Computer Fonts Research Articles

"View Wisps of Smoke Rising from The Stove Again"

Chinese calligraphy is the carrier of cultural heritage and has profound cultural connotations. The origin of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to the ancient oracle bone inscriptions and Chinese bronze inscriptions period, which has a history of several thousand years. It is a key element of Chinese culture and an important means to inherit China's excellent traditional culture in the new era. Under the impact of information technology and “fast food ” culture, various computer fonts and personalized fonts have emerged, and people tend to use some "odd" fonts, and their cultural awareness is gradually weakened. In the new era, Chinese calligraphy culture is full of vigor, which requires us to deeply understand the essence of calligraphy culture, respect history and culture better, enhance cultural identity, and firmly believe in culture. We should adapt to the development of science and technology, using artificial intelligence technology to add new energy to traditional culture, inherit the historical context better, create an atmosphere where everyone strives to be a cultural inheritor, and carry forward the spirit of writing.

The inversion effect in word recognition: The effect of language familiarity and handwriting.

Humans have expertise with visual words and faces. One marker of this expertise is the inversion effect. This is attributed to experience with those objects being biased towards a canonical orientation, rather than some inherent property of object structure or perceptual anisotropy. To confirm the role of experience, we measured inversion effects in word matching for familiar and unfamiliar languages. Second, we examined whether there may be more demands on reading expertise with handwritten stimuli rather than computer font, given the greater variability and irregularities in the former, with the prediction of larger inversion effects for handwriting. We recruited two cohorts of subjects, one fluent in Farsi and the other in Punjabi, neither of whom were able to read the other's language. Subjects performed a match-to-sample task with words in either computer fonts or handwritings. Subjects were more accurate and faster with their familiar language, even when it was inverted. Inversion effects were present for the familiar but not the unfamiliar language. The inversion effect in accuracy for handwriting was larger than that for computer fonts in the familiar language. We conclude that the word inversion effect is generated solely by orientation-biased experience, and that demands on this expertise are greater with handwriting than computer font.

Method of Colors and Secure Fonts Used for Source Shaping of Valuable Emissions from Projector in Electromagnetic Eavesdropping Process

The protection of information processed electronically involves a large number of IT devices from computer sets or laptops to monitors, printers, servers, etc. In many cases, classified information processing might be associated with the use of projectors, which are an indispensable element of meetings for a limited group of people. Such devices are connected to computers through interfaces of various analogue and digital standards and can become an additional source of unwanted emissions, and the distinctive features of these emissions allow the information displayed to be unwantedly reproduced. This paper offers evidence of the existing threat related to electromagnetic infiltration of several projectors, by showing images reconstructed from registered revealing emissions. The paper presents an analysis of several solutions that can be used to reduce the level of infiltration susceptibility of projectors or to highlight this property in the device assessment process. The possibilities of using special computer fonts and the so-called method of colors—background color and text color—is analyzed. The tests were carried out on randomly selected projectors in two independent laboratories, and, based on these results, a number of interesting conclusions have been highlighted at the end.

Assessing the Security of TEMPEST Fonts against Electromagnetic Eavesdropping by Using Different Specialized Receivers

The main topic of the present paper is the printed text protection against electromagnetic infiltration. There are many solutions to protect such data. One of these methods is the one that uses computer fonts that are characterized by special shapes. The suitability of the solution has to be confirmed by many tests and analyses. An important element of such researches is the class of receiving devices used. In the case of measurements of the valuable emissions arising from electronic data processing of the printed text, typical receivers that are used for measurements of electromagnetic compatibility cannot be used. They have to be dedicated devices for measuring the very low level of signal that arises unintentionally. The sensitivity of the receiver must be very high in wide measuring bands. In addition, in order to assess the method of preventing electromagnetic infiltration, it is important to verify it by independent institutions. An additional advantage is the use of different receivers in the assessment process. This paper presents the results of studies made regarding the suitability of two sets of fonts with special shapes (secure symmetrical and secure asymmetrical) in secure information processing. The analysis of the fonts was based on visual examination, a basic method of preliminary assessment of electromagnetic emissions correlated with processed text information, of the images reproduced from unwanted emissions. The tests were carried out at two independent institutions, Military Communication Institute—Poland, Special Telecommunications Services—Romania, using three different types of receivers: Tempest Test System DSI-1550A, Rohde & Schwarz FSET22 and Rohde & Schwarz FSWT. The images obtained in the two independent laboratories with different setup and test equipment confirmed thus without doubt the possibility of using special fonts as the solution against an effectiveness of electromagnetic infiltration. The above assessment is correct, regardless of the used receiver and the environment of implementation of the secure fonts.

