Computational Devices Research Articles

Comparing Data Quality and Response Behavior Between Smartphone, Tablet, and Computer Devices in Responsive Design Online Surveys

Mobile device usage in online surveys has steadily increased in recent years. As mobile devices differ, for example, in their handling, from computers, device effects within online surveys are found for several data quality indicators. However, results concerning these device effects are neither comprehensive nor conclusive because existing research are often based on non-optimized designs or do not account for the type of mobile device, for example, smartphone or tablet. This study uses data from the emigrant sample of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) a probability-based online survey ( n = 4,888)—which made use of a mobile-optimized design—to compare data quality between smartphone, tablet, and computer respondents. Propensity score weighting was employed to account for device choice selectivity effects. The data quality indicators showed mixed results and smaller data quality differences across computers, smartphones, and tablets compared to previous studies. Higher dropout rates on mobile devices and here especially on smartphones remain the major challenge for survey participation, especially on small screens. However, our results render mixed-device data collection via mobile-optimized online surveys as a promising data collection approach, especially for exploiting the large response potentially associated with smartphone and tablet respondents.

Size-invariant two-in-one image secret sharing scheme based on gray mixing model

TiOISSS (Two-in-One Image Secret Sharing Scheme) can reconstruct the secret through computation and realize secret preview recovery when the power system is destroyed or the network is paralyzed. However, the visual quality of previewing images obtained by the existing TiOISSS is not satisfactory and usually affected by pixel expansion. To resolve the two problems, this paper introduces multiple gray values in the share image generation stage and establishes an optimization model to obtain the grayscale probabilistic matrix needed in the encoding stage. By using the probability matrix, a secret sharing algorithm is designed to obtain size-invariant shares with multiple gray values. Then, the secret information of another image can be shared and embedded into the multi-level gray shares through Lagrange polynomials over finite fields. In the decryption stage, the electronic shares can be directly superimposed based on a gray mixing model, or they can be printed to transparent films by a multi-level gray printer and then superimposed to obtain the preview image. If computational devices are available, a high-resolution gray image can be obtained by Lagrange interpolation over finite fields. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme is effective for generating shares without pixel expansion and improving the preview image quality.

Energy Efficient and Differentially Private Federated Learning via a Piggyback Approach

This paper aims to develop a differential private federated learning (FL) scheme with the least artificial noises added while minimizing the energy consumption of participating mobile devices. By observing that some communication efficient FL approaches and even the nature of wireless communications contribute to the differential privacy (DP) preservation of training data on mobile devices, in this paper, we propose to jointly leverage gradient compression techniques (i.e., gradient quantization and sparsification) and additive white Gaussian noises (AWGN) in wireless channels to develop a piggyback DP approach for FL over mobile devices. Even with the piggyback DP approach, information distortion caused by gradient compression and noise perturbation may slow down FL convergence, which in turn consumes more energy of mobile devices for local computing and model update communications. Thus, we theoretically analyze FL convergence and formulate an energy efficient FL optimization under piggyback DP, transmission power, and FL convergence constraints. Furthermore, we propose an efficient iterative algorithm where closed-form solutions for artificial DP noise and power control are derived. Extensive simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of energy efficiency and privacy preservation.

ANALISIS KUALITAS WEBSITE BURSA EFEK INDONESIA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE GTMETRIX

The Indonesia Stock Exchange is an institution that organizes and provides facilities for securities in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the quality of how effective and efficient the Indonesia Stock Exchange's website is which can be accessed by all people to get information that is faster and updated for users. Website performance measurement testing is carried out using website performance testing tools with GTMetrix, which can provide website scores and recommendations to improve the performance of the Indonesia Stock Exchange website and speedtest.net is used to measure the internet speed of computer devices by conducting analysis. The results of testing the Indonesia Stock Exchange's website were obtained using GTmetrix to produce an overall score which showed that the Indonesia Stock Exchange's website reached grade A with a green color indicating a percentage of 91%, indicating that the performance of the Indonesia Stock Exchange's website received a very good score. From the results of this performance, it can be concluded that the higher the percentage, the faster the website can be accessed.

