Graphical Techniques Research Articles

Graphical, statistical and index-based techniques integrated for identifying the hydrochemical fingerprints and groundwater quality of In Salah, Algerian Sahara.

Groundwater, a predominant reservoir of freshwater, plays a critical role in providing a sustainable potable water and water for agricultural and industry uses in the In Salah desert region of Algeria. This research collected 82 underground water samples from Albian aquifers to assess water quality and identify hydrogeochemical processes influencing mineralization. To achieve this objective, various methods were employed to evaluate water quality based on its intended uses. The drinking water quality index utilized revealed the water potability status, while the indicators of irrigation potability were employed to evaluate its quality for agricultural purposes. Additionally, an assessment of groundwater susceptibility to corrosion and scaling in an industrial context was conducted using several indices, e.g., Langelier index, Larson-Skold index, Ryznar index, chloride-sulfate mass ratio, Puckorius index, aggressiveness index, and the Revelle index. The findings of this study revealed thatthe groundwater quality for consumption fell into four categories: good (2.44%), fair (29.27%), poor (65.85%), and non-potable (2.44%). Concerning agricultural irrigation, the indexical results indicated that 15.85% of the waters exhibited adequate quality, while 84.15% were questionable for irrigation. Calculations based on various corrosion and scaling evaluation indices showed that most wells were prone to corrosion, with a tendency for calcium bicarbonate deposit formation. Furthermore, the hydrochemical study identified three water types: Na-Cl (53.66%), Ca-Mg-Cl (37.80%), and Ca-Cl (8.54%) waters. Analyses of correlation matrices, R-type clustering, factor loadings, Gibbs diagrams, scatterplots, and chloro-alkaline indices highlighted that the chemistry of the Albian groundwater is fundamentally impacted by a number of processes such as silicate weathering, evaporite dissolution, ionic exchange, and anthropogenic inputs, that played impactful role in the aquifer's water chemistry.

Dependence on Tail Copula

In real-world scenarios, we encounter non-exchangeable dependence structures. Our primary focus is on identifying and quantifying non-exchangeability in the tails of joint distributions. The findings and methodologies presented in this study are particularly valuable for modeling bivariate dependence, especially in fields where understanding dependence patterns in the tails is crucial, such as quantitative finance, quantitative risk management, and econometrics. To grasp the intricate relationship between the strength of dependence and various types of margins, we explore three fundamental tail behavior patterns for univariate margins. Capitalizing on the probabilistic features of tail non-exchangeability structures, we introduce graphical techniques and statistical tests designed for analyzing data that may manifest non-exchangeability in the joint tail. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is illustrated through a simulation study and a practical example.

Applying Kano’s two-factor theory to prioritize learning analytics dashboard features for learning technology designers

Existing methods for software requirements elicitation, five-point Likert scales and voting methods for requirements prioritization, and usability and user experience evaluation methods do not enable prioritizing the learning analytics dashboard requirements. Inspired by management and product design field, this research applies Kano’s two-factor theory to prioritize the features of learning analytics dashboards (LADs) of adaptive learning platform (ALP) called Rhapsode<sup>TM</sup> learner, based on students’ perceived usefulness to support designers’ decision-making. Comparing usability and user experience methods for evaluating LAD features, this paper contributes with the protocol and a case applying Kano method for evaluating the perceived importance of the dashboards in ALP. The paper applies Kano’s two-factor questionnaire on the 13 LADs features of Rhapsode<sup>TM</sup> learner. Responses from 17 students are collected using a questionnaire, which is used to showcase the strength of the two-factor theory through five tabular and graphical techniques. Through these five tabular and graphical techniques, we demonstrate the application and usefulness of the method as designers and management are often carried away by the possibilities of insights instead of actual usefulness. The results revealed a variation in the categorization of LADs depending on the technique employed. As the complexity of the techniques increases, additional factors that indicate data uncertainty are gradually incorporated, clearly highlighting the growing requirement for data. In the case of RhapsodeTM learner platform, results based on the students responses show that 11 of 13 LADs being excluded due to low significance level in categorization (technique 1) and low response rate.