Font Design—Shape Processing of Text Information Structures in the Process of Non-Invasive Data Acquisition

Computer fonts can be a solution that supports the protection of information against electromagnetic penetration; however, not every font has features that counteract this process. The distinctive features of a font’s characters define the font. This article presents two new sets of computer fonts. These fonts are fully usable in everyday work. Additionally, they make it impossible to obtain information using non-invasive methods. The names of these fonts are directly related to the shapes of their characters. Each character in these fonts is built using only vertical and horizontal lines. The differences between the fonts lie in the widths of the vertical lines. The Safe Symmetrical font is built from vertical lines with the same width. The Safe Asymmetrical font is built from vertical lines with two different line widths. However, the appropriate proportions of the widths of the lines and clearances of each character need to be met for the safe fonts. The structures of the characters of the safe fonts ensure a high level of similarity between the characters. Additionally, these fonts do not make it difficult to read text in its primary form. However, sensitive transmissions are free from distinctive features, and the recognition of each character in reconstructed images is very difficult in contrast to traditional fonts, such as the Sang Mun font and Null Pointer font, which have many distinctive features. The usefulness of the computer fonts was assessed by the character error rate (CER); an analysis of this parameter was conducted in this work. The CER obtained very high values for the safe fonts; the values for traditional fonts were much lower. This article aims to presentat of a new solution in the area of protecting information against electromagnetic penetration. This is a new approach that could replace old solutions by incorporating heavy shielding, power and signal filters, and electromagnetic gaskets. Additionally, the application of these new fonts is very easy, as a user only needs to ensure that either the Safe Asymmetrical font or the Safe Symmetrical font is installed on the computer station that processes the text data.

Unknown Unknowns in Map Preparation for Historical Atlases

Unknown Unknowns in Map Preparation for Historical Atlases

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION OF AND FONTS

The article deals with the peculiarities of the legal protection of typefaces with the help of various institutions of intellectual property law: industrial designs, copyright, trademarks and trade secrets. It is concluded that fonts can be protected as industrial designs in class 18-03 of the International Classification of Industrial Designs. It is also determined that the specifics of the legal protection of fonts by copyright in modern conditions consists in their dualistic nature: on the one hand, fonts are independent objects of copyright and are protected as graphic works, (сomputer bitmap font is a digital form of expression of a typeface and therefore also protected as a graphic work); on the other hand, computer vector fonts are subject to legal protection as computer programs. In the Institute of trademarks, the font can be considered as a) goods of the 09th and 16th classes according to the ICGS, b) the distinguishing characteristic of the designation, c) the work that is reproduced in the mark. Legal protection of the source code of computer fonts is possible through the Institute of trade secrets.

TEMPEST font counteracting a noninvasive acquisition of text data

The protection of information against electromagnetic penetration has huge significance. Different solutions, technological or organizational, are used to protect the information-limiting levels of unintentional emissions. In particular, technological solutions are implemented in commercial devices to limit levels of electromagnetic emissions. Nevertheless, such solutions cannot always be used. This is connected with the construction of these devices. Very often the devices do not have enough space on the inside to install new elements such as lters, electromagnetic shielding, and others. In the paper a new solution is proposed. The solution does not change the construction of the devices (e.g., printers, screens). The new method is based on computer fonts called TEMPEST fonts (safe fonts). In contrast to traditional fonts (e.g., Arial or Times New Roman), the new fonts are devoid of distinctive features. Without these features the characters of the new fonts are similar each other. At the output of the information infiltration channel the characters of the TEMPEST fonts limit the possibilities of recognition of characters that appear on the reconstructed image. The image is reconstructed based on an electromagnetic emission, which is correlated with the process information. In this paper the dominance of the TEMPEST fonts over the traditional fonts and Sang Mun fonts in the protection of information against electromagnetic penetration is demonstrated. The TEMPEST fonts have wider use. They are also resistant to optical character recognition programs. The use of the TEMPEST fonts in special systems allows the safe processing of data while displaying them on the screen as well as printing them on laser printers, especially on laser printers with LED slats.