Topological Insulators: Novel Phases of Matter with Unique Electronic Properties

Abstract: Topological insulators represent a fascinating class of materials that have garnered significant attention in the field of condensed matter physics. These unique materials exhibit insulating behavior in their bulk, while simultaneously possessing conducting surface or edge states that are topologically protected against backscattering and immune to certain types of disorder. This intriguing combination of properties arises from the intricate interplay between topology, the geometrical properties of quantum wavefunctions, and the electronic band structure of the material. Topological insulators hold immense potential for revolutionizing various fields, including electronics, spintronics, quantum computing, and energy-efficient devices. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of topological insulators, delving into their theoretical foundations, material realizations, experimental observations, and potential applications. By bridging the gap between theoretical concepts and experimental discoveries, this work aims to shed light on the remarkable properties of these novel phases of matter and their implications for future technological advancements.

TA2Viewer: A web-based browser for Terminologia Anatomica and online anatomical knowledge.

TA2Viewer is an open-access, web-based application and database for browsing anatomical terms and associated medical information on a computer or mobile device (https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/). It incorporates the official digital version of the second edition of Terminologia Anatomica (TA2) as published by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT), and adopted by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and other associations. It provides a dynamic and interactive view of the Latin and English nomenclatures. The organizational hierarchy of the terminology can be navigated by using a scrollable, expandable, and collapsible structured listing. Interactive search includes the official TA2 terms, synonyms, and related terms. TA2Viewer also uses TA2 term information to provide convenient access to other online resources, including Google web and image searches, PubMed, and Radiopaedia. Using cross-references from Wikidata, which were provided by the Wikipedia community, TA2Viewer offers links to Wikipedia, UBERON, UMLS, FMA, MeSH, NeuroNames, the public domain 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy, and other data sources. In addition, it can optionally use unofficial synonyms from Wikidata to provide multilingual term searches in hundreds of languages. By leveraging TA2, TA2Viewer provides free access to a curated anatomical nomenclature and serves as an index of online anatomical knowledge.

The lived experiences of play and the perspectives of disabled children and their parents surrounding brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) offer promise to the play of children with significant physical impairments, as BCI technology can enable disabled children to control computer devices, toys, and robots using only their brain signals. However, there is little research on the unique needs of disabled children when it comes to BCI-enabled play. Thus, this paper explored the lived experiences of play for children with significant physical impairments and examined how BCI could potentially be implemented into disabled children’s play experiences by applying a social model of childhood disability. Descriptive qualitative methodology was employed by conducting four semi-structured interviews with two children with significant physical impairments and their parents. We found that disabled children’s play can be interpreted as passive or active depending on one’s definition and perceptions surrounding play. Moreover, disabled children continue to face physical, economic, and technological barriers in their play, as well as play restrictions from physical impairments. We urge that future research should strive to directly hear from disabled children themselves, as their perspectives may differ from their parents’ views. Also, future BCI development should strive to incorporate video games, recreational and entertainment applications/platforms, toys and switch-adapted toys, and power wheelchairs to better support the play of children with significant physical impairments. Implications for Rehabilitation Assistive technology research should strive to examine the social, infrastructural, and environmental barriers that continue to disable and restrict participation for disabled children and their families through applying a social model of childhood disability and other holistic frameworks that look beyond individual factors Future research that examines the needs and lives of disabled children should strive to directly seek the opinions and perspectives of disabled children themselves Brain-computer interface development should strive to incorporate video games, recreational and entertainment applications/platforms, toys and switch-adapted toys, and power wheelchairs to better support the play of children with significant physical impairments

Digital Space as a Scene of Extremist Crimes

Innovations in digital communications determined a trend for a sustainable causal link between technological diversity and qualitative changes in the mechanism of extremist crimes. Essentially, the processes of global informatization led to a paradigm shift, and the methods of transforming social behavior based on digital communications and social engineering technologies became some of the key elements in influencing the minds of the objects of extremist indoctrination. Due to this, it is necessary to offer a forensically grounded definition of digital space as a scene where extremist crimes are committed with the purpose of developing recommendation for identifying, capturing and systematizing evidentiary and other forensically relevant information, developing a forensic characteristic and then using it to understand the mechanism of suchlike criminal acts. The methodological basis for the research is the general dialectic method of research cognition. Besides, some general and special research methods were used: systemic-structural, formal-logical, statistical, specific-sociological, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy. Data consolidation and modelling were also carried out. According to the author, in order to understand the mechanism of trace formation in the digital environment, it is necessary to identify changes resulting from the electromagnetic interactions between the signal and the environment in which the signal was processed, and to understand what factors influenced the process of electromagnetic interactions. Consequently, in order to identify, capture and establish a link between digital traces and electromagnetic interactions, it is necessary to establish a crossover mutual relationship between a computer device, a digital infrastructure element, as well as an event of interest to the subject of the investigation or an action that has left its reflection. For the extremist crimes committed in the digital space, it is expedient that the crime scene should be interpreted as the place where key criminal extremist actions were committed. Essentially, it is the place where extremist content was uploaded, the information and telecommunication network of the digital space was entered, and the criminal action of extremist nature was then committed, regardless of the place where its consequences happened.