Reviving Ancient Splendor: Graphic Restoration of the Mosque of Odina in Uzbekistan

This study delves into the graphic restoration of the historic mosque of Odina in Karshi, Uzbekistan, as part of broader efforts to preserve and repair architectural treasures in post-independence Uzbekistan. Utilizing archival data, historical sources, and scientific research, the study aims to recreate the original appearance and architectural elements of this significant monument. Through meticulous analysis and reconstruction, the project yields detailed insights into the early aesthetics; and construction techniques of the mosque, contributing valuable knowledge to the global discourse on heritage conservation and historical architecture. Higlights: Graphic restoration techniques employed archival data, historical sources, and scientific research for authenticity. The study focuses on recreating the original appearance and architectural elements of the historic mosque of Odina in Karshi, Uzbekistan. Insights gained contribute to global discussions on heritage conservation and historical architecture. Keywords: Mosque Restoration, Historical Preservation, Architectural Heritage

Utilizing Collage Technique in Children's Stories Illustrations

The illustrations in children's stories are an important means of helping the child to understand the written text, develop his aesthetic sense, stir his imagination and gain various types of knowledge. Given the importance and the influence that the story has on a child, stories and story illustrations should receive special attention, both aesthetically and conceptually, in the field of child education. The importance of this study lies in detecting the role of visual arts in presenting delightful stories to the child via the collage technique. This study aims to present a new style for children's stories graphic techniques via the collage style. It also aims at helping children in understanding the stories they read and encouraging them to own these stories. In addition, it aims at creating job opportunities for visual arts graduates by paving the way for them to practice working in the fields of collage and illustrations. The study used the descriptive method and the quasi-experimental design to conduct artistic applications on visual arts students to employ the collage technique in drawing children's stories. The research findings show that collage technique has fine arts potential that can enrich the art students’ creativity in presenting delightful illustrations of children's stories. The results of the study also confirmed the importance of the artist's caring about story illustrations stories as an educational and pedagogical tool for the child. Thus, the study recommends strongly that writing and illustrating children stories be a cooperative work between the writer and the painter due to the importance of their roles. The study also recommends that the academic visual arts programs provide their graduates with the knowledge and the skills related to children's stories illustrations to fill the gap in this field. Keywords: Collage Art. Book Drawing. Fantasy in Stories- illustration Characteristics- Children's Books.

REVISITING TITLE DESIGN IN VERNACULAR CINEMA: A CINE SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS

Indian cinema is a term that refers to films made in India since time immemorial and has greatly influenced world cinema. Indian Cinema includes various regional languages and among them is Tamil cinema that produces films in the Tamil language with a very wide audience. It showcases varied and interesting patterns of visual culture. Film posters play a vital role in exhibiting these visual cultures and serve as the essence of a film’s soul. Film posters have a deep-rooted relationship with Indian cinema and one of the important parts of these posters is the title design. Title designs are synonymous with the story of the film with a view to create a visual force. The title designs have a modern facelift in the digital era. The use of new graphic techniques, expressive typography, composition, and color creates a lasting impact particularly in new age film title designs. The current research aims to examine the title designs in Kollywood film posters using a semiotics approach. Analysis is done based on the following aspects such as structural parameters, relationship with the theme of the film, context of use and production techniques.

Physical physiognomies of hybrid Karmarkar stars

Our current study intends to investigate the peculiar features of a Hybrid compact star that is both static and anisotropic, wherein the core consists of strange quark matter, while regular baryonic matter is distributed in its crust. The relationship between the pressure of strange quark matter and density within the stellar interior is described using the simplest form of the phenomenological MIT Bag model equation of state: Pq=13(ρq−4Bg). On the other hand, the radial pressure and matter density resulting from baryonic matter are correlated through a straightforward linear equation of state: Pr=mρ. Apart from that, we also incorporate the Karmarkar condition, which establishes a connection between the two components of the metric potentials, specifically grr and gtt. For one metric potential, we presumptively choose a specific model i.e. eλ=1+a2r2(1+br2)4, and the Karmarkar condition leads to us the second potential. Moreover, the Einstein field equations are solved by using Karmarkar technique, and additional identification of the unknown constants is carried out using some physical constraints. We employ both graphical and analytical techniques to assess the physical plausibility of our suggested framework. More specifically, we focused on seven compact stars as candidates for strange quark stars in this investigation. For this purpose, the existing observational data of the compact objects were compared to theoretical mass–radius estimates. Furthermore, a series of physical tests has been conducted to substantiate the physical feasibility and stability of our proposed model. These experiments encompass both analytical and graphical assessments and involve examining various aspects, such as the dynamic balance of applied forces, compactness factor, energy conditions, surface redshift, and other relevant parameters. In conclusion, our comprehensive analysis reveals that the present system fulfills all the essential physical requirements necessary for a realistic representation of the hybrid compact star. Moreover, the model demonstrates suitability for conducting in-depth investigations pertaining to strange quark stars. The adherence to physical prerequisites and the potential for further exploration make our current model a promising candidate for studying and understanding the intriguing properties of such astrophysical objects.

