, second generation or secondary if designed as paper-based tools and only subsequently computerised), their nature (first level if computerisation relates only to the text, second level if it also concerns the structure of the entry and thus transforms the dictionary into a real database), and the mode of consultation (introducing the concept of dynamic dictionary). Collaterally, the contribution outlines a history of computer lexicography, with more details on the first realisations.

Від слова до цифри: лінгвостатистичний “портрет” ідіостилю Степана Бандери

Background. The personality of S. Bandera has repeatedly been the subject of research by scholars in terms of non-linguistic categories. However, one of the most expressive aspects of the figure – the linguistic one – has not yet been the subject of systematic and in-depth study. Furthermore, the journalistic heritage of S. Bandera has not yet been subjected to a systematic linguistic and statistical analysis, which renders this study a valuable contribution to the field. The objective of this article is to provide a statistical parameterisation of the lexical and part-of-speech structure of S. Bandera’s texts, based on a textual sample of 10 journalistic articles (first editions). Methods: the method of retrospective editing of the text of reprints, statistical methods (calculation of statistical parameters, comparison of empirical data with the confidence interval of Ukrainian journalism, the method of statistical modelling), and the method of graphical presentation of statistical data. Results: 1) the articles from the 1978 edition were edited retrospectively and the textual material was digitised and categorised in a format suitable for automatic processing; 2) a corpus of all digitised first editions of articles was compiled; 3) the text of the articles – from the first edition and the 1978-edition – were compared; 4) frequency dictionaries in the Ukrainian Language Corpus were compiled based on the reconstructed texts; 5) a stylometric model of statistical research was formed, and several parameters of the statistical structure (lexical and part-of-speech) of S. Bandera’s text were calculated; 6) empirical values of linguistic and statistical parameters calculated manually were compared with confidence intervals of the media style and with the automatically calculated empirical data of the TextAttributor 1.0 web application. Conclusions. The study resulted in the creation of the inaugural lexicographic system of frequency dictionaries in Ukrainian computer lexicography, based on the initial editions of S. Bandera’s articles. The linguistic and statistical modelling of the texts allows us to speak of the systematisation of statistical data and the formation of a linguistic and statistical “portrait” of S. Bandera’s idiolect. This is a set of all empirical data on the statistical structure of his texts, comprising nine statistical parameters, which have been calculated and compared with the confidence intervals of the statistical parameters of the journalistic style of the Ukrainian language in general.

CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN COMPUTATIONAL DICTIONARIES: HISTORY, ACHIEVEMENTS, AND CHALLENGES

The article deals with the factors that led to the emergence of Applied Linguistics, Computational Linguistics, and Computational Lexicography – these are the processes of global digitalization of the world, the expansion of the scale of the scientific and technical revolution in the field of information systems and computer communication, the formation of the knowledge industry, requests on the development of radically new means of creating, storing, transforming and searching for information, as well as the integration of scientific fields. It is noted that at the beginning of the 21st century, lexicography incorporated centuries-old experience of theoretical linguistics and practical linguistics in the works of lexicography, and on the other hand, it received unprecedented development prospects associated with the use of computer technologies. It is emphasized that the social significance of lexicographic products is currently growing steadily. Modern science strives to embody all aspects of acquired knowledge in dictionary form, because dictionaries not only record the totality of certain knowledge, but also serve as a reliable tool for scientific mastering of reality. The works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on the specific topic were analysed. It has been proven that computational dictionaries as a type of social, research or educational communication are the most popular reference materials, a source of access to any type of information (technical, encyclopaedic, linguistic, etc.) due to the fixation of the modern level of knowledge, completeness, accuracy, reliability, a systematic approach to the organization and presentation of knowledge, accessibility, extreme “comfort” for use, etc. Dictionary works are also the goal and result of scientific work on linguistic and technical issues.