Study on the Sodium-Doped Titania Interface-Type Memristor.

Memristors integrated into a crossbar-array architecture (CAA) are promising candidates for analog in-memory computing accelerators. However, the relatively low reliability of the memristor device and sneak current issues in CAA remain the main obstacles. Alkali ion-based interface-type memristors are promising solutions for implementing highly reliable memristor devices and neuromorphic hardware. This interface-type device benefits from self-rectifying and forming-free resistive switching (RS), and exhibits relatively low variation from device to device and cycle to cycle. In a previous report, we introduced an in situ grown Na/TiO2 memristor using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and proposed a RS mechanism from experimentally measured Schottky barrier modulation. Self-rectifying RS characteristics were observed by the asymmetric distribution of Na dopants and oxygen vacancies as the Ti metal used as the adhesion layer for the bottom electrode diffuses over the Pt electrode at 250 °C during the ALD process and is doped into the TiO2 layer. Here, we theoretically verify the modulation of the Schottky barrier at the TiO2/Pt electrode interface by Na ions. This study fabricated a Pt/Na/TiO2/Pt memristor device and confirmed its self-rectifying RS characteristics and stable retention characteristics for 24 h at 85 °C. Additionally, this device exhibited relative standard deviations of 27 and 7% in the high and low resistance states, respectively, in terms of cycle-to-cycle variation. To verify the RS mechanism, we conducted density functional theory simulations to analyze the impact of Na cations at interstitial sites on the Schottky barrier. Our findings can contribute to both fundamental understanding and the design of high-performance memristor devices for neuromorphic computing.

A3C: An Image-Association-Based Computing Device Authentication Framework for People with Upper Extremity Impairments

Current computing device authentication often presents accessibility barriers for people with upper extremity impairments (UEI). In this paper, we present a framework called Accessible image-Association-based Authentication for Computing-devices (A3C) , a novel recognition-based graphical authentication framework specifically designed for people with UEI to authenticate to their computing devices. A3C requires users to provide a set of primary images that the user knows that are recognizable to them and subsequently associate each primary image with a secondary image. To evaluate the efficacy of the A3C framework, we instantiated the framework by implementing a version of A3C called A3C-FA , which uses images of faces of people the user knows as the primary image and animal images as the secondary image. We then performed three studies to evaluate A3C-FA: a shoulder-surfing attack study ( N=319 ), a close-adversary attack study ( N=268 ), and a usability study with people with UEI ( N=14 ). We found that A3C was robust against both shoulder-surfing and close-adversary attacks. We also performed a detailed study to evaluate the accessibility of A3C-FA. Our participants reported that A3C-FA was more usable and more secure than the authentication approaches with which they were familiar. Based on these findings, we suggest four areas of future research to further improve the design of A3C framework.

Correlation and collective behaviour in Adler-type locally coupled oscillators at the edge of chaos

Dynamical systems can be analysed as computational devices capable of performing information processing. In coupled oscillators, enlarged capabilities are expected when the set of units is formed by subsets with collective behaviour within them but weak correlation between the subsets. A system of non-linear oscillators weakly coupled in the phase approximation is studied. The informational distance maps show different regimes of collective behaviour, ranging from independent, local, and global, as the control parameters of the system are changed. This rich set of behaviours happens despite the simple nature of the model used. Complex hierarchies between oscillators can be identified near the edge of chaos region in the informational distance dendrograms. We identify the emergence of local collective regimes, further corroborated by the spatiotemporal maps. Correlation diagrams also exhibit non-trivial dependence for the system at the edge of chaos.