A novel method for accurate pressure drop prediction in horizontal and near horizontal pipes using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system based model

Effective flow line and piping network design depends on the accurate prediction of pressure drop in multiphase flow for horizontal and near horizontal pipes. Since early 1950, several empirical correlations and mechanistic models have been developed to predict pressure drop. All correlations used by the industry, in addition to their applicability limitations, fall short of providing the necessary precision of pressure drop predictions. However, compared to empirical correlations, the recently developed mechanistic models improved pressure drop prediction. To design and construct more dependable and economical surface piping networks and wells, it is still necessary to improve prediction accuracy. This study uses the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to create a model that predicts pressure drop in horizontal and near-horizontal pipelines with greater accuracy and simplicity. Using the ANFIS method, the fuzzy modelling procedure can gather knowledge about a set of data to determine the membership function parameters that will enable the associated fuzzy inference system to track input/output data most effectively. The model was created and tested using field data encompassing various variables. The model was developed using 450 different data sets that were collected from the Asian continent. 113 data sets were used for testing, and a total of 337 data sets were used for training. Trend analysis was carried out during the model development phase prior to the model’s completion. This is performed to make sure the model is stable and to make sure the created model is physically sound and accurately simulates the real physical process. To determine the percentage of error between the predicted value and the actual measured data, statistical analysis was carried out. To compare the performance of the new ANFIS model to earlier empirical correlations and mechanistic models, graphical and statistical techniques were also used. The new model outperformed known correlations and the most recent mechanistic models by a significant margin in producing incredibly accurate pressure drop predictions. The Dukler et al. empirical correlation, Beggs and Brill empirical correlation, Xiao mechanistic model, and Gomez mechanistic model had values of 25.284, 20.940, 30.122, and 20.817, respectively, while the ANFIS model had a value of 13.256 for the lowest average absolute percentage error. Additionally, the Duckler and Beggs & Brill models came in second and third, with values of 0.908 and 0.906, respectively, and the ANFIS model had the highest coefficient of determination at 0.955.

IMPLEMENTASI KEGIATAN EKSTRAKURIKULER KEAGAMAAN UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN KETERAMPILAN PESERTA DIDIK DI MTS AL- JAMIYATUL WASLIYAH TEMBUNG

It is hoped that this exploration will provide an explanation of the background to the implementation of strict extracurriculars to grow students' Islamic abilities at MTs Al-Jamiyatul Wasliyah Tembung, how to implement strict extracurriculars to grow students' Islamic abilities at MTs Al-Jamiyatul Wasliyah Tembung, and their impact. regarding strict extracurricular Islamic abilities of students at MTs Al-Jamiyatul Wasliyah Tembung, supporting and suppressing variables for extracurricular strict Islamic abilities of students at MTs Al-Jamiyatul Wasliyah Tembung. This exploration includes a clear subjective examination and the type of exploration is contextual analysis using information gathering procedures, namely: free guided interviews, member perceptions (participatory) and documentation. Meanwhile, the information inspection strategy uses graphic investigation techniques, which include: information reduction investigation, information display, and confirmation. The consequences of this exploration show that: The reason for strict extracurricular activities is that there is no division of learning time in the field of religion. The implementation of strict extracurricular exercise is carried out simultaneously, especially on Saturdays from 3 to 4, including: extracurricular implementation of hadrah, extracurricular implementation of qiraah, implementation of extracurricular recitation of the yellow book, implementation of extracurricular tartil, implementation of extracurricular calligraphy. Strict extracurricular branches include: Hadrah: talented students playing hadrah and shalawat music, Qira'ah: Reading the yellow book: Talented students read qiraah very well. polite student behavior, Tartil: students who are good at reading the Koran according to the rules of recitation, Calligraphy: students who are talented in calligraphy drawing lessons. Supporting and inhibiting factors for strict extracurriculars include: Supporting variables for strict extracurriculars are that the place is spacious and the hardware is accessible. while the inhibiting factor is the absence of equipment, the extracurricular supporting element of qiraah is the place, the members are students who already have basic skills in qiraah, while the inhibiting variable is the students' indifference and enthusiasm, the extracurricular supporting component of recitation of the yellow book of students is not difficult to supervise and is an advantage large number of students while the oppressive element is insufficient time allocation, the supporting variable for extracurricular tartil is the place and school that disciplines students to immediately enter learning tartil while the inhibiting factor is the number of students being too many and not enough time, the supporting variable for extracurricular calligraphy is students who are very energetic and serious during education and the obstacle is the portion.