Describing Inscriptions of Ancient Italy. The ItAnt Project and Its Information Encoding Process

This article discusses the challenges addressed in the digital scholarly encoding of the fragmentary texts of the languages of Ancient Italy according to the TEI/EpiDoc Guidelines in XML format. It describes the solutions and customisations that have been adopted for dealing with the peculiarities of our epigraphical documentation and with the formalisation of epigraphical information deemed interesting for data retrieval in a historical linguistic perspective. The making of a digital corpus consisting of new critical editions of selected inscriptions is a work carried out in the context of the project “Languages and Cultures of Ancient Italy. Historical Linguistics and Digital Models”, which aims to investigate the languages of Ancient Italy by combining the traditional methods, proper to historical linguistics, with methods and technology proper to the digital humanities and computational lexicography. More specifically, the purpose of the project is to create a set of interrelated digital language resources which comprise: (1) a digital corpus of texts editions; (2) a computational lexicon compliant with the Web Semantic requirements; (3) a relevant bibliographic reference dataset encoded according to the FRBRoo/LRMoo specifications. Additionally, selected textual data and scientific interpretations will be encoded using CIDOC CRM and its extensions, namely CRMtex and CRMinf. The present contribution thus tackles one of the main aspects of the project, and proposes significant innovations in the encoding of critical editions for epigraphic texts of fragmentary languages, which will hopefully foster future interoperability and integration with other external datasets, a paramount concern of the project.

Опыт проектирования электронного учебного словаря фразеологизмов делового английского языка

Importance. Presented the main results of creating an educational dictionary taking into account modern linguodidactic requirements to the process of designing reference aids. The main content of the research is related to the presentation of the process of creating an electronic training dictionary of phraseologisms related to business and economics. The novelty of the research lies in the rapid development of computer lexicography, which makes it necessary to use training dictionaries in teaching a foreign language for professional purposes. Materials and Methods. The study dictionaries of business English, textbooks on teaching English of business and economics sphere, as well as scientific literature and Internet sources are presented. Theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, the method of solid sampling, modeling and design methods, as well as elements of statistical analysis and pedagogical experiment are used as the main methods. Results and Discussion. During the experiment, the indicators improved more than twice, which suggests that the training dictionary helps students to memorize phraseological units better. Results obtained in the research seem to make a certain contribution to the solution of an important problem of formation of terminological competence of students of economic specialties, to the development of digital educational lexicography. Conclusion. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using the developed lexicographic resource in the process of teaching students English in the sphere of business communication, as well as in the possibility of using the developed approaches to dictionary design in the practical activity of compiling electronic dictionaries of English for special (professional) purposes.

Isomorphic Transliteration into the Latin Script of Old Ukrainian and Modern Ukrainian Texts: From the Historical Written Heritage to the Present Linguistic Technologies

This article analyses the Old Ukrainian and New Ukrainian alphabets and proposes a system of their isomorphic (simple-correspondent) transliteration into the Latin script, which is necessary for the effective inclusion of Ukraine in international cooperation in the field of information and linguistic technologies, preservation of historical written monuments, development of multilingual corpus linguistics and computational lexicography. Particular attention is paid to the letters that, during the historical development of the Ukrainian language, have had different readings, particularly <г>, <є>, <и>, <ъ>, <ь>.

The Spectrum of Sense Remoteness in Polysemy: Bridging Computational and Theoretical Lexicography with Psycholinguistics (Part 2)

Ten dwuczęściowy artykułkonsoliduje fakty dotyczące polisemii z zakresu psycholingwistyki oraz leksykografii teoretycznej i obliczeniowej oraz prezentuje wyniki badańilościowych i jakościowych przeprowadzonych na dużym zbiorze danych polisemicznych w języku polskim, na podstawie których proponujemy uszczegółowionąklasyfikacjępolisemii oraz opracowujemy poszerzone spektrum podobieństwa sensów słów wieloznacznych. W drugiej części publikacji wykazujemy, że polisemia nie jest zjawiskiem stabilnym, a relacje między sensami mogąbyćoceniane odmiennie przez różnych mówców w zależności od ich postrzegania świata, wiedzy o życiu i skojarzeń. Wskazujemy na kilka parametrów zróżnicowania, które mogąwpłynąćna ocenępodobieństwa sensów i reprezentacjęw mentalnym leksykonie polisemii przez metonimięi metaforę. ABSTRACT The Spectrum of Sense Remoteness in Polysemy: Bridging Computational and Theoretical Lexicography with Psycholinguistics (Part 2) This two-part paper bridges insights from psycholinguistics and from theoretical and computational lexicography to develop a fine-grained classification of polysemy organized along a wider spectrum of sense remoteness of ambiguous words in Polish based on the investigation of a large collection of linguistic data. In the second part, we show that polysemy is not a stable phenomenon and relations between senses may differ across language users. For instance, our fifty-fifty class or borderline cases may be represented differently by different language users depending on their perception of the world, world knowledge, associations. We point to some parameters of variation in the class of polysemy by metonymy and polysemy by metaphor which may affect their sense remoteness and consequently also the way they are represented in the mental lexicon.