The Unwanted Emission Signals in the Context of the Reconstruct Possibility of Data Graphics

In its operation, every electrical device generates electromagnetic disturbance signals. They can be due to the operation of components of the device (step motors, heaters, control circuits, or electronic circuits). Quite often such signals have the characteristics of the data processed on such devices. They can have the form of a text. In each case, such signals are undesirable. However, they can be used to reproduce such data or, in other word, to conduct the process of electromagnetic infiltration. In the case of video signals (graphic mode of a computer, a laser printer), then the reproduced data can be presented in the form of graphic images that can be easily assimilated by people. Such images are transformed in order to find the data that is of interest. Reproduction of such data may lead to a disclosure of classified information. There are many solutions that should counter the process of reproduction of such data. Such solutions are implemented in the design of equipment and influence, to a lesser or greater extent, the appearance of the equipment, as well as the related organizational methods. A new method that can be used in electromagnetic protection of process data is a software solution. It involves the use of appropriate computer fonts. The article presents the possibilities related to shaping the form of video signals. For this purpose, appropriate shapes of the letter characters of computer fonts were recommended. Unlike characters in standard fonts (Arial and Times New Roman), they do not have the unique decorative elements (serif), such as hooks, connectors, heels, arches, and ribbons, and consist of only vertical and horizontal lines [5]. There are no slanted and crooked lines. Due to this, the characters are often very similar. This greatly contributes to the impossibility to differentiate between the letter characters in the reproduced image that is filled with noise and numerous disturbances. The graphic elements being searched, having the form of strings of letters, cannot be read. The digital image processing methods intended to improve the quality of the image are quite ineffective. In search for graphic characters, such as computer font letter and digit characters, one can use methods based on the similarity of the standard with a portion of the analyzed image. However, when special fonts are used, the correlation method generates many false decisions, which also prevents reading text data.

In the Footsteps of Leibniz: A Visit to Wolfenbüttel, Germany

Submissions should be uploaded to http://tmin.edmgr.com or sent directly to Dirk Huylebrouck, huylebrouck@gmail.com G ottfried Wilhelm Leibniz surely belongs in the ranks of famous mathematicians. Many relations and theorems carry his name. Even more influential perhaps are contributions not bearing his name, such as the binary system or the use of the term function for univalent relationships. But, like many scientists of his time, Leibniz is better described as a universal scholar than as a mathematician. In 1691, after serving the duke at Hannover as counselor and librarian for 15 years, Leibniz was also appointed librarian in the residence town of Wolfenbuttel in a neighboring duchy of Northern Germany. The library was considered one of the most important of its time; it was even referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World. Leibniz served as librarian for the next 25 years, in what we would call today a part-time position, commuting about 70 km eastbound from Hannover to Wolfenbuttel. One of his lasting contributions as librarian at Wolfenbuttel was his development of the decimal classification for cataloguing. Known today as the Herzog August Bibliothek (or HAB for short), the library is of international importance particularly for its collections from the medieval ages to early modernity. From a mathematical perspective one of the HAB’s gems is a booklet entitled Demonstratio Nova Theorematis Omnem Fvnctionem Algebraicam Rationalem Integram Vnus Variabilis In Factores Reales Primi Vel Secvndi Gradvs Resolvi Posse (‘‘New proof of the theorem that every algebraic rational integral function of one variable can be factored into real factors of first or second degree’’). This dissertation of Carl Friedrich Gauss contains the first rigorous proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra; it has been housed at the HAB since it took over the university library of Helmstedt. The ducal university at nearby Helmstedt was closed a decade after Gauss graduated in 1799. The Gaussian dissertation is occasionally on display in the HAB. If not, the interested visitor can read the original in the reading room. Advance notice to the library is recommended, however. Opening hours and contact information can be found on the HAB’s webpage [1] (even in Latin for those who prefer). For those who cannot make it to Wolfenbuttel, the HAB’s contribution to a modern and even larger library provides web access to this work [2]. For the mathematically interested, the HAB offers further reasons for a visit, whether for other mathematics-related works of the 15th to 19th centuries or for the works of Hermann Zapf, the designer of many modern computer fonts. Parts of the library’s collection of Zapf’s work are on permanent exhibition. Not restricted to any visiting hours is a stele displaying various figures related to mathematics and its applications. It is located at the northern rim of the Wolfenbuttel main

Synthesizing queries for handwritten word image retrieval

We propose a method to perform text searches on handwritten word image databases when no ground-truth data is available to learn models or select example queries. The approach proceeds by synthesizing multiple images of the query string using different computer fonts. While this idea has been successfully applied to printed documents in the past, its application to the handwritten domain is not straightforward. Indeed, the domain mismatch between queries (synthetic) and database images (handwritten) leads to poor accuracy.Our solution is to represent the queries with robust features and use a model that explicitly accounts for the domain mismatch. While the model is trained using synthetic images, its generative process produces samples according to the distribution of handwritten features. Furthermore, we propose an unsupervised method to perform font selection which has a significant impact on accuracy. Font selection is formulated as finding an optimal weighted mixture of fonts that best approximates the distribution of handwritten low-level features. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is an effective way to perform queries without using any human annotated example in any part of the process.