EXECUTION OF GRAPHIC STILL-LIFE WITH INK AS THE BASIS FOR MASTERING THE LANGUAGE OF GRAPHICS

The article represents detailed stages and results of performing graphic still-lifes with ink in three main techniques: "lines", "spots", "hatches". Examples and types for setting still-life or alternative using photo images taken from open sources with mandatory changes and introduced details are given. Also the principles and examples for performing graphic and tonal sketches are presented, as an important stage in the search for a composition, which are reproduced on formats of graphic still-lifes through their spot solution to be the most objective and expressive. The technique for making a "cardboard" – a preparatory drawing and transferring the image to the formats of three graphic still-lifes is presented. The usage of tonal graphic sketches and "cardboard" is suggested along with traditional manual techniques and computer (digital) graphics technology. The principles and methods for using lines when creating a graphic still-life in the appropriate technique and variants of performing graphic still-lifes in the techniques of "lines", "spots" in comparison with each other are presented. The principles of division and combination of white and black with variants of their combinatorics are considered on the examples of graphic still-lifes in the "spot" technique. The stages for performing graphic still-lifes in the "hatching" technique, from the disclosure of large tonal gradations to the generalization of the work, are considered in detail. The methods for using different hatching techniques on different parts of the image of a graphic still-life are given. By the separate block for each section of the specified three graphic techniques the parallel between graphic still-lifes as educational tasks and graphic works of professional artists of Ukraine and the world is demonstrated.

Inferring inequality: Testing for median-preserving spreads in ordinal data

. The median-preserving spread (MPS) ordering for ordinal variables has become ubiquitous in the inequality literature. We devise statistical tests of the hypothesis that a distribution G is not an MPS of a distribution F. Rejecting this hypothesis enables the conclusion that G is more unequal than F according to the MPS criterion. Monte Carlo simulations and novel graphical techniques show that a simple, asymptotic Z test is sufficient for most applications. We illustrate our tests with two applications: happiness inequality in the US and self-assessed health in Europe.

A Survey of Artificial Life and Nature-inspired Techniques in Computer Graphics and Visualization

A Survey of Artificial Life and Nature-inspired Techniques in Computer Graphics and Visualization

ЗОБРАЖАЛЬНІ ЗАСОБИ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ ВІДЕОКОНТЕНТУ НА ВІЙСЬКОВУ ТЕМАТИКУ

<p><em>The article highlights various aspects of visual means of video content on the YouTube channel of one of the leading units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. It can be argued that this popular type of broadcasting also forms a certain type of mass communication, the target audience of which is mainly military personnel and recruits who consider this or that unit as promising for military service.</em></p><p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the research is to analyze visual media as a component of video content, namely, directing, videographer work, sound accompaniment and editing, to find out their functions in the perception of this content, as a tool for forming a comfortable perception of information on the example of local materials distributed on the Internet.</em></p><p><strong><em>The research methodology</em></strong><em>. In the research process, such methods were used as: systematization, for the study of theoretical material; critical review; analysis (for the study of expressive means of video content); synthesis (to establish a connection between the applications of audiovisual tools and to synthesize the successful experience of their combination); comparison (to compare the same means of information transmission in different video materials), monitoring and observation (to identify specific audiovisual tools).</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the visual means of the video content of the military unit intended for public communication, the color solution of the video content, computer graphics techniques and filming was carried out. We considered visual media as a component of video content and clarified their functions and role in information perception.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance. </em></strong><em>The obtained results can find practical application in organizing the work of PR specialists in state structures, military educational institutions, as well as for further research in the field of military communication technology in general. Also, the results can be applied for the factual addition of disciplines related to the subjects of journalism and social communications, in particular, for the specialties «Audiovisual art and production», «Journalism», «Advertising and public relations». In addition, they can be useful as a source base for further scientific, methodical and practical developments to scientific and pedagogical workers of military educational institutions for the creation of educational materials and units for effective advertising to attract volunteers, etc.</em></p><p><em>It was found that a number of visual means of the analyzed video content include (but are not limited to) the following elements: cross-editing, editing by size, aerial photography, first-person view, color correction, etc. All these tools, beyond any doubt, have a significant impact on the formation of citizens’ opinions and effective transfer of experience.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> visual media, montage, video content, Russian-Ukrainian war, mass media, visual image, cinematography.</em></p>

Assessing the Quality of YouTube's Incontinence Information after Cancer Surgery: An Innovative Graphical Analysis.