Semantic comparison of texts by the metric approach

Abstract A novel approach to the semantic comparison of texts based on the metric method to calculate semantic distances between lexical units is put forward. The supplementary semantic information is provided through semes of the words composing the texts, or through their semantic fields. The proposed method takes into account semantic polarity and yields, for two paraphrase sentences, more feasible results than the conventional approaches based on word occurrences. The described approach may be useful for linguistic theory as well as for a variety of Natural Language Processing tasks based on supervised learning that require semantic information: computer lexicography, semantic analysis, information search and retrieval, document classification, text summarization, and understanding machine translation and others.

The Spectrum of Sense Remoteness in Polysemy: Bridging Computational and Theoretical Lexicography with Psycholinguistics (Part 1)

Ten dwuczęściowy artykuł konsoliduje fakty dotyczące polisemii z zakresu psycholingwistyki oraz leksykografii teoretycznej i obliczeniowej oraz prezentuje wyniki badań ilościowych i jakościowych przeprowadzonych na dużym zbiorze danych polisemicznych w języku polskim, na podstawie których proponujemy uszczegółowioną klasyfikację polisemii oraz opracowujemy poszerzone spektrum podobieństwa sensów słów wieloznacznych. W pierwszej części publikacji omówiono psycholingwistyczne modele reprezentacji polisemii w mentalnym leksykonie oraz wprowadzono podstawowe spektrum podobieństwa sensów, zaproponowane w literaturze przedmiotu. Przedstawiono też metodologię oraz wyniki badań ilościowych przeprowadzonych dla par sensów wyrazów polisemicznych losowo wybranych ze Słowosieci i pozyskanych dzięki wsparciu Centrum Technologii Językowych CLARIN-PL (polskiej sekcji europejskiej infrastruktury badawczej CLARIN ERIC). Wyniki naszego badania pokazują, że najczęściej reprezentowaną polisemią są następujące typy: polisemia gniazdowa, polisemia przez metaforę i polisemia przez metonimię. W drugiej części publikacji poszerzamy spektrum podobieństwa sensów i uszczegóławiamy klasyfikację polisemii na podstawie badania jakościowego. Przedstawiamy także nowe obserwacje na temat różnych typów polisemii wchodzących w skład tego spektrum, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem polisemii gniazdowej. This two-part paper bridges insights from psycholinguistics and from theoretical and computational lexicography to develop a fine-grained classification of polysemy organized along a wider spectrum of sense remoteness of ambiguous words in Polish based on the investigation of a large collection of linguistic data.1 In the first part, we equip readers with background knowledge on different psycholinguistic views on polysemy and we introduce the basic spectrum of sense remoteness proposed in earlier literature. We also present the methodology of our research and we report the results of our quantitative study based on a large sample of sense pairs randomly extracted from plWordNet This two-part paper bridges insights from psycholinguistics and from theoretical and computational lexicography to develop a fine-grained classification of polysemy organized along a wider spectrum of sense remoteness of ambiguous words in Polish based on the investigation of a large collection of linguistic data.1 In the first part, we equip readers with background knowledge on different psycholinguistic views on polysemy and we introduce the basic spectrum of sense remoteness proposed in earlier literature. We also present the methodology of our research and we report the results of our quantitative study based on a large sample of sense pairs randomly extracted from plWordNet (Słowosieć) thanks to the resources received from the CLARIN-PL Language Technology Center (the Polish section of the European research infrastructure CLARIN ERIC). We show that the most widely represented polysemy types are nested polysemy, polysemy by metaphor and polysemy by metonymy. The second part proposes an extended spectrum of sense remoteness and presents insights on different types of polysemy included in this spectrum with a special attention paid to nested polysemy.