Robust residual convolutional neural network based pupil tracking for low-computational power applications

Existing Deep Fully Convolutional Network (DFCN) based pupil segmentation models have been shown to perform robust and accurate pupil detection. However, they lack high computational resources when real-time predictions for low computational wearable devices such as Raspberry Pi are of interest. Simple FCN (Fully Convolutional Network) models, on the other hand, can provide real-time yet not as accurate predictions with low computational power devices. In this study, we address this dilemma by proposing a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network)-based model, Residual CNN, with several advanced operations such as residual connections, Squeeze and Excitation (SE) attention, and Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) to improve the prediction performance without complicating the model. Moreover, we leverage transfer learning by training synthetic images, then fine-tuning them with authentic eye images. We also fully quantize our model parameters to speed up the predictions and apply the Quantization Aware Training (QAT) strategy to obtain accurate predictions. Our experiments show that our quantized Res-CNN model trained by QAT strategy with 40x30 resolution images provides robust yet real-time predictions with an average of 1.351 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the pupil center predictions and 8.317 ms response time per image on Raspberry Pi.

Field-free deterministic switching of all-van der Waals spin-orbit torque system above room temperature.

Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials hold promise for the development of high-density, energy-efficient spintronic devices for memory and computation. Recent breakthroughs in material discoveries and spin-orbit torque control of vdW ferromagnets have opened a path for integration of vdW magnets in commercial spintronic devices. However, a solution for field-free electric control of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) vdW magnets at room temperatures, essential for building compact and thermally stable spintronic devices, is still missing. Here, we report a solution for the field-free, deterministic, and nonvolatile switching of a PMA vdW ferromagnet, Fe3GaTe2, above room temperature (up to 320 K). We use the unconventional out-of-plane anti-damping torque from an adjacent WTe2 layer to enable such switching with a low current density of 2.23 × 106 A cm-2. This study exemplifies the efficacy of low-symmetry vdW materials for spin-orbit torque control of vdW ferromagnets and provides an all-vdW solution for the next generation of scalable and energy-efficient spintronic devices.

The Cybercrime Acts and the Electronic Transaction in International Law

Cyberthreats “Cybercrime” is a “criminal offence that may be committed on or through a computer system generally connected to a network”. As a result, it is a new type of crime and delinquency that varies from previous forms in that it takes place in a virtual location known as “cyberspace”. In recent years, the democratisation of computer access and the globalisation of networks have both played a role in the growth of cybercrime. In fact, not isolated and the institutions in several States are fully aware of the seriousness of this phenomenon, which goes beyond the borders of each State. If all members of Jordan’s criminal justice system are unaware of sophisticated computer and electronic device technologies, cybercrime will continue to rise. Despite technological developments and the information revolution, some states limits the subject of criminal protection to cash and fails to protect information funds against fraudulent acquisition.International law plays a significant role in combating cybercrime and establishing guidelines for cooperation among nations.

Strategi Sukses untuk Bisnis Pengetikan dan Fotokopi di Era Digital

This article explores the store labeled "Komputer dan Fotokopi Salwa" as the main object of study. Focusing on market surveys, typing and photocopying industry trends, online marketing strategies, and key success factors in the typing and photocopying business, this research aims to provide in-depth insights into the dynamics of business in the current digital era. Through data analysis including market surveys that record that 70.2% of jobs require computer devices and similar ones, and 39.9% require document duplication and/or binding, this article presents a comprehensive understanding of market needs and preferences. Additionally, with the majority of respondents (79.8%) having access to computers and laptops, but only a small percentage owning a printer (28.7%), this article highlights the challenges and opportunities faced by the typing and photocopying industry. This analysis provides a foundation for effective online marketing strategies and identifies key success factors that can help businesses like "Komputer dan Fotokopi Salwa" to grow and maintain their position in the current competitive market.