Prostate and colorectum cancers rank among the most common cancers, and incontinence is a significant postsurgical issue affecting the physical and psychological well-being of cancer survivors. Social media, particularly YouTube, has emerged as a vital source of health information. While YouTube offers valuable content, users must exercise caution due to potential misinformation. This study aims to assess the quality of publicly available YouTube videos related to incontinence after pelvic cancer surgery. A search on YouTube related to "Incontinence after cancer surgery" was performed, and 108 videos were analyzed. Multiple quality assessment tools (DISCERN, GQS, JAMA, PEMAT, and MQ-VET) and statistical analyses (descriptive statistics and intercorrelation tests) were used to evaluate the characteristics and popularity, educational value, quality, and reliability of these videos, relying on novel graphical representation techniques such as Sankey and Chord diagrams. Strong positive correlations were found among quality rating scales, emphasizing agreement. The performed graphical analysis reinforced the reliability and validity of quality assessments. This study found strong correlations among five quality scales, suggesting their effectiveness in assessing health information quality. The evaluation of YouTube videos consistently revealed "high" quality content. Considering the source is mandatory when assessing quality, healthcare and academic institutions are reliable sources. Caution is advised with ad-containing videos. Future research should focus on policy improvements and tools to aid patients in finding high-quality health content.

Sustainability data distortions: the use of visual impression management techniques in corporate sustainability reporting

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the utilization of visual impression management techniques within sustainability reporting. Specifically, the study aims to determine whether Italian companies employ impression management tactics in the presentation of graphs within their sustainability reports and, thus, problematize visual data communication in corporate social responsibility (CSR).Design/methodology/approachThe research adopts a multimodal content analysis of the 58 sustainability reports from Italian listed companies that are GRI-compliant. The analysis focused on three types of graphs: pie charts, line graphs and bar graphs. In total, 860 graphs have been examined.FindingsThe study found evidence of graphical distortion techniques being employed by companies in their sustainability reports to create a favorable impression. Specifically, graph distortions are found in column graphs and not in line or pie charts. In particular, selectivity, presentation enhancement and measurement distortion techniques seem to be extensively used when adopting column graphs in sustainability communication. Moreover, social sustainability–related topics tend to be more represented of other area of CSR reporting. This suggests that companies, whether consciously or unconsciously, engage in impression management techniques when using graphs in their sustainability reports.Social implicationsThe study findings suggest that more consciousness is needed for companies when engaging in the construction and selection of graphs in their sustainability reports and that decision-makers should develop a clear guide for ethical visual communication.Originality/valueThe paper systematically analyzes visual impression management techniques in communicating sustainability data and, in particular, advances literature on graphical distortion. The value lies in empirical evidence of distortion adoption in GRI-compliant reports as well as problematizing visual data communication as a fundamental challenge for sustainability communication management.

Z-Splat: Z-Axis Gaussian Splatting for Camera-Sonar Fusion.

Differentiable 3D-Gaussian splatting (GS) is emerging as a prominent technique in computer vision and graphics for reconstructing 3D scenes. GS represents a scene as a set of 3D Gaussians with varying opacities and employs a computationally efficient splatting operation along with analytical derivatives to compute the 3D Gaussian parameters given scene images captured from various viewpoints. Unfortunately, capturing surround view (360° viewpoint) images is impossible or impractical in many real-world imaging scenarios, including underwater imaging, rooms inside a building, and autonomous navigation. In these restricted baseline imaging scenarios, the GS algorithm suffers from a well-known 'missing cone' problem, which results in poor reconstruction along the depth axis. In this paper, we demonstrate that using transient data (from sonars) allows us to address the missing cone problem by sampling high-frequency data along the depth axis. We extend the Gaussian splatting algorithms for two commonly used sonars and propose fusion algorithms that simultaneously utilize RGB camera data and sonar data. Through simulations, emulations, and hardware experiments across various imaging scenarios, we show that the proposed fusion algorithms lead to significantly better novel view synthesis (5dB improvement in PSNR) and 3D geometry reconstruction (60% lower Chamfer distance).