The age of computer dictionary and its problems

60’lı yıllarda bilgisayarların uygulamalı sözlükbilim alanında kullanılması, geleneksel sözlükçülüğün icrasında köklü değişimin habercisi olur. Özellikle 90’lı yıllarda elektronik dilsel verilerin bir araya getirilmesi, 21. yüzyılın başında ise az maliyetli yüksek hızlı geniş bantlı internetin artan kullanımı bu tür çalışmaların hızla artmasına neden olur. Bu gelişmeler eşliğinde kısa süre içerisinde birçok basılı sözlük elektronik ortamda yayınlanır. Elektronik yayınlanan e-sözlüklerin basılı sözlüklere olan üstünlüğü birçok sözlükbilimcinin hemen dikkatini çeker. Ancak başta melezleme (İng. hybridisation) sorunu olmak üzere derlem uyumu, veri güvenilirliği, erişim yolu, özelleştirme, nitelik ve kullanışlılık benzeri sorunlar az kişinin dikkatini çeker. Hâlbuki e-sözlükbilimdeki modern gelişmeler, disiplinin kendisinden beklenenin aşırı derecede artmasına neden olmuş; uygulama alanında köklü değişimin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada başta uygulamalı e-sözlükbilimin tarihî gelişimi yanı sıra bilgisayar sözlükçülüğü kavramının tanımı üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca ilk kez Tarp (2012a, s. 256-268; 2012b, s. 116-117), tarafından tanımlanan teknolojinin e-sözlük üretim sürecindeki aşamalar [taklitçiler (İng. copycats); hızlı atlar (İng. faster horses); model t fordlar (İng. model T Fords); rolls roycelar (İng. rolls royces)] ele alınmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra çağdaş e-sözlüklerde melezleme, derlem, veri güvenilirliği, erişim yolu, kişiselleştirme ve nitelik açısından herhangi bir sorunun olup olmadığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bilindiği üzere e-cihazlar, dilbilimsel ve sözlükbilgisel verileri çözümlemek için dil teknolojisi yazılımına ihtiyaç duyar. Sözlükbilgisel verilerin dil teknolojisi uygulamaları tarafından okunur/anlaşılır olması için dilin ölçünlü olması gerekir. Çünkü e-cihazlar, dillerdeki eksiklik ve/veya hataları algılamada insanlara kıyasla daha hassastır. Bundan dolayı bu çalışma ile e-sözlüklerin -varsa- sorunları tespit edilmeye çalışılmış; tespit edilen sorunların giderilmesi için bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Функціональні особливості електронних словників

. Today concept of "dictionary" expands in the direction of denoting a systematized body of knowledge about a certain problem and acquires well-defined connotations to cognitological structures types of knowledge models. In particular, there is an approach based on the description of the dictionary as an abstract linguistic and information object that has distinguishing features in the form of systemic and structural characteristics. The purpose of the article is to analyze the functional features of electronic dictionaries, to find out their advantages and disadvantages compared to paper ones. Different approaches to determining the differential features of electronic lexicographic resources are highlighted, positive and negative features are revealed. With the development of computer lexicography, compiling dictionaries has acquired new theoretical and practical vectors of research. There is an opinion that an electronic dictionary is an analogue of a paper one in digital format. However, many researchers see the difference between electronic and paper dictionaries not only in the storage media. It has been found that in modern lexicography the understanding of electronic dictionary has evolved from a digital copy of a paper edition to a complex system with a powerful arsenal of functions, a multilevel thesaurus-type depository that in the kind of storing information is close to the human mental lexicon. It is determined that the main advantages of electronic dictionaries are the following: a large amount of lexicographic data, nonlinear structure, integrated description of units, the presence of multimedia objects, interactivity, the ability to manipulate content elements, flexibility, dynamism, openness, fast navigation and advanced full-text search capabilities for various criteria . At the same time, researchers point to some negative features of electronic dictionaries compared to paper ones. In particular, information from them cannot be read without a digital device, required software or network access. Often the increase in the amount of information in the electronic dictionary is not in favor of its quality, the data is posted without proper editing, use unreliable anonymous sources, machine translation errors occur. However, electronic dictionaries are a reality of today, they are popular with the general public due to their accessibility, ease of use and speed of translation, and their research in theoretical and practical aspects is a promising direction in modern lexicography.

СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ С СУФФИКСОМ -ИЗМ КАК СРЕДСТВО НОМИНАЛИЗАЦИИ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

In the article Russian nouns formed with -ism suffix, often containing borrowed roots from other Indo-European languages, are analyzed from the perspective of their syntactic function as nominalization. As nominalization regarded in linguistics as a type of pure syntactic transformation (or “syntactic derivation” according to the definition of Jerzy Kuryłowicz), the -ost’ suffix as a word-formational formant for syntactic derivation is well acknowledged and described. As a contrast, the studied group of nouns with -ism suffix is seldom associated with or regarded as deadjectival nominals in previous works and dictionaries. Our analysis based on explanatory and morpheme dictionaries has shown, the motivational correlation between nouns with -ism suffix and adjectives are described in multiple ways, often contrasted one another. For instance, -isms are described in the morpheme dictionary (Lopantin, Ulukhanov 2016) as deadjectival nouns, while in the Shvedova dictionary as non-derivatives, motivating adjectives of quality. In addition, the seme ‘quality’ is also described variously in the two dictionaries – directly or using synonyms with different formants. The analysis of word-usages of -isms was conducted with the corpus “Russian Newspapers of the End of the XX Century”, developed by the Laboratory for General and Computational Lexicology and Lexicography (Lomonosov Moscow State University). The analysis has shown that the diagnostic context automatically differentiate the usage of -isms as nominalizations are the dependent names of the “feature carrier”, which as a result of nominalization has been moved from the position of subject to a dependent attribute.

CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF DEFINITION PROBLEM OF LINGUISTIC TERMS WITH A METAPHORICAL BASIS AND AN INCONSTANT INNER FORM

The article deals with the issues of practical development of the macrostructure of the author's electronic dictionary-reference, the materials of which are addressed to researchers, creators of terminological dictionaries, including electronic ones, students of linguistic specialties who study the development of Russian science in the 18th century, practical and computer lexicography. The main work procedures are: viewing and analyzing illustrative materials of the dictionary, searching for a term that defines the area (linguistics) and sub-area (prosody / versification; rhetoric; grammar, etc.) of scientific knowledge; establishment of lexical and semantic relationships of terms, characteristics of the main stages of its development (term, pre-term, competition of terms). Research results: substantiation of the need to include the metaphorical nominations of M. V. Lomonosov in the metalanguage of linguistics in order to popularize scientific linguistic knowledge; replenishment of the fund of the electronic linguistic dictionary being created; establishing the relationship of terms within their terminological field (generic, synonymous relations of terms); substantiation of the functions of one-component (one-word) and multicomponent terms; the study of the functioning of the terms, which are based on common vocabulary; studying the main factors of text formation, including those ones that emphasize the individual features of scientific speech, its creative element, figurative potential, as well as additional factors of text formation associated with linguistic categories such as evaluation, emotion.

Translating Methods of English Geological Terms and The Problem of Computer Lexicography

In recent years, much attention has been paid to teaching ESP (English for Specific Purposes), since the study of texts, with their terminology, increases the motivation of the student, replenishes the vocabulary that will be useful in a future profession. When expanding the research topic, the work of scientists who studied the translation of geological terms in different years was analyzed, the names of some minerals were selected, their morphological structure was studied, and compared with the translation. The results of the study showed that to date in Uzbekistan there are no electronic dictionaries on geological terms. Therefore, we believe that in universities where there are areas of geology, we should pay the attention of teachers of foreign languages to teaching English for special purposes, and conduct their research in accordance with this specialty

ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER LEXICOGRAPHY IN AGRICULTURAL MANAGERS EDUCATION

The development of all spheres of public life is associated with the optimization of information processes (collection, storage, processing, transmission of information), so modern society is called information. Modern information and communication technologies play an important role in teaching a foreign language in non-philological higher education institutions. The organization of education using electronic tools allows significant deepening the professional knowledge and optimizing the educational process for students. Modern lexicography has significantly expanded and strengthened its tools with computer technology for creating and using dictionaries. Special programs (databases, computer files, word processing programs) let us automatically generate dictionary entries, store dictionary information and process it. The purpose of the study is to reveal the specifics of computer lexicography use for training managers in a modern agricultural university. To achieve this goal, a set of methods was used: theoretical: comparison and generalization (study of the degree of scientific development of the term “computer lexicography”), analysis, synthesis and generalization of psychological, pedagogical and methodological literature, theoretical forecasting and modeling of computer lexicography to determine scientific bases of the researched problem; empirical: diagnostic methods (interviews, interviews with teachers, questionnaires, analysis of products of professional activity of teachers, which provide philological disciplines in teaching the agricultural managers). The analysis of the problem showed its insufficient representation in modern scientific works. The article characterizes the role of disciplines of the philological cycle in the professional training of higher education students majoring in “Management”; the term “computer lexicography” is defined and its typology is singled out; the conditions for the introduction of computer lexicography in the educational process of agricultural universities are determined; analyzed software for the introduction of elements of computer lexicography in training the marketing specialists in agricultural universities; the positive and negative aspects of the use of computer lexicography as a component of education are revealed. The article for the first time revealed the specifics of the use of computer lexicography in teaching the philological disciplines for the specialty “Management” at the universities in the agricultural sector. The variety of trends in the introduction of computer lexicography at all stages of teaching the discipline is obvious, and, in particular, the variety of approaches to the creation of electronic dictionaries of different types. The obtained results allow deepening the knowledge of future specialists in the field of management, expanding the interests of higher education seekers, simplifying the work of students with special terminology, systematizing the acquired knowledge, improving the quality of philological disciplines through the introduction of information and communication technologies.

MULTIMODAL LEARNER’S DICTIONARY WITH HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL COMPONENTS IN EFL CLASSROOM

This article studies the problem of making a multimodal computer dictionary with historical and cultural components for EFL classrooms. The relevance of the research topic is associated with the development of computer lexicography as a branch of applied linguistics at the intersection with digital humanities and digital pedagogy, as well as with the active development of new methods and tools in the practice of teaching foreign languages. The object of the research is a multimodal learners’ computer dictionary that visualizes semantic changes in lexicon of the English language, in particular, the key lexemes of the thematic field “еducation”. The purpose of this article is to substantiate the problems of creating an educational multimodal dictionary of a historical and cultural type in computer lexicography. One of the objectives of the research is to study the specific semantic features of the units in the thematic field “education” in the multimodal learner’s dictionary. The multimodal dictionary plays an important role in the interaction of the user with the virtual system, where the dictionary is not only an additional reference book but also a multifunctional means of teaching and obtaining information about the culture of the target language countries, including the dynamics of its development. The introduction of such dictionaries into teaching is the key to successful immersion in the culture of the target language country and mastering language competencies. This article presents the elements of typology and principles of building computer dictionaries, notes the role of a multimodal computer dictionary in teaching a foreign language, and proposes a model of a learner’s multimodal dictionary of historical and cultural type for EFL classroom, as well as outlines the stages of dynamic development in English vocabulary.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ МНОГОЗНАЧНОГО СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО «РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ» В РУССКИХ ГАЗЕТНЫХ ТЕКСТАХ

In this paper, the abstract noun real’nost’ is studied based on the newspaper texts included in the electronic corpus ‘Russian Newspapers of the End of the 20th Century’, developed by the Laboratory for General and Computational Lexicology and Lexicography, Lomonosov Moscow State University. The studied word, as well as other polysemic nouns formed with the productive suffix -ost’, may obtain regular concrete meanings besides the meaning of abstract attribute. Due to the polysemic nature of this particular type of nouns, contexts play a rather significant role in understanding and studying them. The purpose of the paper is to identify the semantic and contextual characteristics of the given noun while being used in different meanings in newspaper texts. Based on the corpus data, we have revealed the most frequently used meaning of the word and the contextual characteristics of each particular meaning. The study has shown that in Russian newspaper texts created in the late 20th century, the concrete meaning of the word real’nost’ demonstrates a considerably higher usage frequency than its abstract meaning. The noun also developed a third meaning, as a result of which it can be used in the plural form. In addition, the studied word has been analyzed in a comparative perspective. When it is used in the position of the subject or an actant in original texts in Russian, its abstract meaning can only be expressed by predicates or attributes (subordinate clauses) in Chinese. This proves that the Russian language has a comparatively higher level of ‘communicative fragmentation’, which is mainly based on nouns formed with the suffix -ost’.