A statistical handwriting model for style-preserving and variable character synthesis

Synthesizing handwritten-style characters is an interesting issue in today’s handwriting analysis field. The purpose of this study is to artificially generate training data, foster a deep understanding of human handwriting, and promote the use of the handwritten-style computer fonts, in which the individuality or variety of the synthesized characters is considered important. Research considering such two properties together, however, is very rare. In this paper, a handwriting model is proposed to synthesize various handwritten characters while preserving the writer’s individuality from a limited number of training data, using a statistical approach. The proposed model is verified in single- and multiple-stroke characters, such as Arabic numbers, small English letters, and Japanese Kanji letters. Synthesized characters are evaluated in three ways. First, they are analyzed visually using the selected samples, and the relationship between the training and synthesized characters is explained. Second, the personalities and varieties of all the data are evaluated using a conventional writer verification method. Third, a questionnaire is developed and administered to evaluate the subjective responses of the users regarding the personal styles of the synthesized characters. The results prove that the proposed model stably synthesizes personalized characters by being invariant to the number of training data, whereas the variety increases gradually as the data increase.

Reading words, seeing style: The neuropsychology of word, font and handwriting perception

The reading of text is predominantly a left hemisphere function. However, it is also possible to process text for attributes other than word or letter identity, such as style of font or handwriting. Anecdotal observations have suggested that processing the latter may involve the right hemisphere. We devised a test that, using the identical stimuli, required subjects first to match on the basis of word identity and second to match on the basis of script style. We presented two versions, one using various computer fonts, and the other using the handwriting of different individuals. We tested four subjects with unilateral lesions who had been well characterized by neuropsychological testing and structural and/or functional MRI. We found that two prosopagnosic subjects with right lateral fusiform damage eliminating the fusiform face area and likely the right visual word form area were impaired in completion times and/or accuracy when sorting for script style, but performed better when sorting for word identity. In contrast, one alexic subject with left fusiform damage showed normal accuracy for sorting by script style and normal or mildly elevated completion times for sorting by style, but markedly prolonged reading times for sorting by word identity. A prosopagnosic subject with right medial occipitotemporal damage sparing areas in the lateral fusiform gyrus performed well on both tasks. The contrast in the performance of patients with right versus left fusiform damage suggests an important distinction in hemispheric processing that reflects not the type of stimulus but the nature of processing required.

Why Typefaces Proliferate Without Copyright Protection

Classic economic theory predicts that without copyright protection authors and publishers would not have sufficient incentive to invest the time or money needed to produce or distribute new works, and the public would suffer a shortage. Copyrights are an attempt to solve this problem. By granting a monopoly to the author of an expressive work the government gives him the sole right to copy it. If only the author has this right, authors will get a reasonable rate of return, and thus a sufficient incentive to create new works. However, empirical evidence on whether adequate expressive works would be created without copyright protection is hard to come by. This is a little disturbing. Copyrights, being monopolies, come with significant economic and social costs. Too-broad copyright protection often works, paradoxically, to stifle innovation. Where is the evidence going to come from? Almost everything that could be copyrightable subject matter has been made to be. However, there are some industries that do not receive strong intellectual property protection yet manage to be innovative, generating many new expressive works. Not very many industries operating in intellectual property law’s open areas have been written about despite the seeming importance of identifying and cataloging them. This paper adds to that list by analyzing the mechanisms that allow typeface designs to proliferate despite being unprotected by copyright. These mechanisms include technological forces, industry norms, fashion-like cycles, and the practice of bundling computer fonts with software. Technology compels innovation when new designs are made to compensate for the limitations of newly introduced technology. At the same time, the digitization of type design has made typefaces easier and cheaper to produce while allowing features, not previously feasible, the market comes to demand. Norms within the type design industry are effective at mitigating plagiarism within it. Even when norms fail, typefaces, especially those that require the most time and investment to design, are resistant to plagiarism. Furthermore, while typefaces as computer fonts are subject to file-sharing, more damaging to prices is the practice of designing and bundling computer fonts with operating systems and other software to enhance their appeal. Typefaces are also subject to the vagaries of artistic movements and fashion-like cycles. As tastes change, which they do rather quickly, new typefaces have to be made to comport with the new aesthetic. Advertising and the advertising industry is an important cog in this process, helping to speed the fashion-cycle. Together, these mechanisms work to yield a large number of typeface designs. This challenges, at least in some instances, the orthodox justification for granting copyrights.