The Application of Image Graphic Visual Communication Techniques in Artistic Creation from the Perspective of Digital Media

Abstract This paper first studies the connection between computer image graphics and visual communication and analyses the use of image graphics and visual communication technology in artistic creation. It denoises the image and proposes a method for enhancing blurred light images based on visual communication technology. It also outlines the process of applying computer graphic image processing technology to the field of visual communication design. Then VR technology is combined with visual communication and art design, a 3D image virtual reconstruction system based on visual communication effects is designed, and a 3D image graphical visual art creation method is constructed. Finally, we analyzed the impact of virtual reality art creation in terms of aesthetic evaluation, experience impact, and satisfaction. The results showed that the simple main effect of expression was significant when intensity was perceived for three different types of emotions, as shown by the simple effect analysis of expression on the type of emotion, which were FA(2, 160)=43.05, p<0.001, FB(2, 160)=10.45, p<0.001, and FA*B(2, 160)=12.36, p <0.001. This study complements the research on virtual aesthetics and, at the same time, provides a new research direction for the diversified and integrated development of art.

Graphical Password Scheme Based on Color Hint Approach

Generally, textual password is the most used kind of authentication technique. However, this authentication type is vulnerable to a lot of attacks. Users using this kind of authentication techniques are at the risk of exposing vital organizational data or even password to attacks such as phishing, shoulder surfing, brute force and dictionary attacks etc. This is the major reason why a new authentication type is required, in other to minimize these threats or attacks, graphical authentication techniques were developed. But this authentication also faces attacks such as shoulder surfing and guessing attacks etc. In this paper, a graphical password scheme based on color hint approach has been developed and analyzed. The scheme authenticates users in two different ways which are: using an image to select different password click points and using secret color hint and transparent shapes as a way for the user to know the position of the click points after it had been reshuffled on the selected image. The project will be limited to the reliability, efficiency, ease of use and friendliness of graphical user interface during the user authentication. The system has been able to minimize or reduce the problem of shoulder surfing and guessing attacks.

Integration of Process Modeling and Six Sigma for defect reduction: A case study in a wind blade factory

The energetic and environmental crisis currently being experienced around the world has brought an exponential growth on the demand for wind energy, and, consequently, real challenges for companies in this sector. Since this industry is relatively new, its production processes require a significant amount of human intervention and have a high variability in the process and high lead times. Therefore, there is a need to focus on the quality of the processes and their improvement. This paper presents the use of the Six Sigma DMAIC approach integrated with Business Process Management, to reduce the number of defects and the repair time in a leading wind blade manufacturing company in Portugal. During the measurement and analysis phases, data was collected to understand the performance of the process and to identify the main problems and their causes. The data was analysed through several graphical and statistical techniques. In the analysis phase, process modeling was also utilized, using Business Process Model and Notation, to identify the critical steps that are responsible for producing the majority of defects. One month after beginning to use this approach, it was possible to notice a reduction in the number of defects by more than 30%, in the repair time by 14%, and an increase in the process sigma level by more than 100%. Thus, this hybrid approach has allowed the company to become more competitive and responsive to the constant growth in demand.

Tri-Decadal Review on Personal Finance and Financial Well-Being

Individual money management directs funds to significant paths to achieve financial well-being. This study aims to analyse the articles already published in this research area and explore the future scope of expansion of this study. Systematic mapping and bibliometric analysis of 497 articles from the Scopus database were done to identify the trends in the study of personal finance and financial well-being for the last three decades. Researchers have used theoretical, graphical, and visualisation techniques to understand this drift to analyse and portray the results. It was found that research in the field of personal finance and financial well-being was protracted and made its impact in this research arena. Its trend has felt pervasive lately because of the rising relevance in the current trend patterns resulting from the advancements in various scenarios like technology and the availability of funds. The study will help researchers and other stakeholders to find unexplored avenues related to personal finance and attaining financial well-being for future research. The study is conducted because of the novelty in this area and this gap has motivated the researcher to adopt quantitative and qualitative techniques to explore this research avenue. The study directs us toward the conclusion that personal finance and financial well-being have a wider scope to expand in various multidisciplinary areas.