Nanophotonic resistive switch based on tapered copper-silicon structure with low power and high extinction ratio

A non-volatile nanophotonic resistive switch in tapered copper-on-silicon structure is proposed with a potential of electrical writing and optical readout. Incorporating tapered hybrid plasmonic structure in the device enables variable areas of the density of conduction filaments in the direction of optical propagation causing enhanced interaction of light with the lossy metal filaments. The tapered Cu-SiO2-Si is shown to have large optical extinction ratio where high mobility of copper ions in thin SiO2 leads to the low power operation. Optical readout of the resistive switching is demonstrated in the 10 nm thin ion conducting layer (SiO2) at a 1550 nm wavelength with well-defined hysteresis curve. Switching between off and on states is attained by voltage induced annihilation/formation of the nanoscale metal filament inside a thin layer of SiO2 sandwiched between copper and silicon. An optical extinction ratio of 18 dB is reported for a 30 μm long device. In addition, the proposed nanophotonic switch exhibits an intrinsic stochastic property of set voltage reduction in each set-reset cycle. High extinction ratio, reduced set voltage, low power consumption, and non-volatility make the device excellent choice for applications in realizing ultra-compact on-chip devices for optical switching, modulation, and neuromorphic computing.

Machine learning and deep learning in project analytics: methods, applications and research trends

Project analytics refers to applying analytical techniques and methods to past and present data to gain insights into how the underlying project is performing. Machine learning (ML) and Deep learning (DL) have acquired extensive usage in various disciplines due to their analytical strength and the availability of high-speed computational devices. This article comprehensively surveys commonly used ML and DL algorithms for addressing project-related research problems. This study used author-selected keywords from article metadata to construct, analyse and visualise keyword co-occurrence networks to explore research trends. It has several notable observations: (a) Support vector machine and Random forest are the most used ML algorithms in project analytics; (b) although Artificial neural network remains a frequently used DL algorithm, its project-related applications have recently experienced a substantial decrease; (c) genetic algorithm and Fuzzy logic are the other advanced analytical methods frequently coined with ML and DL algorithms for addressing project-related problems; (d) there is a sharp increase of ML and DL applications in various project contexts; and (e) researchers used ML and DL algorithms for studying cost and time performance in construction and software project contexts. This article details these observations further and discusses their novelty and implications for research and practice.

Cryptanalysis of a privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on private set intersection

Abstract Continuous and context-aware authentication mechanisms have been proposed as complementary security mechanisms to password-based authentication for computer devices that are handled directly by humans, such as smart phones. Such authentication mechanisms incur some privacy issues as user-dependent features are revealed to the authentication server, which is assumed to be untrusted. Domingo-Ferrer et al. proposed a privacy-preserving protocol for context-aware user authentication on the basis of private set intersection and Paillier homomorphic encryption. This approach enables user authentication based on establishing the number of similarities between sampled user context data and reference context data, without revealing any plaintext data to either party. The authors claim that their scheme is secure against malicious adversaries. In this article, we show that Domingo-Ferrer et al.’s scheme is insecure by means of two undetectable attacks that reveal all user information despite the encryption. The Paillier encryption primitive has a homomorphic property that we observe not only lacks relevance but, indeed, incurs a vulnerability that is exploited in the proposed cryptanalysis. This means that special care needs to be taken considering homomorphic properties of cryptographic primitives used in cryptographic protocols. Our cryptanalysis may therefore have a general interest regarding the design of cryptographic protocols.

Analysis Of Inhibiting Factors Implementation Of Electronic Medical Records In East Pamulang Community Health Center

Patient medical records in Indonesia are starting to transform into electronic-based medical records. Electronic Medical Records (EMR) are medical records created using an electronic system. It is an electronic repository of information about a patient's health status and health services throughout patient life. The impact if health services have not implemented EMR is that it could hamper patient health services. This research aims to identify factors inhibiting the implementation of EMR at the East Pamulang Community Health Center (Puskesmas). The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The research subject population was medical records officer and chief administrative officer, while the object population was the medical records, registration, clinics, laboratory, and pharmacy room. The results of the research identified several factors inhibiting the implementation of EMR, such as inadequate infrastructure, no officers with a background in medical records, and still using paper-based manual medical records. The conclusion of this research is the discovery of several factors inhibiting the implementation of EMR, human resource factors where it doesn’t yet have an officer with an educational background in medical records, the number of computers is still limited which supporting EMR in each service unit, and the electronic-based medical record applications are still not used comprehensively in the service units of the Puskesmas. Suggestions from the results of this research are that Puskesmas immediately recruits officers who have an educational background in Medical Records, increases the number of computer devices that support the implementation of EMR, and immediately implements electronic-based medical records.

Comparison of Different Quantum Computing Devices for Optimization of Computed Tomography Data Acquisition

Comparison of Different Quantum Computing Devices for Optimization of Computed Tomography Data Acquisition