Slavistische Linguistik 2004/2005. Referate des XXX. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens Klagenfurt, 13. - 17. September 2004 und Referate des XXXI. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens Freudenstadt, 19. - 23. September 2005 by T. Berger , J. Raecke , T. Reuther (review)

SEER, Vol. 87,No. 1,January 20og Reviews Berger, T., Raecke, J. and Reuther, T. (eds). SlavistischeLinguistik2004/2005. Referate desXXX. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens Klagenfurt, 13. iy . September2004 und Referate desXXXI. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens Freudenstadt, ig. 23 . September2005. Slavistische Beitrage, 453. Otto Sagner, Munich, 2006. 466 pp. Illustrations. Tables. Notes. Bibliogra phies. 46.00 (paperback). The sixteen articles published in thisvolume are based on papers given at the thirtiethand thirty-first sessions of the conference of Slavists fromGerman speaking countries, known as the Konstanzer Slavistisches Arbeitstreffen, which were held inKlagenfurt in 2004 and in Freudenstadt in 2005. The subjects dealt with come broadly under the heading of linguistics and a wide range of Slavonic languages are on view. Some of the authors gave papers at both conferences and are thus represented here by two articles. In one of his articlesWolfgang Girke examines the syntactic peculiarities ofRussian vdrug, vnezapnoand neozidanno; in the other he analyses Russian constructions with ibo,potomu cto, ved' and zacem. Aspect in Russian complements modified by numerals or measurements is the subject ofHans Robert Mehlig's contribu tion. Edgar Hoffmann raises the question of the transitional status, between the common noun and the proper noun, of the 'eventonym' (name of a political event) with examples fromRussian and Czech. Sebastian Kempgen considers the outstanding needs of Slavonic philologists for special sorts in computer fonts. The editors have not seen fitto reveal which papers were given at which session, but clues sometimes emerge from the text. Jochen Raecke, for example, in one of his articles, reveals that it originated at the meeting held 'inKlagenfurt among Slovenes' (p. 340). His thoughts there on the decline of Slovene inCarinthia led him to contemplate more generally the question of Slavonic languages in decline in the lightofDavid Crystal's book Language Death (Cambridge, 2000). That Carinthian Slovene is still living, however, is confirmed by Herta Maurer-Lausegger's account of a project at the Univer sity ofKlagenfurt to document on filmboth acoustic and visual aspects of dialects and folk culture from informantswho can remember the days before electrification. The impact of political independence on Ukrainian, leading to the growth of surzyk,a Ukrainian-Russian hybrid, is examined by Bernhard Brehmer, observing evidence from internet communications. The use of both verbal and graphic representations of animals in Soviet propaganda is demonstrated with illustrations and dissected by Daniel Weiss. The language of the smallest Slavonic nation is represented in an article byWalter Breu and Lenka Scholze, who analyse theposition of the verb in indicative sentences in modern colloquial Upper Sorbian, observing certain similarities toGerman but concluding thatUpper Sorbian word-order preserves itsautonomy despite total bilingualism. The levels of clarity, originality and rigour in thisvolume vary, as is almost inevitable in collective enterprises of this kind. Hardly REVIEWS IO5 anyone is likely to read it from cover to cover, but for some readers some itemswill be useful. HertfordCollege,Oxford Gerald Stone Tosi, Alessandra. Waiting for Pushkin: Russian Fiction in theReign ofAlexander I (i801-1823). Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics, 44. Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York, 2006. 429 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. 85.00: $106.00 (paperback). As Alessandra Tosi states in the introduction toWaitingfor Pushkin, 'Russian prose fiction of the age of Alexander I (1801-25) has been left largely unexplored in recent scholarship, both inRussia and in theWest' (p. 11). Whereas the poets of the era (Tosi mentioned Batiushkov, Zhukovskii and Gnedich) have enjoyed both scholarly prominence and relative popular appeal, the prose of the firstquarter of the nineteenth century has often been marginalized, a result of 'the teleological view of literaryhistory as an evolu tion toward the great achievements in the 1830s and 1840s' (p. 11).Accord ingly,Tosi sets herself the task of recuperating this lost legacy, providing 'an overview of the intense literaryactivity' (p. 11) that occurred during the reign ofAlexander I, and stimulating 'itsreintegration intoRussia's literaryhistory' (p. 12).To do this,Tosi combines a broad historical and cultural overview of the period with a number of close readings of texts that are held to be both representative of contemporary trends and aesthetically rewarding in their own right. Many of these are not the works normally associated with specific authors: thediscussion...

History and technology of computer fonts

Computer fonts have become widely popularized through the use of the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows software systems. This technology has been evolving for more than 30 years and has a number of underlying technologies that support the current high level of utility and quality.